aussi, 'and so

1. 3. rien qiCen vous regardant, ' simply by looking at you.'

1.12. que je voîis vois. Notice the idiom — lit. ' which I see to you ' ; ' in whicli I see you.'

1. 21. à vous toute seule, ' by yourself.' Notice this use of à. So à lin seul il croit poîtvoir tout faire, ' he fancies himself able to do everything.'

1. 24. le chiffre, a word of Arabie origin, introduced between the lith and i4th centuries (the effect of the Crusades and of the great scientific progvess of the Arabs), through the scientific mediœval Latin cifra (figura nihili). It is the ' doublet ' of zh-o — i.e. both hâve a common origin in the Arabie çafar, ' empty. '

1. 25. je ne m^ycotinais pas. Se connaître à [en) quelque chose, va^^xis 'to be a good judge in something.' So il se connaît bien en chevaux, 'he is a good judge of horses.'

1. 32. je 11' en aurai... plus que trente-deux. Ne... plus îoWow&àhy que must be distinguished in translation from ne...qtie ' oiily.' So hère ' Next year I shall be perhaps only 32.'

1. 37. «'a pas le sens comiinin, lit. 'has not common sensé,' i.e. is nonsense. So avoir honte, ' to be ashamed ' ; avoir peur, ' to be afraid ' ; a-'oir faim, dr.

1. 38. c'est égal, lit. 'it is equal,' 'it is ail one,' so 'it does not matter.'

1, 2. qui. Parse qui.

1. 9. fa rendue fur ietise. Notice that 'to make' followed by an

adjective in English must be translatée! by rendre rot by faire in French.

Rendue, ace. fem. sing. to agrée wilh the direct oljject te which cornes before the verb.

Three simple rules will generally détermine the inflection of the past participle.

A. The past participle must agrée in gender, number, and case with the SUBJECT when conjiigaled with être, except in rejlexive verbs, as,

La ville sera prise. Ils sont arrivcj-.

The town will be taken. They hâve arrived.

B. The past participle must agrée In gender, number, and case with the OBJECT when conjugated with avoir [or in reflexive verbs with être, which is then used for avoir'\ if the object IS both direct {thaï is in the acciisative) AND COMES BEFORE THE VERB, as:

Les lettres que j'ai tentes.

The lettcrs which I hâve written.

Que de peine vous vous êtes donn^v !

How much trouble you hâve given yourselves !

C. Under ail other circumstances the past participle remains Jtnin- Jljcted, as:

Elle a écrit ces lettres.

She has written thèse letters.

Ils se sont donn/ trop de peine (the direct object being trop de peine,

se the indirect). They hâve taken too much trouble.

Elle s'est plu (not plu^, because plaire governs a dative). She has pleased herself.

The above instance is therefore an example of Rule B.

1. 11. doit savoir — not ' ought to know'; but, 'is (supposed) to know. '

1. 12. petite marquise, 'you liltle duchess !' CL faire la marquise, 'to play the great lady.'

1. 22. air de Cimarosa. Cimarosa was a well-known Italian composer of the last century.

1. 30. tout-à-fait bien de sa personne, 'quite good-looking.'

1. SI. qu'il vous offre. Notice que to avoid the répétition of lorsque.

8o BATAILLE DE DAMES.

In the same way it takes the place oî puisque, cf. p. 42, 1. 3, and parce que, cf. p. 3, 1. 8, and may take that oî comme and quand.