IOC

appliquer, to apply, appliquer un coup, to give or deal a blow.

apporte, près, ind., bring, brings; see apporter.

apporter, to bring.

apportez, imper., bring; see apporter.

apprécier, to value, estimate; appreciate, esteem.

appréhender, to take, seize, arrest, apprehend.

apprenait, descr. p.; see apprendre.

apprenant, ger., près, part.; see apprendre.

apprend, près, ind.; see apprendre.

apprendre, irr., to learn, hear; to teach, inform, tell.

apprendrez, fut.; see apprendre.

apprends, imper.; see apprendre.

apprenez, imper.; see apprendre.

apprenne, près, subjunct.; see apprendre.

apprennent, près, ind.; see apprendre.

apprenons, imper.; see apprendre.

apprentissage, m., apprenticeship, mettre en apprentissage, to apprentice, put under the care of a master for the purpose of learning a trade.

appris, -e, p. part., learned; taught; see apprendre.

approbation, /., approval, approbation.

approche, s'approche, près, ind., approaches; see approcher.

approcher, (trans.) to bring or put near; (intr.) to approach, come near, s'approcher, to approach, come near, approcher de.., s'approcher de.., to approach (trans.).

les approcher l'un (l'une) de l'autre, to bring them near one another, bring them together.

appuyé, -e, p. part., adj., sur. ., à . . , leaning upon . . or against . . , supported by . . , resting upon . . ; see appuyer.

appuyer (trans.), to lean, support, sustain, strengthen, protect; to rest, press, s'appuyer sur.., to lean (intr.) or rest upon . . , be supported by- • appuyer (intr.), to lean, bear upon. . appuyer sur.., mil., to advance towards . .

après, prep., after, après avoir + p. part., after having. .

d'après, prep., according to, after, from.

après, adv., afterwards, after.

lui être après (pop.)=être après lui, to be after him.

Arabe, n., m., Arab.

arabe, adj., Arabic, Arabian.

arbitraire, n., m., arbitrariness, arbitrary rule.

arbre, m., tree.

arc-en-ciel, m., rainbow.

archaïque, archaic, obsolete, ancient, antiquated.

ardent, -e, fiery, glowing, ardent.

Argenson, marquis d'.., 1694- 1757, Minister of Foreign Affairs in France, 1744-1748; has left important Mémoires of the French court.

argent, m., silver; money.

aristocratie, /., aristocracy.

Armande, /., French name; part of the disappointed, morose old maid in Molière's comedy 11 The Learned Women" (Les Femmes savantes, 1672).

arme, /., weapon, arm,=musket.

armée, /., army.

arpenter, to pace, walk slowly over . . or upon . .

arranger, to set in order, put in order, arrange, settle.

arrêt, m., stop, rest, pause.

arrêter, to stop (trans., intr.),

no

VOCABULARY

arrest, seize, s'arrêter, to stop (intr.), halt.

arrière, adv., behind, backwards.

en arrière, behind, backwards, in the rear, back.

arrivait, descr. p., arrived, came; see arriver.

arrive, près, ind., arrives, comes; see arriver.

arrivé, -e, p. part., arrived; see arriver.

arriver, to arrive, come; to happen, take place, il arrive, it happens; [there] happens . . , [there] happens to

arrondir, to round, round out, round off, aggrandize.

art, m., art.

articulation, /., articulation, joint.

articuler, to articulate, pronounce.

artillerie, /., artillery.

artiste, m. and /., artist.

asile, m., refuge.

assailli, -e, p. part.; see assaillir.

assaillir, irr., to assault, assail, attack.

assemblée, n., /., assembly, meeting.

asseoir, irr., to seat, s'asseoir, to sit down.

assez [de. . ], adv., enough, sufficiently.

assise, n., /., layer, stratum, foundation.

assommer, to knock down, beat to death, kill.

assoyez = asseyez, imper., seat.

assoyez-vous, asseyez-vous, imper., sit down; see asseoir.

assurer, to assure, insure, secure; assert, affirm, s'assurer de . . , to make sure of. ., ascertain, find out by examination.

astre, m., star.

astreindre, irr., to compel, force, subject, bind, oblige.

atelier, m., workshop, atelier de charité, workshop for the poor.

athée, m., atheist.

a-t-il, interr. form for il a; see a, avoir.

à travers, prep., across, through; see travers.

attaque, n., /., attack.

attaquer, to attack.

atteindre, irr. (trans., intr.), to reach, attain, come to, arrive at. y atteindre, to come to it, reach it.

attendaient, descr. p., waited, awaited; see attendre.

attendez, imper., wait; see attendre.

attendre, to wait, await, wait for. . , expect, s'attendre à. . , to expect.

attention, /., attention.

attraper, to catch, get, take.

attroupement, m., riotous assemblage or gathering, tumultuous crowd.

au (=à le), to the, at the, in the, on the, etc.; see à, le, art.

aube, /., dawn, daybreak.

auberge, /., inn.

aucun, -e, pron. adj., any; not any, no, no one, none. ne. .

aucun, aucun . . ne . . , not any, no, no one, none.

audace, /., boldness, audacity, daring.

au delà de. . , prep., on the other side of . . , beyond.

au-dessous de. ., prep., beneath, below.

au-dessus de. ., prep., above.

aujourd'hui, to-day, now, nowadays, (n. -f-) d'aujourd'hui, of this day, of the present day, present.

auprès de. . , prep., near.

aura, fut., will have, probably has; see avoir. — aura vu, fut, perf.; see voir, vu.

VOCABULARY

auraient, aurait, cond., would have; see avoir.

auront, fut.; see avoir.

aussi, also, too; (at the beginning of a sentence) so, thus, therefore, aussi (-{-adj. or adv.), as . . aussi ( + adj. or adv.) que . . , as . . as . .

aussitôt, immediately, at once.

autant [de. . ], adv., as much, as many; so much, so many, autant que . . , as much as . .

d'autant plus, so much the more, all the more.

auteur, m., author.

automate, n., m., automaton, automatic or self-moving machine.

automne, m., autumn, fall.

autoriser, to authorize, legalize, warrant.

autorité, /., authority, power.

authentique, authentic, genuine, original.

autour, adv. y around.

autour de.., prep., around, about.

autre, pron., and pron. adj., other.

Pun. .l'autre, one. .the other.

les uns. .les autres, some. .

the others, d'autres, others; other +n. beaucoup d'autres, many others, pas d'autre, no other, l'un l'autre, l'une l'autre, one another, each other, de temps à autre, see temps. — de côté et d'autre, see côté. — autre chose, something else, expletive: nous autres Français, we Frenchmen.

autrement, adv., otherwise, in another manner, differently.

Autriche, 1'. ., /., Austria.

aux (=à + les), to the, at the, in the, on the, etc.; see à, les, art.

auxiliaire, adj., auxiliary, subsidiary, helping, aiding, auxi-

liaire, n., m., auxiliary, helper, assistant.

auxquels, m., plur.f to whom, to which; see lequel, lesquels.

avaient; avais; avait, descr. p., had; see avoir. — il y avait, there was; there were, avait soif, was thirsty, avaient faim, were hungry.

avalent, près. ind.f swallow; see avaler.

avaler, to swallow.

avance, n., /., advance, d'avance, or par avance, in advance, beforehand.

avancer (avanç + a, o), to put forward, advance (trans.); to advance (intr.). s'avancer, to advance (intr.), march on, move forward.

avant, prep., before, avant de ( + inf.) , before, avant d'aller, before going, avant tout, before all, first of all, above all.

en avant de. ., prep., in front of . . , ahead of . . , before.

avantage, m., advantage, benefit.

avec, with; =in.

avenir, n.,m., future; posterity.

aventure, /., adventure, occurrence.

aventurier, n., m., adventurer.

avez, près, ind., have; see avoir.

aviné, -e, drunk, drunken, tipsy.

avions, descr. p., see avoir.

avis, m., opinion, advice, notice, warning.

avoir, irr., to have; (often) = to be. avoir besoin de . . , to be in need of . . ; to need, want.

avoir soin, to take care, avoir faim, to be hungry.

avoir soif, to be thirsty, avoir chaud, to be warm, avoir peur, to be afraid, avoir raison, to be right, avoir beau jeu, see jeu. avoir droit à . . , see droit, avoir beau + inf., see beau, j'avais

VOCABULARY

les dents serrées de peur, see serrer. — il y a, there is; there are. il y avait, il y eut, there was; there were, il va y avoir, there is (are) going to be; there will be; there will (is going to) happen, il y aurait eu, there would have been, il y avait longtemps qu'il ne pleuvait pas, [it was] for a long time [that] it had not been raining, il y a peu de temps, some time ago, a short time ago, a little while ago. il y a quarante ans que je dis. . , for forty years I have been saying. . See il, and y.

avons, près, ind.; see avoir.

ayant, près, part.; see avoir.

ayons, près, subjunct.; zee avoir.

azur, n., m., azure, blue.

bagage, m., luggage, baggage.

baigner, to bathe, give a bath to. . se baigner, to bathe (intr.), take a bath.

bain, m., bath.

baïonnette, /., bayonet.

baisser, trans., to lower, bend; intr., to decline, fall, go down, wane, baissé, -e, p.

part., bowing down, stooping, bending, leaning over.

ballade, /., ballad.

bannir, to banish, exile.

banquet, m., banquet, feast.

baquet, m., tub, trough.

baragouiner, to talk gibberish, gabble, jabber, pronounce badly.

barbe, /., beard, barbe grise, gray-beard; old, venerable person.

baril, m., barrel, cask, keg.

baril à sardines, cask for sardines.

barre, /., bar; tiller, helm.

barrière, /., rail, bar, barrier; gate, les barrières, (especially in Paris) the gates of the city proper, where the "octroi" (customs) is established; (often) places where the old city had its gates; districts near the gates, inhabited by the laboring classes.

bas, -se, adj., low.

bas, n., m., lower part; stocking.

bas, adv., down; (after parler) low. là-bas, down there, yonder, there, en bas, below (adv.). la mâchoire d'en bas, the lower jaw. tout bas, very low, in a whisper.

baser, to found, base.

Basses-Pyrénées, plur., /., Lower Pyrenees; see Pyrénées.

bastion, m., bastion.

bataille, /., battle.

bataillon, m., battalion.

bâté, -e, p. part., adj., having a pack-saddle on, saddled, âne bâté, real donkey, genuine ass.

bâtir, to build.

bâton, m., stick.

battaient, descr. p., were beating, were flapping; beat, flapped; see battre.

battant, -e, près, part., adj., beating, pelting; see battre. — une pluie battante, a pelting rain.

battement, m., beating, battement de cœur, beating of the heart, palpitation.

batterie, /., battery.

battre, irr., to beat, flap, strike, se battre, to fight.

baudet, m., ass, donkey.

bavard, -e, adj., talkative, loquacious.

beau, bel, m., belle, /.; plur.:

beaux, m., belles, /., fine, beautiful, handsome, avoir beau jeu, see jeu. — faire de beaux

VOCABULARY

coups, see coup. — de la belle façon, see façon. — il a beau sentir, he perceives in vain; it is in vain that he perceives; it is useless for him to perceive.

beaucoup [de . .], adv., much, very much, a great deal; many.

beaucoup de puits, many wells.

beau-frère, m., brother-in-law.

beauté, /., beauty.

beaux, plur., m.; see beau.

beaux-frères, plur.; see beaufrère.

bec, m., beak, bill.

becquée, /., billful, beakful.

bedaine, /., paunch, belly, stomach.

Belbeïs, small town in Egypt, north-east of Cairo, on the way to Syria.

Bélisaire, name of the Parisian joiner or cabinet-maker who is supposed by Daudet to relate the story Les trois sommations.

belle, /.; see beau.

belli queu-x, -se, warlike.

Ben, m., English name.

ben {vulgar) =bien.

bénir, to bless, béni, -e, p. part., adj., blessed.

Béotie, la. . , /., Bœotia, a province of ancient Greece.

Béranger, Pierre- Jean de . . , famous French song-writer, 1780-1857.

Bérat, Frédéric . . , French poet and composer, 1800-1855.

berceau, m., cradle, native place.

berger, m., shepherd.

besace, /., sack, wallet, bag.

besogne, /., business, work, task.

besoin, m., need, avoir besoin de. ., to be in need of . . ; to need, want, require.

bête, n., /., beast, animal.

bête, adj., stupid.

bêtise, /., stupidity, silliness:

stupid or silly thing or act.

bévue, /., blunder, mistake.

bey, m., bey, governor of a town, district or province in the Turkish dominions.

bien, adv., well, very well; very, much, very much; indeed; really, certainly; properly; completely, bien ( + de with def. art.), many, a great many: bien des jours, many days, a great many days.

tant bien que mal, as well as possible; as best as one (they, I, etc.) could (can), ou bien, see ou. — eh bien! well!

bien, n., m., good; benefit, weal, welfare; estate, property; plur., goods.

bientôt, soon.

bienvenue, n., /., welcome, greeting.

bière, /., beer, soupe à la bière, /., beer-soup.

