monHeur eêL See note to

57. êeriez-vouê. Translate the conditional, expressing surprise^ , by * is it possible you are?'

— . feld-marebhal This term, half German (Feld, ' field '), hnlf French, is applied in Franc» to the highest commanders in the German army. The French Field-Marshal is called maréchal dé France.

67. f entends bien. Entendre followed by que with the subjunctive means * to intend.' Bien may here be rendered * I assure you.'

3. toute surprise, French includes — ^* to avoid evebt surprise;* English excludes — ' to avoid ant surprise.' Gf. en toute autre eireon^ êtaneey * in any other case.'

4. jL F. F. von Kotzebue, bom at Weimar in 1761, best known as a prolific dramatist, passed the greater part of his life in the Russian public service as President of the Government of Esthonis, and Russian envoy in Germany. His Bun Otto von Kotzebue, who became captain in the Russian naval service in 1823, made three voyages round the wurld, discovering, on his second voyage, which began in 1815, several i&lands in the South Sea and the sound south-east of Behrii)g*s Straits, whidi is named after him. He made a third voyage and new dif^coveries during the years 1823-1826.

— , fit ranger toutes ees pirogues. The verb faire, * to cause,' is always followed by an active infinitive where in English the passive is required. Render by * caused all these canoes to be ranged.' See note to 143, 1. 19.

— . d^un même eôtéi As we are not told which side, French uses the indefinite article ; English, not so accurate, uses the definite article. But compare, fur instance, * on one and the same day,' etc

14. les moins dissimulées. Instead of* the least concealed/ say •not in the least concealed,' or * perfectly unconcealed.* To * simulate ' is to pretend to be what one is not ; to * dissemble ' is to protend not to be what one is.

16. mutuellement s'exciter. When it is doubtful whether se is reflective or reciprocal, whether ils se regardent, for instance, means *each looks at himself,' or * each looks at the otuer,' French prevents a doubt by adding Vun Vautre, etc., or by the adverbs mutueUemeni or reciproquemenL See note to 91, L 7. Fur the declension of Tun Vautre, see Grammar.

19. fit tirer^ etc. Lit. * caused the firing of a gun-shot with powder,* i.e, * caused a |^un to be fired with a blank charge.' 6ee note to 142, 1. i,

8. élaU âgé de. The preposition de gives the measnie. Lit. ' was aged by* Render * was — years old.'

4. il avail la peau bigarrée. Cf. elle a la main blanche, lit. * she has the baud white,' i.e. * her hand is white,' or ' she has a white hand ;' il a lea yeux blent, lit * he has the eyes blue,' i.e. ' he has blue eyes,' or * his eyes are blue.'

15 depuis pluneun années. Bender depuis, which means ' since ' or * from,' being used either of time or place, by * for.' Bemember that pour can only be used in speaking of future time.

42. dsvint on ne peut plus cordiale. The phrase on ne peut plus, lit * one cannot (do) more,' has become adverbial and invariable, and is not affected by the tense of the verb : e.g. cfeMnt One might also say, with the same sense, devint cordiale au possible* Translate * as cordial as could be.'

Siege of Paris. Napoléon III.'s declaration of war against Prussia was reitd to the North German Parliament, July 19, 1870. On September 2 following. Napoléon surrendered at Sedan. Paris, which WHS defended by a Republican Gk)vemment, declared on September 4, was substantially invested by the Germans as early as September 19. Notification of the investment to the Powers was, however, delayed by King William (then only William L of Prussia, not yet German Eux,)) ror) till S ptember 25. On January 18, 1871, the King of Prussia was declnred German Emperor at Vt-rsailles ; on January 28 Paris capitulated ; preliminaries of peace were signed at Verbailles on February 26, and on March 1 the Germans entered Paris.

6. il n*y avait plus d'école depuis, etc When a thing is spoken of as beginning in the past and still going on in the present time, French chooses the present tense, English chooses the perfect. The French imperfect — lit. ' there was no longer school since '— must here, then, be rendered by the pluperft-ct — * there had been no ëchool for.'

10. Je veux. The primary meaning of vouloir is ' intend/ * mean.' Cf. que veut dire oe mot i * what does this word intend to say ? ' t.&

* what does this word mean ? '