discipline : a slight flogging

1. 13. réale, /., and réal, m. : a Spanish silver coin now worth about 2^d., though its value has been as high as 5d.

1. 20. évêque de Chiapa : Bartholomé de las Casas, who accompanied Columbus to America in 1498 and spent the rest of his life in proteoting the Indians from the ill-treatment of the Spaniards. He was made Bishop of Chiapa, a city of South Mexico, in 1544. The Mémoires mentioned were the Brevtssima Relaciôn de la deatrucciôn de laa Indias.

1. 22. pour les convertir. In his Essai sur les Mœurs, c. 152, Voltaire speaks of ' les Espagnols, qui donnaient presque toujours le nom d'un saint aux pays dont ils s'emparaient et qui égorgeaient les naturels au nom du saint.'

1. 30. mécréant has not the extended meaning of the English ' miscreant '.

Page 116. 1. 1. chrétiens grecs. The Greek Church is the Church of the old Eastern Empire, of which the capital was Constantinople, as the Latin Church is that of the Western Empii-e, with its capital Rome. SUght différences of doctrine and ritual gradually appeared ; the Bishop of Constantinople disputed the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome, and after the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800 the séparation was complète.

1. 7. patriarche : the title of the Bishop of Constantinople. Before the séparation the Bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jérusalem had been so called.

1. 10. de cinq cents sequins. A sequin is a gold coin worth about nine shillings, circulated round the Eastern Mediterranean. The use of de to express the means should be noticed, as in Zadig, p. 30, 1. 23, ' on a payé de son bien une erreur.'

1. 18. mouton noir : the standard of a line of Turcoman rulers of Armenia during the fifteenth century, who were succeeded by others represented by a mouton blanc.

1. 24. grand nombre de : nombre de, bon nombre de, are used without an article in the sensé of beaucoup.

1. 28. Tartares, better Tatars : herc, the Manchus, who invaded China from Central Asia early in the seventeenth century and established the impérial dynasty that has just been forced to abdicate in favour of a Kepublic.

The common spelling of tliis word is said to be due to a pun of Saint Louis : ' S'ils arrivent, ces Tartares, ou nous les ferons rentrer dans le Tartare d'où ils sont sortis, ou bien ils nous enverront nous-mêmes jouir, dans le ciel, du bonheur promis aux élus.' (Quoted from Littré.)

1. 30. jésuites. One of the spécial objecta of the Society of Jésus, as founded by the Spaniard Tgnatius Loyola in 1534, was the conversion of the heathen : another was the éducation of the young ; cf. Micromégaa, p. !)4. I. 9, and note.

dominicains. The Preaching Friars, who take their name from Dominic de C4uzman, also a Spaniard. arose in the thirteenth century, and devotod thomselves chiefly to preaching to heretics. Their original dross was black, henco they are ofton called Black Friars, though later they adoptod a white habit with a largo blaok mantle.

1. 37. lo manière de faire la révérence. This is a burlesque account of one of the many disputes betweon the Jesuit and Dominican missionaries. In the Siècle de Louis XIV, c. 39, Voltaire says tnore seriously : ' Des dominicains qui partageaient la mission accusèrent les jésuites de permettre l'idolâtrie en prêchant le christianisme. , . . Les familles s'assemblent en particulier à certains jours pour honorer leurs ancêtres ; les lettrés en public, pour honorer Confutzée. On se prosterne suivant leur manière de saluer les supérieurs. . . . Ces cérémonies Bont-elles idolâtriques ? . . . Les dominicains déférèrent les usages de la Chine à l'inquisition de Rome en 1645 : le saint office, sur leur exposé, défendit ces cérémonies chinoises jusqu'à ce que le pape en décidât. Les jésuites soutinrent la cause des Chinois et de leurs pratiques.'

Page 117. 1. 5. mandarin : the name given by Europeans to Chinese officiais of ail kinds.

1. 6. sbires (Italian sbirro, a constable) : the members of the police force fonnerly existing in Italy. The word is sometimes used rather loosely in French of other police.

1. 12. sacré as an ennobling epithet is found sometimes before a noun, as in Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes, 14, ' Je vais bientôt revoir vos sacrés aïeux ' ; so ' le Sacré Cœur ' ; ' le Sacré Collège,' the Cardjnals' Collège at Rome ; ' la sacrée faculté,' the faculty of theology. In vulgar speech it is in this position an abusive epithet. Contrast p. 118, 1. 23, 'les lois sacrées de la nature' ; and Zadig, p. 23, 1. 11, 'le cheval sacré du roi des rois ' ; also p. 34, 1. 17, ' le feu sacré '.

1. 16. la moins funeste. Voltaire always speaks kindly of China. See the speech of the man of Cambalu in Zadig, p. 50, 1. 33.

I. 17. Macao : a seaport at the mouth of the Canton river, then in the hands of the Portuguese.

1. 19. Oolconde : Goloonda, now a ruined city a few miles from Hyderabad, was during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the capital of a large Mohammedan State whose wealth in diamonds seems to hâve made it the best known district of Southern India. It was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1688.

1. 20. Aureng-Zeb. The rule of Aurangzeb, the most powerful of the Mogul emperors of India, lasted from 1658 to 1707. ' Its public aspects consisted of a magnificent court in Northern India, conquests of the independent Muhammadan kinga in the south, and wars against the Hindu powers, which were gathering strength for the overthrow of the Mughal Empire.' — Huntbr.

1. 23. shérif de la Mecque : the ' shereef ' or chief magistrate. The name was first given to the descendants of Mahomet, and

then to ail Arabian and Moorish princes. It has no relation to the English word ' sheriff '.

1. 25. caaba : the ancient and simple slirine in the mosque at Mecca, containing a stone, probably an aerolite, said to hâve been brought from heaven by Gabriel. It is the objective of the Mussulman's pilgrimage and the point towards which, from every part of the world, he turns in prayer. Beth Alla means House of God.

1. 28. Vhomme le plus pieux, ' an orthodox sovereign of the strictest seot of Islam.' — Hunter.

1. 29. empoisonné son père. It does not seem certain that Aurangzeb murdered his father, who died after seven years' imprisonment, but he put to death two brothers and drove a tliird into exile.

1. 30. rajas, vassals of the Great Mogul, princes who had been independent before the conquest.

omras, the twenty-four members of his council.

1. 33. Muley Ismaël. The shereefs of Morocco take the title of Maulay, ' mon maître.' Maulay Ismaël is Abou-Nasr-Ismaël, who reigned from 1672 to 1727, and greatly strengthened and extended his kingdom.

1. 36. Je ne disais mot. For the use of ne alone as a négative, cf. il n'y a personne, and see the note on que ne veniez-vous, p. 91, 1. 24.

Page 118. 1. 15. continent: 'l'ancien continent,' Europe, Asia, and Africa, as contrasted with the ' nouveau continent ' of America : continent being taken in its more exact sensé.

1. 16. patron : the common name for a man in command of a small ship, the ' master '.

1. 39. pénates : domestic deities of the Romans. ' Simple gods of food.' As their altar was the family hearth, the word came to be used in the sensé of ' home '.

OXFORD : HOBAC'E HART, M. A.

PBINTER TO THE UNIVEBSITY

Books piiblished during the twelve monîhs ending January /, igi2, or in thc press, or iii préparation, are tmderlined.