Bièvre, M. de . . , a witty nobleman, famous for his puns, 1747-1789.

bifteck, m., beefsteak.

bigre, n., m., vile wretch, bigre!

inter j., the deuce! the dickens!

by Jove!

bilieu-x, -se, bilious; choleric.

billet, m., note, [short] letter.

bivouac, m., bivouac, camp without tents.

blaguer, to hoax, humbug; to make fun of . . , ridicule.

blagueur, m., humbug, hoaxer.

blan-c, -che, white.

blanchir, to whiten, make white; grow white.

blessé, -e, p. part.; see blesser.

— le blessé, the wounded man.

les blessés, plur., m., the wounded.

blesser, to wound, hurt, offend.

bleu, -e, adj., blue, bleu, n.,m., blue, blue color.

Bocage (Tousez, called..), a famous French actor, 1796-

bœuf, m., ox.

boire, irr., to drink, boire à plein verre, to drink out of a lull glass or out of full glasses.

à boire, something to drink; some drink.

bois, m., wood.

boisson, /., drink, beverage.

boit, près, ind., drinks; see boire.

bol, m., bowl, large cup.

bon, -ne, good, kind; fine; complete, regular, genuine, à bon marché, cheap, de bon cœur, see cœur. — de bonne heure, see heure. — bon! good!

all right!

Bon, French general, who served under Bonaparte in the Egyptian campaign.

Bonaparte, the family name of the famous Corsican, Napoléon Bonaparte, French general, commander-in-chief of the French army in the Egyptian campaign (1798-1799) , called Napoléon Ier ( = premier) , when he became emperor of France in 1804; born in 1769, died in 1821; see Napoléon.

bondir, to jump, bound, leap, bounce.

bonheur, m., happiness.

bonhomie, /. good-nature, simplicity, kindness, humor.

bonhomme, m., good man, goodnatured man, good fellow; fellow.

bonnement, plainly, simply.

bonnet, m., cap. bonnet de nuit, night-cap.

bord, m., border, edge; shore, bank; brink, brim, side.

fcorne, /., bound, boundary, limit, sans borne, boundless, unbounded, limitless.

botte, /., bundle, bunch, truss; boot.

bottier, m., boot-maker, shoemaker.

bouche, /., mouth.

bouchée, /., mouthful.

bouchon, m., cork; "cork-game," a favorite game, in France, consisting in knocking coins off a cork with a heavier coin or with a short stick according to certain rules, jouer au bouchon, to play a "cork-game."

bouger (bouge + a, o), to move, stir, budge.

bougie, /., candle.

bouillant, -e, près. part., ad]., boiling; hot, fiery, hotheaded; see bouillir.

bouillir, irr., to boil.

boulanger, m., baker.

boulevard, m., boulevard, wide street bordered with trees; originally, a bulwark or rampart of a fortified town, and, then, applied to the public walks or streets occupying the site of demolished fortifications, les boulevards (in Paris) , without addition of any special name, are the so-called inner boulevards, on the right bank of the Seine, the great centres of Parisian life, trade and gayeties.

bourgeois, n., m., man of the middle class; one of the "plain people"; burgher, citizen, common citizen, commoner, tradesman; see bourgeoisie.

Bourgeois gentilhomme, le . . , "The Tradesman Turned Nobleman," Molière1 s famous comedy, 1670.

bourgeoisie, /., middle class (opposed to aristocracy, especially the old nobility in France, as well as to the lower classes,

VOCABULARY

the laborers, artisans and peasants) ; " plain people."

bourrer, to stuff, cram.

bourse, /., purse, money, bourse or Bourse, /., Exchange, 'Change, la place de la Bourse, Exchange Square, a square in Paris, la bourse ou la vie! your money or your life!

bousculer, to jostle.

bout, m., end, extremity, tip.

au bout de . . , at the end of . . , after, venir à bout de . . , to get the better of . . , overpower, control, manage, d'un bout à l'autre, from [the] beginning to [the] end. par un bout, at one end [of the street]; somewhere, faire feu à bout portant, to fire close; to shoot at close range, or at a short distance; see porter.

bouteille, /., bottle.

boutique /., shop, store.

boutiquier, m., shop-keeper, store-keeper.

boyau, m., bowel, gut; branch of a trench; trench.

bras, m., arm. bras dessus, bras dessous, arm in arm.

voiture à bras, /., hand-truck.

brave, adj., brave, courageous; worthy, honest, good, brave, n.,m., brave man, good fellow.

bravoure, /., bravery, valor.

brèche, /., breach, rupture, gap.

faire brèche, to make a breach (a gap, an opening).

bride, /., bridle, tourner bride, to turn back.

brillant, -e, près, part., adj., bright, brilliant, shining, glistening, blazing, glittering [de . . , with . .].

briller, to shine, glisten, blaze, gleam.

brin, m., blade (of grass); bit, small piece.

brise, /., breeze.

briser, to break; exhaust.

bronchite, /., bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchial membrane.

brouillamini, m., confusion.

brouillard, m., fog, mist.

bruit, m., noise, rumor, faire du bruit, to make a noise, be noisy; to make a great noise, be much talked of.

brûlant, -e, près, part., adj., burning, burning hot, scorching, hot, torrid; see brûler.

brûler, to burn, scorch.

brume, /., haze, mist, fog.

brusquement, bluntly, abruptly, suddenly, roughly.

bu, p. part., drunk; see boire.

bûcher, to chop, hew, roughhew; to plod, drudge, toil, work hard, study with steady diligeDce; to study.

bureaucratie, /., bureaucracy.

butin, m., booty.

butor, m., heavy, stupid fellow; dunce, blockhead, dull fellow.

butor d'Anglais, English blockhead, stupid Englishman.

buvait, descr. p., drank, was drinking; see boire.

buvant, ger., près, part.; see boire.

buvons, imper.; see boire.

c' = ce, dem. pron., neut. ç', before a.

ça = cela, dem. pron., neut., that, this, it. comme ça, like that, thus.

çà, adv., here, hither, ah çà!

inter j., well now! come on!

cabane, /., cottage, hut.

cabaret, m., tavern, wine-shop.

cabriolet, m., cabriolet, cab, (in France) a kind of light carriage with two wheels.

VOCABULARY

cabri, m., kid.

cacher, to conceal, hide, se cacher, to hide oneself, hide (intr.).

caetera; see et.

café, m., coffee.

Caire, le. ., m., Cairo, capital of Egypt.

calcul, m., calculation.

calèche, /., light carriage, calash, buggy.

caleçon, m., sing., drawers {garment), pair of drawers.

Calédonie, la.., /., Caledonia, ancient name of Scotland, instead of PÉcosse, /.

calembour, m., pun, play on words.

Calmann-Lévy, booksellers and publishers at Paris.

calme, n., m., calmness, quiet, calm, tranquillity.

calme, ad/., calm, quiet; smooth, serene

Calonne, 1734-1802, Minister of Finance in France, 1783-1 787.

camarade, m., comrade, companion, fellow-soldier.

camion, m., cart, dray, truck.

camp, m., camp.

campagne, /., country, fields; campaign, field, affût de campagne, m., movable guncarriage.

canaille, /., rabble, mob, vile populace; scoundrel, rascal, villain, cette canaille de + n., that scoundrel of a . . , that vile . . , that rascally . . , that villainous. .

canal, m., canal; (in Paris) canal connecting the Ourcq, a tributary of the Marne river, with the Seine.

canard, m., ducko

canaux, plur.; see canal.

candidat, m., candidate.

canon, m., cannon, gun; barrel (of a gun).

cantine, /., canteen.

cantonner, to canton, allot separate quarters to . . se cantonner, to be cantoned; to retire, retreat to a place of safety, take shelter, shut oneself up.

caoutchouc, m., caoutchouc, India rubber.

capable, capable, able.

capitaine, m., captain; chieftain, commander.

capitale, /., capital, chief city.

capote, /., cloak with a hood; hood, mantle.

captif, n., m., captive.

car, con]., for.

caractère, m., character.

caractéristique, characteristic.

caramba! inter]., a Spanish oath.

carme, m., Carmelite; Carmelite friar.

carré, n., m., square.

carré, -e, adj., square.

Carthaginois, n., m., Carthaginian, inhabitant of Carthage in Africa.

cas, m., case, event.

cascade, /., cascade, waterfall.

casemate, /., casemate, bombproof chamber.

Casimir, m., a rare Christian name in France.

casque, m., helmet.

casquette, /., cap.

casser, to break, se casser, to break (intr.), to be broken.

catégorie, /., category.

cause, /., cause.

causer, to talk, chat, causer politique, to talk about politics.

causerons, fut., shall talk, will talk; see causer.

caustique, biting, cutting, caustic, satirical.

cavalerie, /., cavalry.

cavalier, m., horseman.

Cayenne, /., capital of French

VOCABULARY

Guiana (la Guyane française), north of Brazil, a colony to which convicts are sent, mettre Cayenne au bout de Satory, to place Cayenne after Satory, that is, to send the prisoners from Satory to Cayenne; see Satory.

ce, dem. pron., neut., this, that, it; =he, she, they, c'est, that is, it is, namely, c'est-àdire, that is to say. est-ce?

is it? is that? is this? sont-ce?

are they? are these? are those?

est-ce que. .? see que, conj. — c'est moi qui . . , it is I who . .

c'est. . (noun) que. . (noun), see que, conj. — c'est. . (word or words to be emphasized) que . . , see que, conj. — c'est que.., it is (was) because; for (conj.) ; the truth is . . , in truth, in fact; namely; sometimes omitted in translation.

n'est-ce pas? is it (he, she) not? was it (he, she) not?

don't you think it (he, she) is (was)? don't you? didn't you? are you? are you not?

will you? will you not? ce qui (subj.), what, that which; ce que (dir. obj., or pred.), what, that which, tout ce qui (subj.) or que (dir. obj.), all that, whatever, qu'est-ce qui (subj.) . . ? qu'est-ce que (dir. obj.) . . ? what?; see que, interr. pron.

ce, cet, m., cette, /., plur.: ces, m., /., dem. adj., this, these; that, those. ce. .-ci, this (emphatic). ce. .-là, that (emphatic), de ces émotionslà (partitive de), emotions of that kind.

céder (chà + mute e, except fut.

and cond.), to give away, yield, give in.

ceignis, narr. p.; see ceindre.

ceindre, irr., to gird, gird on; put on.

cela, dem. pron., neuf., that, this. . . ont cela de bon, c'est que . . , . . have this good feature:. .

célèbre, celebrated, famous.

celle, /.; see celui.

celle-là, /.; see celui-là.

celles, plur., }.; see celui.

celles-ci, plur., /.; see celui-ci.

celui, m., celle, /.; ceux, m. plur., celles, /. plur., dem. pron.t that, that one, those; — the one, the ones; — he, she, they; him, her, them, celui (celle) d'en haut, the upper one.

celui-ci, m., celle-ci, /.; ceux-ci, m. plur., celles-ci, /. plur., dem. pron., this one, these.

celui-là, m., celle-là, /.; ceux-là, m. plur., celles-là, /. plur., dem. pron., that one, those.

cendre, /.; generally, cendres, plur., ashes.

cent, num. adj., hundred, one hundred, a hundred, huit cent, eight hundred; huit cents ans, eight hundred years, deux cents [hommes], two hundred [men].

centaine, n., /., hundred.

centralisation, /., centralization.

centre, m., centre, middle.

cependant, however.

certain, -e, certain, sure; certain = some.

certainement, certainly, surely.

ces, plur.; see ce, dem. adj.

ces (marking the pronunciation) = ces, dem. adj., plur.

ces (marking the pronunciation) = ces, dem. adj., plur.

cessé, p. part., ceased; see cesser.

cesser, to cease.

c'est-à-dire, that is to say; see ce, dem. pron., neut.

cet; see ce, dem. adj.

cette, /.; see ce, dem. adj.

VOCABULARY

ceux, plur., m.; see celui.

chacun, -e, pron., each, each one.

chaise, /., chair.

chalet, m., [Swiss] cottage.

chambre, /., room, valet de chambre, m., servant in attendance, waiting-man, waiter, robe de chambre, /., dressinggown, morning-gown.

champ, m., field, sur-le-champ, immediately, at once.

changer, trans., intr., to change.

chanson, /., song, chanson de métier, see métier.

chant, m . , song . chant d'amour, love-song.

chanter, to sing, chant; to tell — say — talk nonsense; =to say (contemptuous term).

chapeau, m., hat. grand chapeau de monsieur, pop., high silk hat.

chapeaux, plur.; see chapeau.

Chapsal, see Noël et Chapsal.

chaque, pron. adj., each.

charge, n., /., load, burden; (mil.) onset, charge, attack.

chargé, -e, p. part., adj., de.., loaded, filled, heavy with..; charged, intrusted with.., taking charge of . . ; see charger.

charger, to load, burden, fill, commission, intrust [de.., with. .]; to attack, charge, fall upon . . se charger de . . , to load or burden oneself with..; to be loaded or burdened with . . ; to take charge of . . , take upon oneself, assume, undertake.

charité, /., charity, benevolence.

Charle (in rhyme) = Charles.

Charles, m., = .

charmant, -e, près, part., adj., charming; see charmer.

charme, n., m., charm, beauty.

charmer, to charm.

