Valazé. A young Norman adhèrent of the Girondins

1. 8. Pache. A man of humble origin, but the holder of several important govemment posts. He became assistant to Roland in 1792, and afterwards replaced Servan at the War Office (1792- 1793). By degrees he inclined more to the Montagnards, a change of front which greatly annoyed the Girondins. Attacked by them in the Convention, he was defended by Marat, but dismissed from the ministry, only to be nominated Mayor of Paris, and in this capacity he was the most deadly enemy of his former friends.

1. 9. Grangeneuve. One of the minor adhérents of the Girondins.

1. 11. Chamfort. A joumalist and member of the Academy. Having embraced revolutionary ideas, he became first a member and then secretary of the Jacobin Club.

1. 14. Chénier (Marie-Joseph de). The younger brother of André de Chénier. An enthusiast for revolutionary ideas, to which he owed most of his poetic inspiration. Author of several tragédies. Died 1811.

1.17. Z)aso«/a:(1728-1799). 'Commissaire des guerres.' Amember of the Convention, where he sat as a Girondin. He was arrested and imprisoned because of his vote on behalf of the King, but recovered his freedom, and died as Librarian of the Arsenal.

1. 19. Mercier. Member of the Législative Assembly and of the Convention, where, however, he never took his seat. Man of letters ; author of the Tableau de Paris. One of the first members of the Institut de France. He was devoted to the policy of the Girondins, but escaped their fate.

1. 35. Hérault de Séchelles. In his early life a great favourite of the court, then, having embraced revolutionary ideas, he at once espoused the popular side and joined in the attack on the Bastille. As a member of the Législative Assembly he was a violent partisan of the war. He ultimately aUied himself with Danton, and was appointed an additional member of the First Committee of PubUc Safety. He was twice Président of the Convention. His loose manner of life estranged the more serions Revolutionists from him.

Page 44. 1. 32. le comité autrichien des Tuileries. The Comité autrichien was the name given to those members of the Royal family and their supporters who were negociating with Austria.

The Tuileries, i.e. the ancient résidence of the kings of France, begun in 1564 by PhiUbert Delorme. Versailles was afterwards preferred as a royal résidence, but from October 5 to the day of his impeachment Louis XVI and his family again lived there. The palace was bumed down in 1871.

Page 45. I. 1. en présence, said of two hostile forces confronting each other.

1. 15. les faubourgs, the suburbs ; originally for-burg, the town or citadel outside the town (for, foris, Fr. h!ors, and bourg, Ger. burg).

Page 46. I. 17. séance tenante, hterally, while the assembly was sitting, now merely ' at once, on the spot.'

Page 47. 1. 21. furent réiiUégrés. Roland' s second ministry is of an entirely différent character from his first. The ministers constitute ' le conseil exécutif provisoire ... ils sont les commis de l'Assemblée et peuvent disparaître sans que leur départ comporte la moindre crise.' That is why Roland's résignation créâtes no stir. Cf. p. 58 and Cl. Perroud, Lettres de Madame Roland, t. ii. p. 405.

Page 48. 1. 33. RabatU-Saint-Étienne. The recognized leader of the French Protestants, author of a novel, Le vieux Cévenol, 1780, which describes the sufïerings and persécutions of the Protestants in France. The excitement it aroused secured the rights of citizenship to the Protestants. Deputy for the Tiers- Etat of Nîmes. Died by the guillotine.

1. 34. Lasource. A Girondin, a former Protestant pastor who represented the Tarn.

1. 35. Carmis. The recognized leader of the Jansenists in France. Avocat général for the clergy ; a man of great influence among the bourgeoisie of Paris ; first secretary of the National Assembly .

Page 49. 1. 24. Marat (Jean-Paul) (1743-1793), by birth a Swiss, by profession a physician, and a man of the most varied scientific interests. From the outset he embraced the principles of the Révolution with ardour. On September 12, 1789, he pubUshed Le Publiciste parisien, which on September 16 appeared as the Ami du peuple, under which title it was destined to become the most famous journal of the Révolution. From it Marat derived his own nickname, 'Ami du peuple.' It continued to appear, with occasional interruptions, until September, 1792. Marat himself experienced the most varied poUtical vicissitudes, but fînally, under Danton's protection, he became a member of the Commime, and deputy for Paris in the Convention. It is in this capacity that he denounced Roland and Dumouriez, and attacked the party of the Girondins. He was popularly considered responsible for the proscription of the Girondins, and his assassination by Charlotte Corday was simply a manifestation of this popular opinion. His death caused the most extraordinary excitement in Paris. He was regarded as a martyr in the cause of freedom ; he was granted a public funeral. His remains were, for a time, at any rate, deposited in the Panthéon ; the rue des Cordeliers was called rue Marat after him, and an altar au cœur de Marat was erected in the Club of the CordeUers. He said of himself : ' Dès mon bas âge j'ai été dévoré de l'amour de la gloire, passion qui changea souvent d'objet dans les diverses périodes de ma vie, mais qui ne m'a jamais quitté un instant.' His weakness lay in his bUnd suspicion of ail men, his power in the confidence people felt in his judgment.

