coups audacieux, bold ventures

1. 33. Le gain n^ était pas en raison du labeur, the profits were not in proportion to his labour.

1. 38. Il n'avait jamais surfait^ he had never overcharged ; 'never stuck it on.'

Page bl. 1. 13. de V extrême gauche. See note to p. 50, 1. 25.

1. 14. agrégée par la Révolution à la bourgeoisie, incorporated with the middle class by the Révolution. The French Révolution, by abolishing ail distinctions, had given the workers the same standing as the ordinary middle classes.

1. 16. il tenait à, he laid great store by. For other meanings of tenir à see note to p. 32, 1. 9.

1. 20. le Constitutionnel, a newspaper, the political organ of the Libéral party, la gauche.

1. 21. Monsieur, the title given in France to the eldest brother of the reigning king; his wife was usually called Madame. Monsieur at the time of César Birotteau was the Comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X (1824-1830), whose reactionary tendency threatened to undo ail that the Révolution had donc, and necessitated his abdication in 1830.

1. 25. Manuel, one of the héroïques dix-sept députés de la gauche (see note to p. 50, 1. 25), who was expelled from the Chambre des Députés on account of his violent opposition to the Government.

le général Foy, one of the leaders of the Libéral party and a most strenuous opposer of the Ultra-Royalists. His funeral

on November 30, 1825, was the occasion of a great popular démonstration against the Royalist reaction.

1. 26. Casimir Périer, an eminent statesman, wlio did not, however, rise into suprême power until 1831, when he undertook to form a Ministry under Louis-Philippe, successor of Charles X (see note to 1. 21, above), with the aim of maintaining peace and order at ail costs. He was a man of indomitable will and indefatigable energy.

1. 27. La Fayette first distinguished himself by taking part in the war of American Independence, fighting on the side of the Americans. At the time of the Révolution (1789j he was commander of the Garde Nationale, and saved Louis XVI and his family from falling into the hands of the infuriated mob. In 1792 he was exiled as a Royalist, but retumed to France after the Restoration, sitting in the Chamber as a member of the extrême Left (see note to p. 50, 1. 25). At the révolution of 1830 he first favoured Louis-Philippe, but afterwards opposed him. His opinions were not, therefore, always very consistent. Courier. Paul Louis Courier, together with the poet Béranger, was the most ardent supporter of the cause of liberty, and his pamphlets had great influence amongst the people.

1. 38. les Montagnes-Beaujon, switch-backs, thus named after the Jardins Beaujon, in the Faubourg Saint-Honoré, a site which was afterwards used for the érection of the présent Hôpital Beaujon.

Page 58. 1. 8. Aux dimensions près, c'était la cellule du chartreux, except as regards dimensions, it was like the cell of a Carthusian monk.

1. 13. Serment des Américains. This picture represents the fifty-five Delegates who, from September 5 to October, 1774, formulated the Déclaration of Rights and decided to stop ail commercial relations with England. This led later on to the Déclaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.

1. 14. Bona2Kirte en ^yremier consul. Bonaparte was Firet Consul from December, 1799, after the cou}) d'État of the 18th brumaire (see note to p. 17, 1. 20), to December, 1804, when the Senate bestowed upon him the title of Emperor in récognition of his victories and his services to the country.

1. 15. la 'Bataille d' Austerl itz,' fought on December 2, 1805. Napoléon there defeated his united enemies commanded by the Emperors Fi-ancis Joseph of Austria and Alexander of Russia in person.