Charpentier, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

charrette, /., cart.

charrier, to cart, haul, carry.

charroi, m., carting, cartage, transportation of stones and other heavy loads by carts, wagons, etc.

chasse, /., hunt, hunting, chase, chasing; hunting-ground,

[game-] preserve, chasse aux espions, hunting spies, searching for spies.

chasser, to hunt, chase.

chat, m., cat. je donne ma langue au chat, I give it up, I give up guessing.

châtelain, m., lord of a manor, owner of a castle; castellan, governor of a castle.

chaud, -e, adj., warm, hot.

chaud, n., m., warmth, heat, avoir chaud, to be warm, il fait chaud, it is warm.

chaume, m., thatch, straw, de chaume, thatched, covered with straw.

chaussée, /., causeway, highway, [middle of the] street.

chef, m., chief.

chemin, m., way, road, path.

cheikj m., sheik, chief or man of eminence among the Arabs.

Chébreïss, small town in Egypt, situated on the Rosetta Branch of the Nile, on the way from A lexandria to Cairo . The battle of Chébreïss took place on July 13th, 1798, a few days before that of the Pyramids.

chêne, m., oak.

cher, chère, dear, beloved.

chercher, to seek, look for.., search, chercher h+inf., to try, endeavor to. . aller chercher, to go and search or look for..; to go and get (bring, fetch); to go for. .

VOCABULARY

chéri, -e, p. part., adj., cherished, beloved; see chérir.

chérir, to cherish, love dearly.

cheval, m., horse, à cheval, on horseback, parcourir à cheval . . , to ride through . . or over. .

chevaux, plur.; see cheval.

chèvre, /., goat.

chez, prep., at, to; with, in, among; in or to the house (shop, store, room) of..; in or to the country of. . chez nous, with us, in our house, at home, in our country; to our house, home, to our country, chez lui, in his house, at home; to his house, home.

de chez . . , from the house of . . , from . .

chien, m., dog.

choisir, to choose, select.

choix, m., choice, choosing, selection.

chose, /., thing, quelque chose, m.=neut., something, anything, grand'chose, something great, anything great, very much. autre chose, something else.

chou, m., cabbage.

choucroute, /., sourcrout.

choux, plur.; see chou.

chrestomathie, /., chrestomathy, selections for learning a language.

chrétien, n.,m., Christian.

Christophe, m., Christopher.

chut! inter j., hush!

ci {for ici), never used without some other word, here. ce. .ci, this (emphatic); see ce, dem. adj. See celui-ci, dem.

pron., this one.

ciel, m., sky, heaven.

cieux, plur.; see ciel.

cimetière, m., cemetery.

cinq, five.

circuler, to circulate, move in

a circle, move round, pass round.

citadelle, /., citadel.

citoyen, m., citizen.

clairon, m., bugle, clarion.

clairvoyant, -e, clear-sighted, discerning, sharp, acute.

claquer, to crack; clap; chatter (teeth) .

clarté, /., clearness, light.

classe, /., class, rank, order. ■

clé or clef, /., key. à clé (clef), see fermer, enfermer.

climat, m., climate, clime.

cocher, n.,m., coachman, driver.

cochère, adj., f. porte cochère, carriage entrance, carriage door, gateway (leading to the court of a French house).

code, m., code (collection of laws) ; law.

cœur, m., heart, de tout son cœur, with ail his heart, de bon cœur, heartily, gladly, with good- will, with zeal, d'autant plus de bon cœur, with so much the more zeal, all the more willingly.

coffre, m., box, chest.

coffre-fort, m., strong box, fireproof chest, safe.

cogner, to knock.

cohérent, -e, coherent.

coin m., corner.

colère, n., /., anger, se mettre en colère, to get angry, get into a rage.

collègue, m., colleague, associate.

collet, m., collar, appréhender au collet, to seize by the collar.

Colomb, Christophe . . , Christopher Columbus, 1436-1506.

colonel, m., colonel.

colonne, /., column.

colorer, to color, dye, tinge, se colorer, to color (intr.), be colored, be dyed, be tinged.

combat, m.y fight, combat, contest, battle.

VOCABULARY

combien [de. .], adv., how much, how many.

comble, n., ra., heap; top, summit; ridge or coping of a house, roof, les combles, the rafters, roof -timber, frame of the roof, roof.

comédie, /., comedy, play.

comédien, ra., comedian, comic actor, actor.

comète, /., comet.

comité, ra., committee, board, comité d'hygiène, board of health.

comme, as, like; as if, as it were; since, because, as, when; how (in exclamations) . comme ça, like that, thus, comme il faut, see falloir. — les gens comme il faut, see gens.

commence, près, ind., begins; see commencer.

commencé, -e, p. part., begun, commenced; see commencer.

commencement, ra., beginning, commencement .

commencer (commenç -f a, o) , to begin, commence.

comment, how. comment faire?

how is it to be done? what can be done?

commentaire, ra., commentary, comment, remark.

commerce, ra., commerce, trade, business.

commissaire, ra., commissary, commissioner ; = commissaire de police, police magistrate (or police justice), having the direction of the agents de police or policemen.

commode, adj., convenient, accommodating, pleasant.

commode, n., /., chest of drawers, bureau.

commun, -e, common, ordinary, vulgar.

communication, /., communication, connection.

compagnie, /., company.

compagnon, ra., companion

complaisance, /., kindness, complacency, complaisance.

compl-et, -ète, complete.

complètement, completely, en tirely.

complication, /., intricacy, complication.

compliment, m., compliment.

compliquer, to complicate, render complicate, render intricate, se compliquer de. ., to be complicated or rendered complicate (intricate) by..; to become complicate or intricate on account of. .

comporter, to allow, permit, require, carry along with it, be accompanied by. .

composer, to compose; form, make up; write.

comprenais, descr. p.; see comprendre.

comprend, près, ind.; see comprendre.

comprendre, irr., to understand, comprehend; comprise, contain, je ne comprends pas grand* chose à ces affaires, I do not understand very much about these matters.

comprends, près, ind.; see comprendre.

comprenez, près, ind.; see comprendre.

compresse, /., compress, pledget.

compris, -e, p. part.; see comprendre.

compte, ra., count, account, reckoning, faire son compte, to count.

concevoir, irr., to conceive, devise, understand, imagine.

concierge, ra., porter, doorkeeper, janitor.

Conciergerie, la . . , name of a famous prison in Paris, forming the lower part of the Court

VOCABULARY

House (Palais de Justice) towards the Seine river.

conçu, -e, p. part.; see concevoir.

condamner, to condemn, condamné, -e, p. part, le condamné, the condemned man, condemned one, convict.

condescendance, /., condescension, compliance, complaisance.

condition, /., condition, circumstances; rank, station, situation, à ces conditions, upon these conditions.

conduire, irr., to lead, drive, conduct, direct.

conduisait, descr. p., led, drove, conducted; see conduire.

conduit, près, ind.; see conduire.

confidence, /., confidence, secret, disclosure, faire une confidence, to make a confidential communication, tell a secret.

confondre, to confound, confuse.

se confondre en excuses, to apologize repeatedly. se confondre avec . . , to be confounded with . . ; to blend, mingle with. .

conforme, conformable, suitable, proper, être conforme à. ., to conform to . . , comply with . . , agree with . .

conformé, -e, p. part. = adj., shaped, formed.

confortable, comfortable, peu confortable, not very comfortable, rather uncomfortable.

confrère, m., colleague, fellowmember.

confus, -e, adj., confused, bewildered.

confusion, /., confusion.

conjugal, -e, conjugal, matrimonial, of one's marriage.

connais, près, ind.; see connaître.

connaissance, /., knowledge.

connaissent, près, ind.; see connaître.

connaissions, descr. p.; see connaître.

connaît, près, ind.; see connaître.

connaître, irr., to know, be acquainted with. .

connu, -e, p. part., known; see connaître.

conseil, m., advice, counsel; council, [council-] board.

conseiller, m., counselor, adviser; councilor.

conséquence, /., consequence, inference, conclusion, en conséquence, accordingly.

conserver, to preserve, keep.

considérable, considerable.

considérer (consider + mute e, except fut., cond.), to consider, look at . . , estimate.

consigne, n., /., sing., mil., orders, instructions.

consonne, /., consonant.

conspirer, to conspire, plot.

constant, -e, constant, steady, lasting.

consterner, to dismay, scare, strike with consternation.

constituer, to constitute, make up, fortn.

construction, /., construction.

construire, irr., to construct, build.

construit, -e, p. part.; see construire.

consultati-f, -ve, consultative, advisory.

conte, m., story, tale.

contempler, to contemplate, look at . . , behold.

contemporain, -e, adj., contemporary, contemporaneous.

content, -e, satisfied, pleased, content, de.., with..

contenter, to content, satisfy.

se contenter de . . , to content

VOCABULARY

oneself with . . , be satisfied or content T\ith. .

conter, to relate, tell.

contestation, /., contestation, contest, dispute, litigation.

continue, près, ind., continues; see continuer.

continuer, to continue, go on.

contrainte, /., constraint, compulsion, coercion.

contraire, contrary, au contraire, on the contrary.

contraste, m., contrast.

contre, against.

contribuer, to contribute, aid.

contrôle, m., control, examination, inspection.

contrôleur, m., controller, superintendent.

convaincre, irr., to convince.

convaincu, -e, p. part.; see convaincre.

convenir, irr., de. ., to agree upon.., to come to terms, come to an understanding about..; to concede, grant, admit (trans.) ; à . . , to suit, become, be proper for. ., behove.

conversation, /., conversation.

convient, près, ind.; see convenir.

copeau, m., chip, shaving (of wood) .

copeaux, plur.; see copeau.

Coppée, François . . , French poet, born in 1842.

coque, /., shell.

coquin, m., rascal, rogue, coquin de + n., rascal of a. ., rascally.

corde, /., chord, les cordes vocales, the vocal chords (two thick and strong fibrous bands in the larynx) .

corps, m., body, corpse; body, corps.

correct, -e, adj., correct.

correspondance, /., correspondence.

corriger, to correct.

corvée, /., forced labor; tiresome task, drudgery; toil, labor, task.

coryza, n., m., cold in the head.

costume, ra., costume, dress.

côte, /., rib, side, se tenir les côtes [de rire], see tenir.

côté, m., side, de l'autre côté, from — on — to the other side, de côté et d'autre, here and there; on all sides, du côté de. . , on the side of . . , in the direction of. ., towards, de ce côté-là, in that direction, de tous côtés, on all sides, in every direction, everywhere, à côté de. ., at the side of. ., beside.

coteau, ra., slope, hill-side, hill.

coteaux, plur.; see coteau.

cotiser, to assess, rate, se cotiser, to club together, unite, contribute.

coton, ra., cotton.

coucher, trans. , to put to bed, lay down; intr., to lie, sleep, se coucher, to lie down, go to bed.

coude, ra., elbow.

coudre, irr., to sew.

coulant, -e, près, part., adj., flowing; easy-going, easy, accommodating; see couler.

couler, to flow, run.

couleur, /., color.

coup, ra., blow, stroke, hit, move; shot, report, coup d'œil, glance, look, sight, eye.

coup de fusil, musket-shot, gun-shot, coup de grâce, see grâce. — coup de pied, kick; donner des coups de pied, to kick, coup de trique, blow with a cudgel, faire de beaux coups, to make some lucky hits, succeed very well in some enterprises, tout d'un coup, all of a sudden, suddenly, all at once, tout à coup,

VOCABULARY

suddenly, at once, pour le coup, at this, upon this, thereupon, for once, [tout] du premier coup, at the first stroke (blow), at once, à coup (coups) de dictionnaire, by constant reference to the dictionary, by constantly using the dictionary.

couper, to cut, cut off.

coupe-tête, n., m.=bourreau, m., executioner.

cour, /., court, gens de cour, m., courtiers.

courage, m., courage.

couraient, descr. p.; see courir.

courant, ger., près, part.; see courir.

courent, près, ind.; see courir.

courez, imper.; see courir.

courir, irr., to run, hasten.

couronner, to crown [de. ., with. .].

cours, m., course, progress; course of lectures.

course, /., course, run, trip, errand, être (se trouver) en course, to be on an errand.

court, -e, adj., short, être court à débattre, to require only a short discussion, tirer à la courte paille, see paille. — court, adv., short, de court, closely.

de si court, so closely.

court, près, ind.; see courir.

courtisan, m., courtier.

cousant, près, part.; see coudre.

coûter, to cost.

couvé, -e, p. part., hatched out, sat on; see couver.

couvent, m., convent.

couver, to hatch out, sit on.

couvert, -e, p. part.; see couvrir.

couverture, /., blanket.

couvraient, descr. p.; see couvrir.

couvrir, irr., to cover [de.., with. .].

craignaient, craignait, descr. p.; see craindre.

craindre, irr., to fear, be afraid of..

crainte, n., /., fear, dread.

craquement, m m., cracking, creaking; cracking or creaking noise.

cri, m., cry, shout, scream, yell.

crier, to cry, cry out, shout; to creak, screak. crier "au Prussien," to cry out "Stop the Prussian."

croire, irr., to think, believe, trust, credit.

crois, croit, près, ind.; see croire.

croix, /., cross, la croix du Sud, the Southern Cross, the Crosier.

croyant, près, part.; see croire, croyant le bien, harmless, guileless.

croyez, près, ind.; see croire.

cru, -e, p. part., thought, believed, trusted, credited; see croire.

cru, -e, adj., raw, crude, uncooked.

cruel, -le, cruel.

cueillait, descr. p.; see cueillir.

cueillir, irr., to pick, pluck, gather.

cuire, irr., to cook, boil, bake, roast.

cuisant, -e, près, part., adj., smarting, sharp, piercing, poignant; violent; see cuire.

cuisine, /., kitchen.

cuisse, /., thigh, leg.

cuit, -e, p. part.; see cuire.

culture, /., culture, agriculture, tillage.

curieu-x, -se, curious.

curiosité, /., curiosity.

d' = de.

dame, n., /., lady, mistress.

dame! inter 7., on my faith! forsooth! indeed! well! to be sure I I declare!

danger, m., danger.

danois, -e, Danish.

dans, in, within; at; into, to.

d'après, pi*ep.; see après, prep.

