à qui que ce soit, anyone whosoever

3. un cochon salé, ^^ a pig salted dozvtt,''^ as our farmers say.

Page 33. — i. prêtres méthodistes. The part played by the Methodist " circuit riders." and other pioneer preachers in the settlement of the West was a most important one and has received due appréciation from ail writers of our history. The first conférence of the Methodists in America was held in 1773, but the church was not officially organized under Wesley's direction till 1784.

2. Thèse so-called " camp meetings " are still well-known in the West, but, naturally, they hâve lost many of their primitive features.

Page 34. — i. Saginaw Bay is a large indentation of Lake

r. 31-39] NOTES I07

Huron, some 60 miles long by 20 wide, in the eastern side of ihe peninsula of Michigan, about 100 miles in a direct line from Détroit. The word Saginaw is derived from the Indian 0-zah-ge-nong, meaning "the land of the river-mouth dwellers."

Pag'e 35. — i. Compagnie des pelleteries du Canada, Canadian Fur Company. Probably de Tocque ville has in mind the lludson Bay Company of Canada, which had, however, relinquished Michigan to a rival organisation, The Northwest Fur Company, toward the end of the eighteenth century. At the close of the War of 181 2, ail of the posts belonging to this latter company were sold to the American Fur Company headed by John Jacob Astor.

Pag'e 36. — i. s'en fut, went; see page 7, note 3.

2. la nuit ne lui avait pas fait découvrir, etc., tiight had not helped htm discover ivhat caused us to ptirsue a course which seemed sa extraordinary to him.

Page 37. — i. The Chippeway (or Chippewa), more correctly, the Ojibvva, is the largest and most important Indian tribe of Algonquin stock, and formerly occupied an extended territory around the upper Great Lakes. Since the close cf the War of 181 2 they hâve been at peace with the whites, and by treaties, both in Canada and the United States, hâve lost the greater part of their lands and retired to réservations. At the présent time they are estimated at about 30,000, scattered between Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota.

2. The Williams referred to hère is Major Oliver Williams who for several years was a successful trader of Détroit. In 1819, he with three men eut the first wagon road through the woods between Détroit and Pontiac, and the same year settled at Silver Lake beyond Pontiac, where he lived till his death, in 1834.

Page 38. — i. De Tocqueville is quite right when he says this région is fuU of lakes, — it is said that there are 440 in Oakland county alone.

2. Milton's Paradise Lost has enjoyed a great celebrity in France, but was especially popular in the time of the Romanticists early in the nineteenth century. Possibly de Tocqueville is hère thinking of some of the charming descriptions of Eden in the fourth book.

Page 39. — i. en aveugles, blindly. In such expressions with

Io8 NOTES [P 39-44

en there is really an ellipsis: eti (manière d' ) aveugles; en (qualité de) père, etc.

Pagre 40. — I. Ce même homme vient-il à sourire, // this same man happens to smile.

Page 42. — i. log-house. De Tocqueville has used the word house four times before this in a compound: page 2, line 25; page 18, line 5 ; page 23, line 22 ; page 24, line 1 1 ; and twice he has given it a masculine gender, as hère, twice a féminine gender. This illustrâtes very well the difficulty the Frenchman is under when he transfers nouns from English, where there is no grammatical gender, to French where there are two genders — what gender shall he give the adopted word? Evidently de Tocqueville had no guiding principle in mind.

2. mais il n'y a pas de bons coups a faire maintenant, but there is no chance for any good licck now, i.e. in the killing of game,

3. terme, freely, statue. The Roman divinity. Terminus, presided over boundaries, and his statue was a short pillar terminating in the bust of a man, woman, or a satyr. An ordinary boundary mark or stone was also called a terminus (Fr. terme) and the idea of immovableness was always associated with it.

4. sauteur. The Chippewa were called by the French Sauteurs^ (i. e. people of the falls), from the fact that they were first known around the outlet of Lake Superior near the settlement of Sault or §aut (de la) Sainte Marie, at the rapids in the river of the same name.

5. It is well known that the Indians of the border régions acknowledged allegiance to both governments in order to share in the distributions of food, money, and présents.

6. An expletive que précèdes the logical subject of être, when for reasons of emphasis this subject follows the verb.

Pagre 43. — i. mais ils n'en savent pas plus long, but they don't know when they are -well off.

Pagre 44. — i. Qui, an uncommon use of the interrogative as subject of a transitive verb in the sensé of what.

2. haute futaie. A futaie is a forest left undisturbed till it comes to a well-developed growth. In the technical language of forestry four kinds of futaie are recognized : futaie sur taillis, a

p. 44-50] NOTES I OQ

forest of forty years' growth ; demi futaie^ forty to sixty years ; jeune /mute futaie^ s'wiy to one huiulred and twenty years; haute futaie, one hundred and twenty to two hundred years.

Pag^C 45. — I. The settlement at F'iint River, 58 miles northwest of Détroit, was founded by one Jacob Smith in 1819, but at the time of de Tocqueville's visit in 1831 numbered only three or four families. As early as 1838, however, when the settlement was known as Flint, it was estimated that there were three hundred families in the village. Today the city has a population of 15,000.

Pag^e 46. — i. aucun son quelconque, no sound whatever.

Pag'e 47. — i. Il s'était déjà engagé dans les bas-fonds, he had

already got info the Jîats.

2. accolade, embi-ace, The accolade was a ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, and consisted of an embrace and a light blow of the flat of a sword upon the shoulders.