VERBS FORMED BY SPECIAL SUFFIXES

(i) -iquer,

verbs like —

-cher, -ger, -guer, -ier, -oyer. By analogy with

fabriquer from Latin fabricare, communiquer (communicare) empêcher (impedicare), mâcher {masticare), prêcher (praedicare) forger {fabricare), juger (judicare), manger (manducare),

venger (vindicare) publier (publicare), mendier {mendicare), cotnmunier {communicare), verdoyer {viridicare)

many new verbs are formed with thèse suffixes, e.g. —

le char, ' car,' ' chariot ' ; charroyer, ' to cart '

la cote, ' coast ' ; côtoyer, ' to coast '

le chat, ' cat ' ; chatoyer, ' to glisten '

le coude, ' elbow ' ; coudoyer, ' to elbow '

la fête, ' feast ' ; festoyer, ' to treat '

la foudre, ' lightning' ; foudroyer, ' to strike with lightning'

la guerre, ' war ' ; guerroyer, ' to wage war '

la larme, ' tear ' ; larmoyer, ' to weep,' ' whimper '

net, ' neat,' * clean ' ; nettoyer, ' to clean '

l'onde, ' the wave ' ; ondoyer, ' to undulate'

Note also —

tu, ' thou ' ; tutoyer, ' to thou

In some verbs we find -ayer and -eyer —

bègue, ' stammering ' ; bégayer, ' to stammer '

gras, ' fat ' ; grasseyer, ' to burr '

la planche, ' plank ' ; plancheyer, planchéier, ' to board,

plank

Word-Formation 175

(2) -iser. In Latin -issarc or -izare (borrowed from Greek), when added to verbs, denoted originally imitation, e.g. —

graecissare, ' to imitate the Greeks ' atticissare, ' to talk like an Athenian '

but lost its force, e.g. —

baptisare, ' to christen '

It has become -iser in French, and with it are formed a number of verbs from nouns and adjectives, e.g. —

Intransitive :

l'agonie, 'agony'; agoniser, ' to be dying '

la morale, ' moral ' ; moraliser, ' to moralise '

la sympathie, ' sympathy ' ; sympathiser, ' to sympathise '

Transitive :

central, centraliser légal, légaliser

fertile, fertiliser l'auteur, autoriser

général, généraliser V alcali, alcaliser

latin, latiniser le capital, capitaliser

Note also —

brutaliser (to treat brutally), maîtriser (to master, lord it over), tyranniser (to tyrannise), économiser (to save up), propihétiser (to prophesy), anaihématiser (to anathematise), cautériser (to cautérise), favoriser (to favour), scandaliser (to scandalise), caractériser (to characterise), cotiser (to assess, rate), courtiser (to court, woo).

(3) -cir (Lat. -escere, -iscere) —

durcir (durescere), ' to make hard ' or ' to become hard ' éclaircir (ex-clarescere), ' to clear,' ' enlighten ' noircir (nigrescere), ' to blacken '

By analogy —

étrécir {étroit, strie tus), ' to narrow' obscurcir (obscur), ' to darken '

(4) -eler often forms verbs from nouns ; sometimes it is difficult to say whether thèse verbs are derived from Latin verbs in -illare, -ilare, -ulare, or from nouns which no longer exist. Derived from nouns are —

la bosse, ' hump ' ; bosseler, ' to emboss'

la botte, ' bundle ' ; botteler, ' to truss ' (hay or straw)

le quart, ' quarter ' ; (cartel) écarteler, ' to quarter '

le sort, ' fate,' ' spell ' ; (sorcier) ensorceler, ' to bewitch'

(5) -ailler, -iller, -ouiller (corresponding to Latin -aculare, -iculare, -uculare) form also verbs from nouns, and hâve generally péjorative or diminutive force, e.g. —

la brette, ' rapier,' ' long sword ' ; brétaillcr, ' to fight,' ' bully ' le fer, ' iron ' ; ferrailler, ' to forge,' ' fence,' ' dabble in fencing ' le houret, ' bad hound ' ; hourailler, ' to hunt with bad hounds ' le philosophe, 'philosopher'; philosophaillcr, ' to philosophise '

(contemptuously) la queue, ' tail ' ; quoailler, ' to swish his tail ' (of a horse) la rime, ' rime,' ' verse ' ; rimailler, ' to make doggerel verses ' la toux, ' cough ' ; toussailler, ' to cough slightly ' la bourse, ' purse ' ; boursiller, ' to club together,' ' to fork out ' le brand (obsol. ), ' two-handed sword' ; brandiller, ' to swing,'

' shake about ' la bouse, ' dung ' (of cattle) ; bousiller, ' to build with cob or

mud,' ' to bungle' la jambe, ' leg ' ; gambiller, ' to kick about, ' ' fidget ' la grappe, ' bunch ' ; grappiller, ' to glean grapes,' ' to scrape up ' le point, ' point,' ' dot ' ; pointiller, ' to dot,' ' carp at '

(6) -eter, -oter hâve diminutive or fréquentative force, which is, however, not always felt, e.g. —

la poche, ' pocket ' ; pocheter, ' to keep in one's pocket '

le grillon, ' cricket ' ; grilloter, ' to chirp ' (of the cricket)

u i 1 . u 1. 1 > f chucheter, ' to chirp, ' ' twitter ' chut! ' hush ! < , , . ' ,.F ,

^ chuchoter, ' to whisper

(7) -asser —

la terre, ' earth ' ; terrasser, ' to throw on the ground,' ' to em-

bank' fin, 'sly,' 'cunning' ; finasser, ' to use petty tricks,' 'shufne'

(8) -onner —

le tronc, ' trunk ' ; tronçonner, ' to eut into pièces ' gris, ' grey ' ; grisonner, ' to get grej '

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