Daudet, Alphonse . . , the famous French story-teller and novelist, 1840-1897.

dauphin, n., m., dolphin. Dauphin, n., m., Dauphin, formerly, title of the eldest son of the King of France (on account of a province called Dauphiné, m., and annexed to the Kingdom of France in 1349, and on account of the dolphin that the ancient lords of that province wore as an ornament of their helmet). Dauphine, n., /., title of the Dauphin's wife, la fontaine Dauphine, Dolphin Fountain.

Dauphine, see dauphin.

davantage, adv., more.

de, prep., of, from, out of; about, on; in, with, by, for; (denoting measure), by or o; corresponding to the possessive case in English; (-\-inf.), to. de, partitive: (after adv. of quantity), o; (after qu'est-ce que . .), o; (after quoi), o; (-\-def. art.), some, any, o:

de Peau, some water, any water, water; ( + adj + n.), some, any, o: de bonne eau, some good water, any good water, good water; de meilleurs, better ones (n., plur., to be supplied, and replaced by en before v.); ( + n., or -\-adj., or + adj + n., after neg.), any, o: aucun siècle n'en aura vu de pareils = . .

n'aura vu de pareils événements, no age has probably seen any similar ones (= similar events); de ces émotionslà, see ce, dem. adj. de (idiomatic, between two nouns),

generally o: butor d'Anglais, m., see butor; — ce triple sot d' "Englishman" ^d'Anglais), see sot; — diable d'homme, see diable. plus de + num., more than, de (serving to form compound nouns), generally o (with different order of nouns in English), or corresponding to "of" or other prepositions : aide de cuisine, m. or /., kitchen-help; ville d'eaux, /., watering-place; lettre de recommandation, /., letter of recommendation ; aventure d'hôtel, hotel-adventure, adventure in an hotel, de (with côté), see côté, de (with expressions of time): de jour, by day, in the day-time; du temps de . . , in (at) the time of . . de {before a family name), indicating nobility, corresponding to German "von."

débâcle, /., breaking up of the ice (in a river that was frozen) ; outflow, flowing out, rushing out, flood, inundation, deluge.

débarrasser, to disencumber, rid, free, se débarrasser de.., to get rid of. .

débat, m., debate, discussion.

Journal des Débats, see journal.

débattre, irr., to debate, discuss, être court à débattre, to require only a short discussion.

débiteur, m., debtor.

déboucher, intr., (mil.) to debouch, issue, march out, come out.

debout, adv., upright, up, standing.

déboutonnant, ger., près, part., unbuttoning; see déboutonner.

déboutonner, to unbutton.

débris, n., m., mostly plur., ruins, rubbish; wreck; remains, remnant.

VOCABULARY

débrouiller, to disentangle, unravel, se débrouiller, to be disentangled; to get into order.

décharge, n.,f., discharge, volley.

déchirer, to tear, rend; to tear — pull — cut to pieces.

décide, près, ind.; see décider.

décider, to decide, determine, settle, se décider, to decide, resolve, make up one's mind; see se.

décisi-f, -ve, decisive.

déclarer, to declare.

décoration, /., decoration.

découvrir, irr., to discover.

découvrit, narr. p.; see découvrir.

décréter (décret -\-mute e, except fut., cond.), to decree, enact.

dedans, adv., within, therein, in it. là dedans, therein, within, in it, in that.

dédoubler, to divide into two, separate into two parts, se dédoubler, to be divided into two, be separated into two parts.

défaire, irr., to undo, defeat; to free, deliver, rid. se défaire de . . , to rid oneself of . . , get rid of. ., despatch, put out of the way.

défait, -e, p. part.; see défaire.

défaite, n., /., defeat.

défaut, m., defect, fault, vice.

défendre, to defend, défendre de . . , to defend from . . or against . . , preserve from . .

défense, /., defence.

défini, -e, p. part., adj., definite, determined; see définir. — passé défini, see passé.

définir, to determine, define.

définition, /., definition.

dégoûter, to disgust, se dégoûter de . . , to take a dislike to . . ; to loathe; to be disgusted with. .

dégrogragraindorgeriser,^. formed in a comical way from gros, gras, grain, d'orge, with pref. dé-, dis-, un-, se dégrogragraindorgeriser, to cease to be a big, plump barley-corn.

dehors, adv., out, without, outside, en dehors, out, without, outside.

déjà, already.

déjeuner, n., m., breakfast, lunch.

delà, adv., beyond, on that side, that side, au delà de . . , prep.f on the other side of . . , beyond.

Delà vigne, Casimir. ., a French poet, 1793-1843.

délégation, /., delegation, proxy.

délice, m., delight.

délicieu-x, -se, delightful, delicious.

demain, to-morrow.

demandais, descr. p., asked; see demander.

demande, près, ind., asks, begs, wishes; see demander.

demandé, -e, p. part., asked; see demander.

demander, to ask, ask for.., beg, demand, request, want, wish, demander (with à or indir. obj.), to ask of.., ask {with dir. obj.). se demander si . . , to wonder if . .

se démener, to stir, make a great bustle, struggle furiously, rush around.

demi, -e, adj., half, sept heures et demie, half past seven, une demi-heure, half an hour.

demi-heure, /.; see demi, -e, adj.

dénoncer, to denounce.

dent, /., tooth.

départ, m., departure, start.

département, m., department, province, territorial division in France governed by a prefect.

dépêcher, trans., to despatch;

VOCABULARY

intr. (imper.), to hasten, hurry up, be quick, se dépêcher, to make haste, hasten, hurry.

dépêchez-vous, imper., refl. v., make haste, hasten, hurry; see dépêcher, se dépêcher.

dépêchons, imper., let us hurry up, let us be quick; hurry up, be quick; see dépêcher, intr.

dépendant, -e, adj., dependent, de.., on., dépendant, n., m., dependent, retainer, attendant.

dépens, n., m., plur., expense, cost, aux dépens, at the expense.

dépenser, to spend, expend.

déplacer, to displace, remove.

déporter, to deport, transport for life.

depuis, prep., since, for; from, depuis. . jusqu'à. ., from. .

to..

depuis que, con]., since.

député, n.y m., deputy, representative.

derni-er, -ère, last ; utmost ; highest, greatest — lowest, vilest.

dérober, to rob; to conceal, hide, dérober à. . , to conceal from. .

déroute, /., rout, defeat, en déroute, in flight and disorder, routed, jeter dans une déroute complète, to rout completely, mettre en déroute, to rout, defeat, overthrow<

derrière, prep., adv., behind.

par derrière, adv., behind, from behind.

derrière, n., m., hind part, back part, back, rear, les derrières d'une armée, the rear of an army, sur ses derrières, in its rear, at its back.

des ( = de + les), of the, from the, out of the, etc., see de, les; (partitive art.), some, any, o:

des montagnes, some moun-

tains, any mountains, mountains.

dés (marking the pronunciation) = des, art.

dès, (marking the pronunciation) = des, art.

dès, prep., from, since, immediately after, dès le. . (ce. .), from or at the (this, that) very. . See dès que, con].

Desaix, celebrated French general, 1768-1800.

désastre, m., disaster.

descend, près, ind., goes down; see descendre.

descende, près, subjunct., may set down, should set down; see descendre.

descendît, p. subjunct., might set down, should set down; see descendre.

descendre, to go down, come down, descend, get down, get out, alight, get off, dismount; (trans., with dir. obj.), to bring down, take down, let down, set down.

description, /., description.

désert, n., m , desert.

désigner, to designate, indicate, point out, denote.

désirer, to desire, wish.

désœuvré, -e, idle, unoccupied, unemployed.

désoler, to desolate, lay waste.

désordre, m., disorder.

dès que, conj., as soon as.

dessous, adv., beneath, below, la lèvre de dessous, the lower lip. bras dessus, bras dessous, arm in arm. au-dessous de . . , prep., beneath, below.

dessus, adv., above, over, up, on it, upon it. là-dessus, thereupon; on it; on that; on or about this subject, bras dessus, bras dessous, arm in arm. au-dessus de. ., prep., above. See par-dessus.

VOCABULARY

destin, m., destiny, fate.

détachement, m., detachment, body of troops detailed for special service.

détacher, to detach, disengage, separate, se détacher, to disengage oneself, be detached, separated.

détail, m., detail, particular.

détenant, près, part.; see détenir.

détenir, irr., to detain, hold in custody, keep.

détrôner, to dethrone.

détruire, irr., to destroy.

détruit, -e, p. part.; see détruire.

deux, two. deux fois, twice.

tous deux, tous les deux, both of them, both, deux, the second (with names of rulers and princes).

deuxième, second.

devaient, descr. p.; see devait, devoir.

devait, descr. p., owed, was obliged to . . , had to . . , was to . . , ought to . . , should, must have . . devait être, must have been, necessarily was, surely was. See devoir.

devant, prep., before, in front of. . devant, adv., before, in front, ahead, gare de devant!

see gare.

devenir, irr., to become, grow, get.

devenu, -e, p. part., become; see devenir.

déverser, to divert (water) , pour, pour out.

devient, près, ind.; see devenir.

deviner, to guess, divine, foresee.

devinette, /., conundrum, riddle,

enigma.

devinez, imper., guess; see deviner, devint, narr. p.; see devenir, devoir, irr., to owe, be obliged

to . . , have to . . , be to . . • shall, must, ought to. .

dévorer, to devour, destroy.

dévouement, m., devotion, devotedness, act of devotion.

dévouer, to devote, consecrate, attach.

diable, m., devil; fellow; wretch, diable d'homme, devil of a fellow, comme tous les diables, devilishly, dreadfully.

du diable si . . ! the devil take me if . . !

dialectal, -e, dialectic, dialectical.

diane, /., reveille, the beat of the drum at, or about, daybreak.

dieter, to dictate.

diction, /., diction, manner of expression, delivery.

dictionnaire, m., dictionary, à coup de dictionnaire, see coup.

Didon, Dido, legendary foundress and queen of Carthage.

Dieu, m., God. Dieu de Dieu!

good heavens!

différence, /., difference.

différent, -e, different.

différer (differ + mute e, except fut., cond.), to differ, be different.

difficile, difficult, hard.

digérer (digèr + rawte e, except fut., cond.), to digest.

digne, worthy, dignified.

diminuer, trans., intr., to diminish.

dindon, m., turkey-cock, turkey.

dîner, v., to dine, dîner de quelque chose, to eat something at dinner, se payer à dîner, to pay for a dinner or for one's (his, her, their) dinner, dîner, n., m., dinner, dira, dirai, fut.; see dire.

dirait, cond.; see dire, dire, irr., to say, tell, name. bien dire, to speak well, se

VOCABULARY

dire (se, dir. obj.), to be said, to be called, to be used in speaking; (se, indir. obj.), to say to oneself, vouloir dire, to mean, il va sans dire, it goes without saying, it is understood, it is a matter of course; of course, c'est-àdire, that is to say.

direction, /., direction.

dirions, cond.; see dire.

dis, près, ind.; see dire.

disaient, disais, disait, descr. p., said; see dire.

disant, ger., près, part., saying; see dire.

discernement, m., discernment, judgment.

discourir, irr., to discourse [de . . , on. .].

discourt, près, ind.; see discourir.

discuter, to discuss.

disent, près, ind.; see dire.

disloquer, to dislocate, disjoint, put out of joint, se disloquer, to be dislocated, be disjointed; to get out of joint.

disons, près, ind.; see dire.

disparaît, près, ind.; see disparaître.

disparaître, irr., to disappear, vanish.

disparate, incongruous, dissimilar, disparate.

disparu, p. part.; see disparaître.

disperser, to scatter, disperse.

disposition, /., disposition, arrangement, provision, order.

disputent, près, ind., dispute, quarrel; see disputer.

disputer, to dispute . se disputer, to dispute, quarrel.

dissiper, to dissipate, scatter, dispel, se dissiper, to scatter (intr.), pass away.

distance, /., distance.

distinctement, distinctly.

distingué, -e, p. part., adj., dis-

tinguished, eminent; see distinguer.

distinguer, to distinguish.

distribuer, to distribute, deal out, serve out.

dit, près, ind., says; see dire.

dit, narr. p., said; see dire.

dit, -e, p. part.; see dire.

dites, près, ind., imper., say; see dire.

divers, -e, diverse, varied, various.

diviser, to divide.

