devenu très attentif. Turn this into a relative clause

7. et le menton poié. Lit. *and his chin placed on his hand.' The* and' is superduous in English. Bender by *with his chin resting on his hand.'

22. «omiiM tottfo. Lit. ' total sum.' The phrase means ' in conclusion.' Say here * to cut the matter short.'

— . depuiit que je n*ai eu. *■ Since I have not had ' is equivalent to * since i last had.'

Joseph II., eldest son of Maria Theresa and of Francis of Lorraine, became emperor in 1765. His chief military exploit was the taking of the fortress of Belgrade from the Turks in alliance with Catherine of Russia, in 1789. He died in 1790, having lived to see the outbreak of a revolution in France, which he would himself have probably provoked by his ill-timed, well-meant reforms in any other empire than Austria.

1. Vempereur Joseph, il n*aimait. L'empereur Joseph U n'aimait is as bad French as *the Emperor Joseph he Uked' is bad

166 PR1MAB7 TBANSLATION BOOK. ISO- English. But punctuated with a comma, as in the text, it is good French, being equivalent to 'The Emperor Joseph? Oh he liked . • .'

2. témoin es fait. Cf. the precisely equivalent * witness this fact,* Which is a shortened phrase for, e.g., *■ the witness of what I say is this fact.' Although térnoin is a noun, yet it is invariable when thus placed at the beginniug of a clause : e.g. témoin osf fails,

9. le chemin de la vUle. Cf. 46, 1. 2, la grande route de Parii, The English *road to' is in French chemin de (of). With the French, cf. * the London Road,' etc.

21. de diet, etc. 'A friend of mine' is tin de met amis. Chet^ * at the housH of,' with a noun or pronoun, is often treated as a noun-phrase : e.g. notre éhez-nous, * our hoiue.'