division, /., division.

divorcer, intr., to get a divorce, be divorced.

dix, ten.

dix-huit, eighteen.

djerme, /., small and light ship used along the coast near Alexandria and on the Nile.

dodu, -e, plump, fat.

doigt, m., finger.

dois, doit, près, ind.; see devoir.

domaine, m., domain, estate.

domestique, m. (maie), }. (jemaie), servant.

domicile, m., domicile, abode, dwelling, residence.

donc, therefore, then; just, pray (after imper.).

donnait, descr. p., gave; see donner.

donne, près, ind., give, gives; see donner. — je donne ma langue au chat, I give it up; I give up guessing.

donner, to give, donner naissance à . . , to give birth to . . , produce, bring forth, give rise to. . donner des coups de pied, to kick, se donner rendez-vous, see rendez-vous, n., m. — donner du bout de la langue au-dessus de . . , to strike with the tip of the tongue above. . je donne ma langue au chat, see donne.

donnerais, donneriez, cond.,

VOCABULARY

should give, would give; see donner, dont, ret. pron. adv. ( = de + rel.

pron.), whereof, whose, of (from, by, for, with, in) whom or which, la manière dont . . , the manner in which. .

dorer, to gild.

dormaient, descr. p.; see dormir.

dormant, près, part.; see dormir.

dormi, p. part.; see dormir.

dormir, irr., to sleep.

dort, près, ind.; see dormir.

do 3, n., m., back.

doable, adj., double.

doucement, gently, noiselessly, slowly.

douer, to endow, bestow upon . douer de. ., to endow with. .

douleur, /., pain, ache; grief, sorrow.

doute, n., m., doubt.

douter [de. .], to doubt, se douter [de. .], to suspect, surmise.

dou-x, -ce, sweet, soft, mild; pleasant, delightful.

drap, m., cloth.

dresser, to erect, raise, set up, build.

droit, -e, adj., right, straight.

droite, n., /., right hand, right, right side, right-hand side; right wing, right flank, à droite, on the right, to the right, regarder de droite, to look to the right.

droit, n., m., right, claim, avoir droit à . . , to have a right to . . , have a claim to . . , be entitled to. .

du (=de + le), of the, from the, out of the, etc.; see de, le.

du tout, at all. du {partitive art.), some, any, o: du vin, some wine, any wine, wine; du bon [vin], good wine.

Dugua, French general, who

served under Bonaparte in the

Egyptian campaign.

Dupaty, Emmanuel . . , a French

writer and member of the

French Academy, 1775-1851.

dur, -e, hard, durer, to last.

é; un é fermé ou mi-fermé, a close or half -close é {similar, in sound, to English "ay" in "day," but not so long, and not diphthongal, or to English "e" in "red").

è; è ouvert, open è {similar, in sound, to English "ai" in "fair"), des è ouverts, open è-sounds.

eau, /., water; plur.: eaux, ville d'eaux, /., watering-place.

Eaux-Bonnes, a French watering-place in the Pyrenees.

éblouir, to dazzle.

éblouissant, -e, près, part., adj., dazzling, glaring.

ébranler, to shake, stagger (trans.).

écart, n., m., step or start aside, faire un écart, to step or start aside; to shy.

écarté, -e, p. part., put aside, pushed aside, stretched, spread; see écarter.

écarter, to put aside, push aside, stretch, spread.

ecclésiastique, n.,m., clergyman, ecclesiastic.

échafaud, m., scaffold.

échange, n., m., exchange, en échange de . . , in exchange for. .

échanger (échange + a, o), to exchange.

échapper, to escape {intr.), slip, slip away. échapper à. .

{indir. obj.), to escape {trans.).

s'échapper, to escape (intr.).

VOCABULARY

la machine échappe à ses prises, see prise, écharpe, /., scarf {worn by the "commissaire de police" as a symbol of authority).

écho, m., echo.

éclair, m., lightning.

éclatant, -e, près, part., adj., shining, brilliant, bright; see éclater.

éclaté, p. part., broken out, burst out; see éclater.

éclater, to break out, burst out, burst forth, arise; to blaze, shine, sparkle, glitter, flash, shine forth; appear; become visible, perceptible; be seen clearly, éclater de rire, to burst out laughing.

éclore, irr., intr., to hatch, open (of eggs).

écluse, /., sluice, lock, flood-gate.

école, /., school, aller à l'école, to go to school.

économe, adj., economical.

Ecossais, n., m., Scotchman.

Ecosse, 1\ ., /., Scotland. d'Ecosse, of Scotland, Scotch.

écoulé, -e, p. part., passed, passed away, elapsed, gone, ended, spent, accomplished; see s'écouler.

s'écouler, to flow away, run away, glide away, slip away, elapse, pass away.

écouter, to listen to . . , hear.

s'écria, narr. p., cried out, cried, exclaimed; see s'écrier, s'écria-t-elle, cried she, she cried.

s'écrie, près, ind., cries out, cries, exclaims; see s'écrier.

s'écrier, to cry out, cry, exclaim.

écrire, irr., to write.

écrit, près, ind.; see écrire.

écurie, /., stable.

effacer, to efface, obliterate; to eclipse, throw into the shade, surpass.

effet, m., effect, en effet, in

fact, indeed. . . me faisait un effet,. . made an impression upon me.

effort, m., effort, exertion.

effroi, m., fright, terror.

égal, -e, equal, alike, like, c'est , égal, it is all one, all the same.

Egypte, 1' . . , /., Egypt, la haute , Egypte, Upper Egypt.

Egyptien, n., m., Egyptian.

eh bien! well! see bien.

s'élancer, to rush, rush on, rush forward.

élargir, to widen, enlarge.

élection, /., election; name of the court of taxation (that is, court of the assessors of taxes), a subdivision of the "généralité" or district of taxation, before the great Revolution, in France; see généralité.

élégant, -e, elegant.

élégie, /., elegy.

élément, m., element.

élevé, -e, p. part., adj., elevated, exalted, high; see élever.

élève, n., m. and /., pupil, scholar, student.

élever (élèv + mute e), to raise, elevate, s'élever, to rise, arise.

elle, conj. per s. p*on., she, it.

elle, disj. pers. pron., she, her, it; this + n.

elles, conj. pers. pron., /., they.

elocution, /., elocution, manner of speaking in public.

éloigner, to remove, put away, s'éloigner, to go away, get away.

Embabeh, = , a village on the left bank of the Nile, opposite to Cairo, not far from the Pyramids of Gizeh.

embarrasser, to embarrass, perplex.

embrasser, to embrace, kiss.

émerger [de..], to emerge [from. . ], rise [out of . . ].

VOCABULARY

émeut, près, ind.; see émouvoir.

émeute, /., riot, rioting, mutiny.

Emile, m., Emil, JEmilius. Emile, title of a pedagogical and philosophical novel by Rousseau.

eminent, -e, eminent, prominent, high.

Emmanuel, m., =.

émotion, /., emotion, excitement.

émouvoir, irr., to move, touch, excite.

empailler, to stuff, pack in straw.

s'emparer de . . , to take possession of . . , seize, secure.

empêcher, to hinder, prevent, empêcher de + inf., to prevent from. .

empereur, m., emperor.

emploi + mute e, v.; see employer.

employé, n., m., clerk, person employed, employé.

employer (emploi + mute e), to employ, use, make use of. .

emporter, to carry off, carry away, bring away, take away.

ému, -e, p. part.; see émouvoir.

en, pron. adv., thence, from there; hence, from here; of it, of him, of her, of them; about it, etc.; with it, etc.; by it, etc.; for it, etc.; from it, etc.; in it, etc.; some, any, o.

en, referring to a noun in the preceding sentence or clause, often to be left out in translation : . . n'en connaissent pas d'autre, . .do not know any other [hour], s'en aller, to go away, go off, go. je vous en prie, see prier. — en rester, to stop, leave off. en revenir, to come back, return, en sortir, see sortir. — en valoir la peine, see valoir. — en venir à + inf. = venir à + inf., to happen to . .

en, prep., in; into, to; on; as a . . ; of, made of (material) ; dressed in, wearing, en ( + ger.=pres. part.), in, on, by, o; while, when. de.. en.., from. .to. . de plus en plus, more and more; see plus, en avant de. ., prep.; see avant, en bas, see bas, adv.

enceinte, n., /., circuit, circumference; enclosure, enceinte, wall or rampart that surrounds a place, precincts.

encombrement, m., obstruction,

throng, encor (often in v'erse) = encore, encore, still, yet, again, more, besides, in addition, also, too.

ne. . pas encore, not yet.

s'endorment, près, ind., fall

asleep; see endormir, endormir, irr., to put to sleep, lull to sleep, s'endormir, to fall asleep, go to sleep, endroit, m., place.

énergie, /., energy, enfance, /., childhood, enfant, m., child, enfermer, to shut up, shut in, lock up. enfermer à clef (clé), to lock up, keep under lock and key.

enfin, at last, finally; in short,

after all.

enflammer, to inflame, set on fire, kindle, enflammé, -e, p.

part., adj., on fire, in flames, in a blaze.

enfoncer (enfonç + a, o), to sink to the bottom, sink, plunge, stick, thrust, drive In; break in, break down, break open, break through, break, burst open, blow up, ruin. s'enfoncer, to sink, break down, sink down, plunge (intr.). s'enfoncer dans. ., to bury oneself in.., plunge into . . , dive into . . , disap-

VOCABULARY

pear in . . s'enfoncer vers . . , to vanish out of sight towards. .

engager, to pawn, pledge; engage, induce, entangle, involve, engager dans. . , to engage in. . or for. . ; to induce to undertake. s'engager dans. . , to get entangled in. . , get involved in . . ; to enter.

Englishman, jestingly used instead of Anglais.

en haut; see haut, adv.

enivrer, to enrapture, delight; elate.

enlever, to remove, carry away, take away; (mil.) to carry, take, lui enlever quelque chose, to take something [away] from him; to make him give up something.

ennemi, n.} m., enemy.

ennemi, -e, adj., hostile, inimical; the enemy's, the enemies'.

ennuyé, -e, p. part., annoyed, vexed, tired, bored; see ennuyer.

ennuyer, to annoy, vex, tire, bore.

énorme, enormous, huge.

enrager, to be furious with anger, be dreadfully vexed, be awfully sorry.

enseigne, n., /., sign, sign-board.

enseigner, to teach.

ensemble, together.

entasser, to heap, heap up, pile up.

entende, près, sutyunct., may hear, will hear, hears; see entendre.

entendre, to hear, understand, s'entendre, to understand one another, each other, or oneself; to be heard, s'entendre louer, to hear oneself praised.

enterrer, to bury.

enthousiasme, m., enthusiasm, rapture, ecstasy. <

entièrement, entirely, entraîner, to carry away, drag away, drag along, draw away, draw along; to draw over, bring over, win over, gain over, se laisser entraîner, to allow oneself to be won over; to be won over, entrave, /., clog, hinderance, obstacle, shackle, fetter, trouver pour entrave. . (dir.

obj.), to find an obstacle in. . ; to be hindered or fettered or hampered by. .

entre, prep., between, among, d'entre, among, of. entre tous, among all, above all others, more than all others, entre-bâillement, m., leaving ajar; standing partly open; = door left ajar or partly open, entreprend, près, ind.; see entreprendre, entreprendre, irr., to undertake, entrer, to go in, come in, enter, entrer dans (or à) . . , to enter (trans.), go into.., enter upon . . , enter into . . entrer aux affaires, to enter upon the direction or management of [public] affairs, entrez, imper., come in; see

entrer, envelopper, to envelop, enclose, hem in, surround, encircle, encompass, take in (with a look) , coA^er [de . . , with . . ] ; to wrap, wrap up [de . . , dans . . , in..], s'envelopper dans.., to wrap oneself up in . . , muffle oneself up in. . s'envelopper de. ., to hide oneself under . . , be hidden under . . ; to disguise oneself by . . , be disguised by. .

envie, /., envy; desire, porter envie à . . , to envy, il m'en prend envie, I have a fancy or desire to do it (so)

VOCABULARY

environner, to surround, environ, encompass.

environs, m., plur., vicinity, neighborhood, environs.

envolement, n., m., flying away.

s'envoler, to fly away; s', see se.

envoyé, -e, p. part.; see envoyer.

envoyer, irr., to send.

épaule, /., shoulder.

éperdu, -e, distracted, bewildered, dismayed.

épi, m., ear (of corn, etc.).

épisode, m., episode.

époque, /., epoch, period, time.

épouvanter, to frighten, terrify.

épuisant, -e, près, part., adj., exhausting, fatiguing, harassing, wearisome; see épuiser.

épuiser, to exhaust, use up, wear out, weary.

équipage, m., crew.

Ernest, m., =.

errer, to wander, ramble, roam, rove.

erreur, /., error, mistake.

escalader, trans., to scale, climb over. .

escalier, m., staircase, stairs.

esclave, m. and /., slave.

escouade, /., squad.

espace, m., space, room, place.

Espagnol, n., m., Spaniard.

espagnol, -e, adj., Spanish, à l'espagnole, in or after the Spanish fashion.

espèce, /., kind, sort, species.

espérait, descr. p., hoped; see espérer.

espérance, /., hope.

espérer, to hope.

espion, m., spy.

espionnage, m., espionage, practice or employment of spies.

espionomanie, /., word coined for the occasion, spy-hunting craze, spy-fever.

espoir, m., hope.

esprit, m., spirit, mind; sense, intellect, intelligence; wit.

avoir Pesprit de + inf., to be intelligent enough to . . gens d'esprit, m., sensible people.

essayer (essai or essay + mute e), to try.

essentiellement, essentially.

est, n., m., east.

est, près, ind., is;, see être, n'est-ce pas? see ce, dem.

pron., neut.

estropier, to cripple; mutilate.

et, and. et caetera, and so on, and so forth; et (redundant) :

plus . . et plus . . , the more . .

the more . . ; et . . et . . , both . .and. .

établi, n., m., shop-board; (joiner's, etc.) bench.

établissement, m., establishment, institution.

étage, m., floor, story.

étaient, descr. p., were; see être.

étais, descr. p., was; see être. — si j'étais, if I were.

était, descr. p., was; see être. — s'était montré, had shown himself, était resté, had remained.

étalage, m., exposition of goods for sale; goods exposed for sale; shop-window, stall.

étant, près, part.; see être.

état, m., state, condition.

Etat, m., state, commonwealth.

état-major, m., mil., staff.

etc. = et caetera, and so on, and so forth.

été, m., summer.

été, p. part., been; see être.

éteindre, irr., to put out, extinguish, s'éteindre, to be put out, be extinguished, go out.

étendre, to spread, stretch, extend, draw out, expand, s'étendre, to stretch oneself out; to expand, spread, spread out, extend (intr.).

êtes, près, ind., are; see être.

étiez, descr. p.; see être.

VOCABULARY

cétinceler (étincell + mute e), to sparkle, flash, gleam, glitter.

étions, descr. p.; see être.

étoile, /., star.

étonnant, -e, près, part., adj., astonishing, surprising, wonderful, amazing; see étonner, quoi d'étonnant? see quoi.

étonner, to astonish, amaze.

étouffait, descr. p., was suffocating, was choking; suffocated, choked; see étouffer.

étouffer, to suffocate, choke.

étrange, strange.

étrang-er, -ère, adj., strange, foreign.

étranger, n., m., stranger, foreigner.

être, irr., to be; = to have, as aux.

v., with refl. v. and with some intr. v. être à.., to belong to . . être de . . , to belong to . . , be found among . . or in. . j'y suis, I am at it, have hit it, have it, am ready.

étreignait, descr. p.; see étreindre.

étreindre, irr., to clasp, grasp.

étudier, to study, étudier dans les sciences (Molière) = étudier les sciences, to study the sciences.

eu, p. part., had; see avoir.

Euphrate, m., Euphrates, river in Asia; see Mésopotamie.

Europe, 1\ ., /., Europe.

eussent, p. subjunct., might have, would have, should have, had; see avoir.

eut, narr. p.; see avoir.

eût, p. subjunct.; see avoir, c'eût été, this would have been.

eux, disj. pers. pron., m., they, them, à eux trois, all three of them, all three together.

éveiller, to awaken, awake, arouse, s'éveiller, to awake (intr.), wake up.

événement, m., event.

éventail, m., fan.

éventaire, m., hawker's basket or tray.

exact, -e, exact.

exactitude, /., exactness, accuracy, precision.

examen, m., examination.

examinateur, m., examiner.

excellent, -e, excellent.

exception, /., exception.

excès, m., excess, riot, outrage, extravagance.

excuse, /., excuse, apology, se confondre en excuses, to apologize repeatedly.

exécuter, to execute, perform, carry out.

exemple, m., example, instance, par exemple, for instance, for example; inter j., indeed!

bless me! upon my word!

upon my honor!

exemption, /., exemption, immunity.

exercice, m., exercise, practice, faire de l'exercice, to take exercise.

exercisme (marking a faulty pronunciation) = exercice.

exil, m., exile.

exiler, to exile, banish.

exister, to exist, be extant, be in existence.

expert, -e, adj., expert, experienced.

expirer, to expire, die.

expliquer, to explain. s'ex-

pliquer, to explain oneself, explain or tell clearly what one wants or means, s'expliquer quelque chose, to explain something to oneself, find an explanation of something.

exporter, to export; to ship off men like goods or cattle.

expression, /., expression.

exprimer, to express, s'exprimer, to express oneself.

VOCABULARY

extérieur, -e, exterior, outside,

external ; foreign, extraordinaire, extraordinary, extrême, extreme, utmost.

f; l,f=l,effe, n., /. or m., the letter f .

fabriquer, to manufacture, forge, form, shape, make.

face, /., face, front; surface side, front side, side.

fâché, -e, p. part., adj., offended, vexed, sorry; see fâcher. — fâché de . . , vexed at . . , sorry for. .

fâcher, to offend, vex.

fâcheu-x, -se, troublesome, unpleasant, disagreeable.

faciliter, to facilitate, render easy.

façon, /., fashion, way, manner, form, style, de la belle façon, in the best manner, nicely, at a fine rate.

faction, /., duty of a sentinel, guard-duty, watch, guard.

faible, weak, feeble, faint.

faim, /., hunger, avoir faim, to be hungry,

faire, irr., to make, do; to cause, give; to cause, have, order; to be (in expressions of weather); to say, reply (sometimes, in a few forms, see fit), faire du bruit, to make a noise; to be much talked of; to be noisy, faire une confidence, see confidence. — faire de beaux coups, see coup. — faire de l'exercice, to take exercise.

faire feu, to fire, give fire, shoot, faire front, to face.

faire halte, to halt, faire honte à quelqu'un de quelque chose, see honte. — faire invasion, see invasion. — faire des misères à quelqu'un, see

misère. — faire la moue, see moue. — faire peur à quelqu'un, to make one afraid, frighten one. faire plaisir, to give pleasure, faire signe, to make a sign, beckon, faire un tour, to take a turn, take a walk.

faire un voyage, un petit voyage, to take a journey, a trip, faire sentir, to render perceptible or audible; to pronounce. faire monter quelque chose, to have something brought up. faire arranger quelque chose, to have something arranged (put in order), il lui fait servir un dîner, he has a dinner served up (brought in) to him. faire dire quelque chose à quelqu'un, to make or let (or cause) some one say (to say) something, le faire payer à quelqu'un, see payer. — . .ne font que marquer.., ..only mark. . se faire reconnaître, to make oneself known, laisser faire, see laisser. — se faire, to be made, be done; to happen, take place; to become, be. il fait sec, it (the weather) is dry; il avait fait sec, it had been dry.

faisaient, descr. p., made, did, etc.; see faire.

faisait, descr. p., made, did, was (weather); see faire.

faisan, m,, pheasant.

faisant, ger., près, part.; see faire.

faisiez, descr. p.; see faire.

faisons, près, ind.; see faire.

fait, près, ind., makes, does, causes; see faire.

fait, -e, p. part., made, done; fait, = been (weather) ; see faire.

fait, n., m., fact, deed, tout à fait, altogether, entirely,

VOCABULARY

quite, quite well; see tout, adv.

faites, imper.; see faire.

fallait, descr. p., was necessary; had to . . ; see falloir.

falloir, irr., impers, v., to be necessary; to be obliged to. . , have to. . ; must, ought to. .

il faut que + subjunct., it is necessary that. . il faut qu'un Français soit.., a Frenchman must be . . , has to be. . il faudra que je le tienne, I shall have to hold him. il faut + inf., one must . . , one has to . . il faut être fou . . , one must be crazy . .

il me faut, il lui faut quelque chose (=dir. obj.), I need or want, he needs or wants something, comme il faut, as is proper, properly, in a proper maimer, in fine style. les gens comme il faut, see gens.

fameu-x, -se, famous, glorious, magnificent.

famili-er, -ère, familiar, intimate, on intimate terms.

famille, /., family.

fantassin, m., foot-soldier.

farce, /., joke, prank, trick.

farouche, fierce, savage, sullen.

fasse, près, subjunct.; see faire.

fat, n., m., fop, coxcomb, conceited fellow.

fatal, -e, fatal.

fatalité, /., fatality.

fatigue, n., /., fatigue, weariness.

fatigué, -e, p. part., adj., tired, weary; see fatiguer.

fatiguer, to weary, tire, tire out, fatigue, strain.

fatuité, /., foppishness, self-conceit, conceit.

faubourg, m., suburb, outskirt of a city; {in modern Paris) district, quarter, or street, in

the city proper, but more or less remote from its centre {originally, ivilhout the gates), generally inhabited by the laboring classes.

faudra, fut., will be necessary; see falloir.

faudrait, cond.; see falloir.

Faune, m., Faun, a god of fields and shepherds {Roman mythology).

faut, près, ind.; see falloir.

faute, /., mistake, fault.

faveur, /., favor.

fécond, -e, fruitful, fertile.

feld-maréchal, m., field-marshal.

félicité, /., happiness, felicity.

fellah, m., fellah, peasant in Egypt.

femme, /., woman, wife.

fendre, to split, cleave, cut open.

fenêtre, /., window.

féodal, -e, feudal.

fer, m., iron, fers, plur., chains.

fera, fut., will do; see faire.

ferait, cond.; see faire.

fer-blanc, m., tin (tinned iron), tin-plate.

Ferdinand = Ferdinand V ( = cinq), le Catholique, Ferdinand V., the Catholic, King of Spain, 1452-1516.

ferez, fut., will do; see faire.

ferme, n., /., farm.

fermé, -e, p. part., adj., closed shut; {of vowel-sounds) close, less open; see fermer. — é, fermé, see é.

fermer, to close, shut, lcck.

fermer la porte à clef (clé), to lock the door, fermer la porte à double tour, to doublelock the door.

fermeté, /., firmness, steadfastness.

féroce, ferocious, fierce, savage, wild.

feront, fut.; see faire.

fertile, fertile.

VOCABULARY

fête, /., festival, feast, jour de fête, m., festive day, holiday.

feu, m., fire, flame, faire feu, to fire, give fire, shoot.

mettre le feu à . . , to set fire to . . , set on fire . . feu volant, or feu follet, will-o'-thewisp.

feuille, /., leaf; sheet (of paper); paper, newspaper, feuille à un sou, one sou paper, one cent paper, penny paper.

feux, plur.; see feu.

Fiacre, saint.., St. Fiacre, an Irish monk who died in France in 670.

fiacre, m., a kind of French hackney-coach.

fidèle, adj., faithful, true, trusty.

fidèle = fidèlement, adv., faithfully, truly.

fier, fière, proud.

figure, /., face, countenance; figure or form of a syllogism (in the science of logic).

figurer, to figure, represent; appear, look like. . se figurer, to imagine, fancy.

fil, m., thread, de fil en aiguille, passing from one topic to another, little by little, gradually.

file, près, ind., spins; runs; see filer.

filer, to spin; to file, go in a line; to shoot straight out; to run [in a straight line].

fille, /., daughter.

fils, m., son.

fin, n., /., end. à la fin, at last.

fin, -e, ad/., fine, delicate, sweet.

finir, to finish, end. finir par + inf., finally.

fiou, imperfect imitation of an Englishman's bad pronunciation of French feu; see feu.

firent, narr. p., made, did; see faire.

fit, narr. p., made, did; see faire.

— fit = dit, répondit, said, replied (in short sentences with inversion of the subj., placed within, or after, a direct assertion).

fixe, adj., fixed, settled, steady.

fixer, to fix, settle, determine.

flamboyer (fiamboi + mwfe e), to flame, blaze, blaze up.

flamme, /., flame.

flanc, m., flank, side.

flâne, /., = flânerie, /., stroll, strolling, lounging, loafing.

flâner, to saunter, stroll, lounge.

flatter, to flatter, se flatter, to flatter oneself, imagine, hope, expect . se serait flatté, should (would) have flattered itself (himself) ; should (would) have expected.

flatterie, /., flattery.

fléau, m., flail.

fleur, /., flower.

fleuve, m., river, stream.

flot, m., wave, flood.

flotter, to float, wave, fluctuate, move hither and thither.

flottille, /., flotilla, little fleet,

foi, /., faith, ma foi! par ma foi! inter j., upon my word!

faith! I declare!

foin, m., hay.

fois, /., time, une fois, once.

deux fois, twice, à la fois, at the same time, at once.

toutes les fois que, whenever, as often as.

folie, /., madness, folly, frenzy, craziness, craze, mania.

follet, -te, wanton, playful, feu follet, m., will-o'-the-wisp.

fonction, /., function, ofhce.

fonctionnaire, m., functionary, officer.

fonctionner, (intr.) to work, act,

fond, n., m., bottom, background, farthest end, most remote part, sans fond, bottomless, fathomless, au fond

VOCABULARY

du Nord, far away in the North, à fond, thoroughly.

fondre, trans., intr., to melt.

fondre sur . . , to pounce upon . . , rush upon . . , dart upon. .

font, près, ind.; see faire.

fontaine, /., fountain, spring.

force, /., force, strength, might, power, les forces, the forces, troops, accent de force, see accent, à force de . . , by dint of . . , by means of . . , by much . . , by repeated . . ; by mere. .

forêt, /., forest.

forme, /., form, shape.

former, to form, make, make up.

se former, to form oneself, take a form, be formed, be made, form {intr.), [en.., into. .].

fort, -e, adj., strong.

fort, adv., very much; very; hard, strongly; loud, loudly.

fortune, /., fortune.

fou, fol, m., folle, f.; fous, plur.

m., folles, plur. /., adj., crazy, mad, wild, insane, foolish; excessive, fou, n., m., crazy man, madman, fool, lunatic.

foudre, /., lightning, thunderbolt.

fougueu-x, -se, fiery, hot, impetuous, ardent, spirited, passionate.

foule, /., crowd, multitude, great number.

fourmillement, ra., crawling, swarming; swarm, crowd.

fourmiller, to swarm.

fournaise, /., furnace.

frais, fraîche, cool, fresh.

franc, m., franc, coin worth about 20 cents.

Français, n., ra., Frenchman, les Français, the French, Frenchmen.

français, -e, adj., French, le fran-

çais, French, the French language, du français, French, some French.

France, la. ., /., France.

Francisque, ra., Franciscus,

Francis.

François, ra., Francis, Frank, frappant, ger., près, part., striking, hitting; see frapper, frappé, -e, p. part., struck; see

frapper, frapper, to strike, hit, beat,

knock, tap.

Frédéric, ra., Frederick. Frédéric II ( = deux), Frederick II., called the Great, King of Prussia (1740-1786).

frein, ra., bridle, curb; check,

restraint, frémir, to shudder, tremble, frémissant, ger., près, part., shuddering, trembling; see frémir, frère, ra., brother, froid, -e, adj., cold, cool; frigid, spiritless, dispassionate, reserved, froid, n., ra., cold, coldness, chilliness. pris de froid, chilled, benumbed with cold, froidement, coldly, coolly, dispassionately, with coolness, frôler, to graze, touch lightly, fromage, ra., cheese, frondeur, n., ra., malcontent, censurer, fault-finder, carper, oppositionist, frondeu-r, -se, adj., malcontent, discontented, fastidious, fault-finding, carping, front, ra., forehead, front, face,

brow, faire front, to face, frottant, ger., près, part., rubbing;

see frotter, frottement, m., friction, rubbing, frotter, to rub.

fruit, ra., fruit, fui, p. part.; see fuir.

VOCABULARY

fuir, irr., to flee; to vanish.

fuit, près, ind.; see fuir.

fuite, n., /., flight.

fumée, n., /., smoke.

funèbre, mournful, gloomy, dismal.

furent, narr. p.; see être.

fureur, /., fury, rage, madness, passion; plur., fits of fury, acts of frenzy.

furieu-x, -se, furious, mad, raging, enraged, angry, violent, furieux de . . , angry at . .

fusil, m., musket, gun, rifle.

fusilier, to shoot.

fut, narr. p.; see être.

fût, p. svbjunct.; see être.

fuyant, près, part.; see fuir.

fuyard, n., m., fugitive.

gagner, to earn, gain, win.

gaieté, or gaîté, /., gaiety, cheerfulness.

gaillardement, merrily, joyously, blithely; briskly.

gaîté, /.; see gaieté.

galant, -e, gallant, genteel.

galon, m., galloon, lace; stripe.

les galons, the stripes on the uniforms of officers and underofficers, in the French army, serving to distinguish the grades.

galoper, to gallop.

gamelle, /., porringer, dish, bowl.

Gand, m., Ghent, city in Belgium.

gant, m., glove.

garçon, boy, lad, youth; servant, waiter.

garde, n., /., guard, watch, watching, keeping, guarding; guard, watch, body of men stationed to protect a person or position; guard, body of [select] troops, garde nationale, national guard, formerly,

in France, a kind of militia consisting of citizens supposed to do military duty only for defensive purposes.

garde, n.t m., guard, watch, watchman, warden, keeper; guard, guardsman, soldier of the guard, garde national, national guard or guardsman, soldier of the national guard; see garde, n., /., and national.

garde-chasse, m.f game-keeper.

garde-fou, m., madman's keeper, keeper in a madhouse, keeper or warden for madmen.

garder, to keep, guard, preserve, se garder de + m/., to be careful not to . . , to take care not to . .

gare! inter j. (=imper. of garer), look out! beware! gare les coups! beware of the blows!

gare de devant! make way before !

garni, -e, p. part.; see garnir, chambre garnie, /., furnished room.

garnir, to garnish, furnish, provide.

gâter, to spoil.

gauche, adj., left, gauche, n.f /., left hand, left, left side, left-hand side; left wing, left flank, à gauche, on the left, to the left, regarder de gauche, to look to the left.

Gaulois, n., m., Gaul, inhabitant of Gaul (the ancient name of France).

gémir, to groan, moan, grieve, lament, gémir de . . , to grieve for. ., lament (trans.).

gênait, descr. p., constrained; see gêner.

gêner, to hinder, constrain, disturb, trouble, se gêner, to constrain oneself, put oneself to inconvenience, stand on

VOCABULARY

ceremony, ne pas se gêner, to make no ceremony, be at one's ease, make oneself at home, général, -e, adj., general, général, n., m., general, généralement, generally.

généralité, /., generality; name of an administrative district or district of taxation, in France, in, and before, 1^89.

{There were thirty-two généralités in 1789.) généraux, n., m., plur.; see

général, n., m.

généreu-x, -se, generous, noble, générosité, /., generosity, génie, m., genius, spirit, mind,

talent, intellectual power, genou, m., knee; plur. genoux, à genoux, on one's knees, tomber à genoux, to fall on the knees, kneel, tomber or se jeter aux genoux de quelqu'un, to fall at some one's feet.

genoux, plur ; see genou, genre, w., Kind, sort, class.

gens, plur., m., }. {only in special cases), people, persons, men, servants, gens comme il faut, m., respectable or well-bred people, gens de cour, m., courtiers, gens d'esprit, m., sensible people. gens du peuple, m., people of the lower classes, common people, gentilhomme, m., nobleman, gentiment, nicely.

George, m., = .

gérer, to manage, administer, gesticuler, to gesticulate.

gigantesque, gigantic, enormous.

Girardin, Mme de . . , or Delphine Gay, French authoress, 1804— girondin, n., m., Girondist, Girondin, member of the moderate republican party, called I

la Gironde, during the French Revolution.

Gizeh, =, small town in Egypt, several miles south of Cairo, on the left bank of the Nile.

glacier, m., glacier, glisser, {intr.) to glide, slide, slip; {trans.) to slip, slide, pass or give imperceptibly or secretly, laisser glisser, to slip {trans.), se glisser, to slide, slip, creep, gloire, /., glory, gond, m., hinge, gondolier, m., gondolier {man

who rows a gondola).

goulot, m., neck {of a bottle). gourde, /., wicker bottle, flask, goût, m., taste, inclination, liking, goutte, /., drop.

grâce, /., grace, favor; pardon; mercy, coup de grâce, m., stroke of mercy; finishing stroke, death-blow.

gracieusement, gracefully, graciously, gracieu-x, -se, gracious, graceful, pleasant, courteous, kind, peu gracieux, not very gracious, not very pleasant; rather ungracious, rather unpleasant.

grade, m., grade, rank, grain, m., grain, hard seed, kernel, corn, grain d'orge, barley-corn, grain of barley, grammaire, /., grammar.

grammairien, m., grammarian.

grand, -e, great, large, big, tall, high; open, broad; = much, au grand soleil, in the hot sun.

le grand mât, the main-mast grand' instead of grande, /.:

grand'mère, grandmother:

grand' peine, a great deal of trouble, great difficulty'; grand'chose, something (anything) great, very much, en

VOCABULARY

grand, on a large scale, wholesale.

grand'chose, see chose, /., and

grand (grand' instead of

grande), grandement, greatly, vastly;

grandly, nobly.

grandeur, /., greatness, grandeur;

high dignity; size, largeness,

bulk.

grand'mère, /., grandmother;

see mère, /., and grand (grand*

instead of grande), grand'peine, /.; see peine, /.,

and grand (grand* instead of

grande) .

grappillage, m., gleaning (in a

vineyard); little profit, more

or less illegal; small theft,

petty extortion.

gras, -se, fat, greasy, plump.

mardi gras, m., Shrove Tuesday, grave, grave, serious; weighty,

important, gravement, gravely, seriously,

with gravity.

gravité, /., gravity, dignity,

seriousness.

Grèce, la. ., /., Greece, greffier, m., clerk of the court ;

registrar, recorder, grêle, /., hail.

grelotter, to shiver, grenadier, m., grenadier.

gris, -e, gray.

griser, to make tipsy, intoxicate, gronder, to grumble, rumble,

roar.

gros, -se, big, large, thick, stout.

grossi-er, -ère, coarse, clumsy,

rough, rude.

groupe, m., group, guère, adv. : ne . . guère, not

much, but little, scarcely,

hardly ever, ne . . plus guère,

not much any more, scarcely

yet.

guerre, /., war.

guerri-er, -ère, warlike. peu guerrier, not very warlike.

guetter, to watch, watch for. .

gueux, m., beggar; rascal, ce gueux de + n., that rascal of a . . , that rascally . . , that vile. .

Guizot, François. ., 1787-1874, professor, historian, statesman; Minister of Public Instruction (1832), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1840), and Prime Minister (1847), under Louis-Philippe, King of France; moderate monarchist; removed from office in

Note. — The initial h of the words

not marked is always silent (h muette). The initial h of the words marked with an asterisk is the so-called h aspirée. It prevents the linking of the preceding consonant and the elision of the preceding vowel: les *héros, le *héros.

It is pronounced like h in some parts of France, but, generally, not in Paris. Here, as elsewhere, it is silent in ordinary speech. Usage, in regard to h aspirée and h muette, hesitates in some words, f. i. in * Henri (Henri).

In *huit, h is never pronounced, though it is called h aspirée: les *huit jours. It does not prevent the linking of s =2 in dix-huit. — Cf. the anecdote No. 9.

habile, clever.

habillement, m., dress, clothes, clothing.

habit, m., dress, coat.

habitant, m., inhabitant.

habitude, /., habit, custom.

habituer, to accustom, use, inure, s'habituer, to get used, be accustomed.

Hachette or *Hachette, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

*haillon, m., rag, tatter.

*haïr, irr., to hate.

* haletant, -e, près, part., adj.,

VOCABULARY

panting, out of breath; see *haleter.

*haleter, to pant, gasp for breath.

*halte, n., /., halt, stand, stop.

faire halte, to halt.

*hasard, m., hazard, chance, par hasard, by chance, accidentally.

*hâte, /., haste, hurry, à la hate, in haste, nastily, quickly.

*hâter, to hasten, hurry on (trans.), se hâter, to make haste, hasten, hurry, be in a hurry.

*haubans, n., m., plur., shrouds (of a ship) .

*haut, -e, adj., high, tall, elevated; upper; loud.

*haut, n., m., height, top, upper part, du haut de . . , from the top of . . , down.

*haut, adv., high, high up. làhaut, up there, en haut, on high, above (adv.). la mâchoire d'en haut, the upper jaw. les dents d'en haut, the upper teeth.

*havresac, m., knapsack.

heinl? inter j., hey! what? what do you say?

hélas! inter j., alas!

Helvétie, V.., /., Helvetia, ancient name of Switzerland, often used in poetry instead of la Suisse.

*Henri or Henri, ra., Henry.

Henriette, /., Henrietta; name of the ingénue or naïve, unaffected young girl in Molière' s comedy * ' The Learned Women,} (Les Femmes savantes, 1672).

herbe, /., grass, herb.

héréditaire, hereditary.

hériter, to inherit.

héroïque, heroic»

héroïsme, m., heroism.

*héros, m., hero.

Hetzel, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

heure, /., hour; time; = o'clock, vers dix heures, about ten o'clock, à onze heures, at eleven o'clock, à onze heures passées; see passé, à sept heures précises; see précis, à dix heures du soir, at ten o'clock in the evening, tout à l'heure, presently, soon; just now. de bonne heure, early.

heureusement, fortunately,

luckily, happily.

heureu-x, -se, happy, fortunate, lucky.

Hippolyte, m., Hippolytus.

hirondelle, /., swallow.

histoire, /., history, story.

hiver, ra., winter.

*holà! inter j., halloo! hallao!

holla! hollo!

homme, m., man.

honnête, honest, respectable.

honnêteté, /., honesty.

honneur, m., honor.

*honte, /., shame, faire honte à quelqu'un de quelque chose, to make some one ashamed (feel ashamed) of something.

horizon, m., horizon.

horrible, horrible, horrid, frightful.

*hors de. ., prep., outside of. ., out of. .

hôte, m., guest, host.

hôtel, m., hotel, inn; mansion, large house, hôtel d'invalides, see invalide, n., ten.

*housard = * hussard, m., hussar.

*Hugo, Victor.., the great French poet, 1802-1885.

*huit, huit, eight. *huit jours, a week, dix-huit, eighteen.

humain, -e, human.

humeur, /., humor, mood, disposition, bonne humeur, good humor.

humide, moist, damp, humid.

humidité, /., humidity, moisture.

VOCABULARY

humilité, /., humility, humbleness, meekness.

hygiène, /., hygiene, department of médical science treating of the preservation of health.

comité d'hygiène, ra., board of health.

i, n., m.; plur. i, name of the letter i.

i', marking the pronunciation, instead of il, =il, he, it, or ils, they, before verb-forms beginning with a consonant.

Ibrahim, =, one of the twentyfour beys or chiefs of the Mamelukes in Egypt at the time of the French invasion, sharing the supreme political power with Murad-Bey, both of them being superior to the other beys; rich and wily, having the pre-eminence and lead in civil matters.

ici, here, hither, d'ici, from here.

idéal, n., m., ideal.

idée, /., idea.

identité, /., identity, sameness.

ignorance, /., ignorance.

ignorant, -e, ignorant.

il, conj. pers. pron., he, it; = there, or o. il n'était personne, there was no one. il était resté. ., there had remained. . il y a; il y avait; il y eut; il va y avoir; il y aurait eu; il y avait longtemps qu'il ne pleuvait pas; il y a peu de temps; il y a quarante ans que je dis. . ; see avoir, and y.

illumination, /., illumination.

illustre, illustrious, famous.

ils, conj. pers. pron., m., plur., they.

image, /., image, likeness, picture.

imaginer, to imagine, conceive,

contrive, s'imaginer, to imagine, fancy, believe.

imberbe, beardless.

immense, immense, boundless.

immensité, /., immensity, infinity, infiniteness.

immobile, immovable, motionless.

immobilité, /., immobility, immovability.

immonde, unclean, impure.

impassible, impassible, impassive, insensible.

impatienté, -e, p. part., made impatient, irritated; see impatienter.

impatienter, to make impatient, tire the patience of . . , provoke, irritate.

impétueu-x, -se, impetuous, vehement, passionate.

impétuosité, /., impetuosity, impetuousness, vehemence.

impitoyable, pitiless, merciless.

implanter, to implant, plant, found, establish.

imposer, to impose, put upon. ., lay on . . imposer quelque chose à quelqu'un, to impose (thrust, force) something upon some one. imposer sa tutelle à quelqu'un, to hold some one in tutelage.

impossible, impossible; highly extravagant, extremely odd.

impôt, m., tax, impost, duty.

lever un pot d'impôt, to levy the tax of one pot.

impression, /., impression.

impressionner, to impress, make an impression on. . , move.

improviser, to improvise, make off-hand, make without preparation.

impuissant, -e, powerless, impotent.

incliner, to incline, bend, bow (trans.) . s'incliner, to incline, bend, bow (intr.).

VOCABULARY

incognito, n., m., incognito, disguise, assumption of disguise or of a feigned character,

inconstant, -e, inconstant, fickle.

inconvénient, m., inconvenience.

inculte, rude, coarse, rugged,

indélébile, indelible.

indépendance, /., independence.

indiscipline, /., lack of discipline, insubordination, disobedience.

indiscr-et, -ète, indiscreet.

indisposition, /., indisposition.

indistinct, -e, indistinct.

inépuisable, inexhaustible.

infaillible, infallible.

infatigable, indefatigable, unwearied.

influencer, to influence.

ingénieusement, ingeniously.

ingénu, -e, adj., ingenuous, artless, frank, candid, ingénue, n., /., part of the naïve, unaffected young girl in French, plays.

ingrat, -e, ungrateful.

innocent, -e, innocent, guiltless not guilty.

innombrable, innumerable, numberless.

inouï, -e, adj., unheard of.

inquiétant, -e, près, part., adj., alarming, disquieting; see inquiéter.

inquiéter, to alarm, disquiet, make uneasy, s'inquiéter, to be disturbed, be alarmed; to worry.

inscrire, irr., to inscribe, enter, register, s'inscrire, to inscribe oneself, enter one's name, se faire inscrire, to have oneself inscribed, have one's name entered.

insensiblement, insensibly, gradually.

insister, to insist, lay stress.

insolence, /., insolence, impertinence.

insomnie, /., sleeplessness, insomnia, une nuit d'insomnie, a sleepless night.

installer, to install.

instant, m., moment, instant.

à l'instant, at once, instantly.

institut, m., institute, institution, institut de science, scientific institute.

institution, /., institution.

instruction, /., instruction, education.

instruire, irr., to instruct, inform.

instruit, -e, p. part., adj., well educated; see instruire.

insulter, to insult, offend.

intelligent, -e, intelligent, clever, bright.

intendant, m., intendant, surveyor.

intention, /., intention.

intérêt, m., interest.

intérieur, -e, adj., interior, internal, inner, inside, intérieur, n., m., interior; internal affairs.

interrompant, ger., près, part.; see interrompre.

interrompre, irr., to interrupt.

introduction, /., introduction.

introduire, irr., to introduce, bring in.

inusité, -e, unused, not in use.

inutile, useless.

invalide, n., ra., invalid, disabled or invalid soldier, un hôtel d'invalides, a home of invalids, of old soldiers.

invasion, /., invasion, forcible entrance. ^ faire invasion dans . . , to invade . . ; make a forcible entrance into . . ; enter. . by force.

invraisemblable, unlikely, improbable, not to be expected, extravagant.

irai, fut., shall go; see aller.

iriez, cond., would go; see aller.

VOCABULARY

irrégularité, /., irregularity.

irréprochable, irreproachable, unexceptionable, faultless.

Italic 1\ ., /., Italy.

italien, -ne, adj., Italian. Pitalien, Italian, the Italian language.

jabot, m., crop (of a bird); frill or ruffle (on a shirt-front); breast, chest (slang).

Jacques, ra., James.

jadis, formerly, of old.

jamais, ever; never. ne. .jamais, never.

jambe, /., leg.

janissaire, ra., janizary; formerly, soldier of a privileged military class which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, and was composed originally of Christian slaves converted to Mohammedanism.

jardin, ra., garden.

jarretière, /., garter.

jaser, to prate, chatter, chat.

Jason, ra., Jason (Greek mythology)-

je, conj. pers. pron.} I.

Jean, ra., John.

Jeanneton, /., little Jane, Janet, Jenny (derived from Jeannette, Jeanne).

Jespersen, Otto . . , professor of English philology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

jeter (jett + mute e), to throw, cast, fling, hurl, drive; throw down; throw away, jeter dans une déroute complète, to rout completely, se jeter, to throw oneself, rush, se jeter sur.., to rush upon.., fall

, upon..; dans.., to rush into. . se jeter aux genoux

de quelqu'un, to fall at some one's feet.

jette, près, ind., throws; see jeter.

jettent, près, ind., throw; see jeter.

jeu, ra., game, play, avoir beau jeu, to have a good hand, have good cards, have fair play, have a good chance; to have an easy time, get along splendidly.

jeune, young, le jeune, the young man, young one.

joie, /., joy.

joindre, irr., to join, unite, put together; to add.

joins, imper.; see joindre.

joli, -e, pretty, nice.

joliment, prettily, nicely, finely.

Joseph II ( = deux), Emperor of Germany (1765-1790).

jouer, to play, jouer à . . , to play at . . , play a game of . .

jouer au whist, to play at whist, play a game of whist.

se jouer, to play, sport, frolic; move about sportively or playfully.

joueur, ra., player, gambler.

jouir de. ., to enjoy, be in possession of. .

jouissance, /., enjoyment, delight.

jour, ra., day; daylight, dawn, break of day; light; birth, life, jour d'été, summer-day.

jour de fête, festive day, holiday, de jour, in the daytime, by day. par jour, every day, . .a day, daily.

les jours de grand vent; see vent.

Jourdain, name of the "tradesman turned nobleman" in Molière's comedy.

journal, ra., newspaper, journal.

Journal des Débats, the oldest, and one of the best, of the

VOCABULARY

Parisian newspapers; see débat.

journaux, plur.; see journal.

journée, /., day; day's work; = battle.

Jouvet, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

joyeu-x, -se, joyous, joyful.

juge, n., m., judge.

juger, to judge, consider, think; pass judgment upon . . , form an opinion regarding. .

juillet, m., July.

jurer, to swear.

jusqu'= jusque.

jusque, prep., till, until, as far as, up to, to.

jusque ce que, conj., till, until.

jusque, prep., till, until, as far as, up to, to; see jusqu'à, prep, jusque-là, as far as there, to that place; until then, up to that time.

juste, adj., just, right, appropriate, equitable, juste prix, m., moderate price.

juste, adv., exactly, just.

justement, adv., exactly, precisely, just; just then; just then [he remembered that. .].

Juvenal, Juvenal, a famous Roman poet, author of very violent satires, 42-120.

P=le, la, art. and pers. pron.

la, art., sing., /., the. la belle chose . . ! = quelle belle chose. . ! what a fine thing. . !

how nice . . !

la, conj. pers. pron., sing., /., dir. obj., her, it.

la, inter j., in the burden of a song.

là, there, thither, de là, from there, thence, hence, jusquelà, as far as there, to that place; until then, up to that time, là-bas, down there,

yonder, there, là-haut, up there, là dedans, therein, within; in it, in that, làdessus, thereupon; on it, on that; on or about this subject, ce . . -là, that {emphatic); see ce, dem. adj.

See celui-là, dem. pron., that one.

là-bas, see là and bas, adv.

Lachaud, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

là dedans; see là and dedans, adv.

là-dessus; see là and dessus, adv.

Laf on, a celebrated French actor and teacher of elocution, 1775-1846.

là-haut, see là and haut, adv.

lais (marking the pronunciation) =les, conj. pers. pron.

laissant, ger., près, part., leaving; see laisser.

laisse, près, ind., lets, laisse glisser, slips (trans.); see laisser, glisser.

laissé, -e, p. part., left, let; set laisser.

laisser, to let, allow; to leave, leave behind, laisser glisser, to slip (trans.), laisser tomber, to let fall; to drop (trans.), le laisser faire, to let him alone, se laisser entraîner, see entraîner.

lait, m., milk.

lamentable, lamentable, woful.

lampe, /., lamp.

lancer, to fling, throw, cast.

langage, m., language.

langue, /., tongue, language, je donne ma langue au chat, I give it up, I give up guessing.

laquelle, /.; see lequel.

large, adj., wide, broad, large, n.,m., width, breadth, extent, prendre le trottoir tout en large, to take the whole width of the side-walk.

VOCABULARY

largesse, /., liberality, largess, bounty, present.

larme, /., tear.

lasser, to tire, weary.

latin, -e, adj., Latin, le latin, Latin, the Latin language.

laver, to wash, je m'en lave les mains, I wash my hands of it, I will have nothing to do with it.

le, art. j sing., m., the. 1 'habile homme que vous êtes! what a clever man you are!

le, conj. pers. pron., sing., m., neut., dir. obj., him, it.

leçon, /., lesson.

lecteur, m., reader.

lecture, /., reading.

légende, /., legend.

lég-er, -ère, light (not heavy). m

Legouvé, Ernest . . , a distinguished French littérateur, author of the "Art of Reading," 1807-1903.

Leguay, French family name.

le long de. ., prep., along, tout le long de . . , all along, along.

Lemerre, bookseller and publisher at Paris.

lendemain, n., m., next day, following day. le lendemain matin, next morning, on the following morning, le lendemain de . . , the day after . . , the day following. .

lent, -e, slow.

lentement, slowly.

lequel, m., laquelle, /.; lesquels, plur.m., lesquelles, plur. /., rel.

pron. , which ; who , whom ; that ; interr. pron., which one, which.

les, art., plur., m., /., the; see le, la, art., sing, les belles choses = quelles belles choses!

what fine things!

les, conj. pers. pron., plur., m., /., dir. obj., them.

lés (marking the pronunciation) =les.

lès (marking the pronunciation) = les.

lesquels, plur. m.; see lequel.

lester, to ballast (a vessel), se lester, to take in ballast; to line one's stomach; to lay in a stock of provisions.

lestement, briskly, quickly.

lettre, /., letter, à la lettre, literally.

leur, conj. pers. pron., plur., m., /., indir. obj., to them, foi them, them.

leur (m., /.), leurs (plur., m., /.), poss. adj., their.

lève, près, ind., raises; se lève, rises, gets up; see lever, se lever.

lever (lev + mute e), to raise, lift; levy, collect, se lever, to rise, get up. levé, -e, p. part., risen, up, out of bed.

lèvre, /., lip.

liaison, /., connection; linking, joining; pronunciation of a consonant, otherwise silent, at the end of a word, joined with the initial vowel of another word that follows it, and is closely connected with it by its meaning and grammatical relation.

liberté, /.. liberty, freedom.

licence, /., license, licentiousness.

lieu, m., place, au lieu de. ., instead of . .

lieue, /., league (1 French league = about 2\ English miles).

lieutenant, m., lieutenant.

ligne, /., line.

limitation, /., limitation.

limite, /., limit, confine.

lingual, -e, lingual, pronounced with the tongue. l'r lingual roulé, see roulé, -e.

linguiste, m., linguist, student of languages.

linguistique, adj., linguistic, relating to languages.

lire, irr., to read.

lis, ra., lily, les lis, the [white] lilies, = the crown of France (the white lily being the emblem of French royalty).

lisaient, lisait, descr. p.; see lire.

lisant, près, part.; see lire.

liste, /., list, roll.

lit, m., bed.

littéraire, literary.

littérature, /., literature, scholarship, learning.

livide, livid, black and blue.