Page 50. 1. 2. Cdlot d'Herbois. Originally an actor and playwright. He made his political fortune by his Almanach du Père Gérard, which won the prize given by the Jacobin Club for a national almanack. Having been elected a member of the Convention, he became a member of the Great Committee of

Public Safety, and was chosen together with Billaud-Varenne to organize the System of the Terror.

Page 52. 1.25. Fabre tT Églantine. Dramaticpoet andmember of the Convention. He was guillotined in 1794.

1. 37. duc d'Orléans. Brother of Louis XVI, but leader of one of the most powerful factions against him. His plan was to make the relations between the King and the National Assembly so impossible that the King should be obUged to abdicate and thus leave the throne vacant for himself. The salon of Madame de Genlis and the gardens of the Palais-Royal were the chief meetingground for the supporters of the Duc d'Orléans.

Page 53. 1. 6. adresse aux Parisiens. Roland's famous Placard aux Parisiens, published January 19, 1793, cf. note below.

1.30. la faction de Brissot. Cf. note on £nssof, p. 135, 1. 13. The Girondins in the Convention spUt up into two parties, one called the Brissotins, after Brissot, the other called Buzotins, or Rolandistes, after Buzot, who was supposed to be under the influence of Ma,dame Roland.

Page 57. 1. 20. Malouet. A member of the Tiers-Etat, elected by acclamation for Riom, the capital of the Lower Auvergne. He tried to rival Mounier as a leader of the Tiers-Etat of France.

1. 25. Chabot. Originally a Capuchin friar, he became a member of the extrême party of the Jacobins, known as the enragés.

1. 25. Bazire. By profession a lawyer, he belonged to the same party as Chabot. They were guillotined on the same day. Neither of them had a réputation for political honesty.

1. 25. Merlin, the leader of the extrême section of the Jacobins, afterwards attained to real distinction as a statesman.

Page 58. 1. 25. Roland dut abandonner le pouvoir. The conclusion of Roland's second term of office as IVIinister of the Interior. The reasons for Roland's retirement are not quite clear. In spite of the attacks levelled at him during the early part of January, 1793, it is évident from the tone of the placard adressé aux Parisiens that he had no intention of resigning, yet his résignation was an accomphshed fact within four days of this appeal to the mob of Paris ; cf. Cl. Perroud, Les Lettres de Madame Roland, t. ii., p. 459.

1. 28. Les haillons de Marat, &c. Marat prided himself on the slovenUness and disorder of his attire, whereas Robespierre was famous for the neatness of his toilette. The latter also

objected to the wearing of the bonnet rouge. Cf. Histoire des Girondins, Book xxx. ch. 12.

Page 59. 1. 23. les dangers tous les jours croissants. Even after his résignation on January 23, Marat and the Jacobins continued to assert that Roland and his wif e were the leaders of the Girondins, but, as a matter of fact, they lived an extremely isolated and quiet life, and were exposed to constant danger.

Cf. Letter of Roland to Boso : ' Nous sommes hors des murs depuis huit ou dix jours ; je vais cependant y rentrer sous peu ; la crainte de la mort deviendrait enfin pire que la mort même.' (Coll. Morrison.)

The most important incident in his persécution is the seizure of his papers in the night of March 31. They were examined by the Comité de Défense générale and supplied Camille DesmouUns with hints for a cruel pamphlet. Histoire des Brissotins ou Fragment de r histoire secrète de la Révolution.

Page 60. 1. 15. sectionnaires. Name given to the armed members of the Garde nationale.

Page 62. 1. 27. Le sang d^une autre Lucrèce. Lucretia, a Roman lady, was outraged by one of the Tarquins, an event which led to the déclaration of a Republic in Rome (b.c. 509).

Page 63. 1. 18. guillotine iak.es its namefromaDr. Guillotin, a deputy in the Constituent Assembly. On his motion, the Assembly decided that in ail cases when sentence of death was passed the method of exécution should be the same, i. e. décapitation. A suitable instrument had then to be designed, and this task was entrusted to a Dr. Louis, perpétuai secretary of the Académie de Chirurgie. It was actually made by a German of the name of Schmitt, and was an adaptation of a machine called mannaja in use in Italy as early as the sixteenth century. The people called it Louison or Louisette after Dr. Louis.

Page 64. 1. 11. Commission des Douze. Cf. Sketch of French Révolution and note on p. 170.

1. 22. ils établirent à Caen, &o. On the révolution in Normandy cf. note, p. 163, 1. 6.

1. 26. Roland s'était réfugié, &c. Cf. below, note on p. 67, 1. 3.

Page 65. 1. 24. Fouquier-TinviUe. Cf. note, p. 170, L 29.

Page 67. 1. 3. son mari ... à Rouen chez des amis surs. Roland had probably with the help of Boso escaped the attempts made to arrest him, and had taken refuge first in the prieuré de St-Radegonde in the forest of Montmorency, then probably at Amnesi

162 MADAME EOLAND

and finally at Rouen, where he was the guest of the Demoiselles Malortis.

1. 6. Bosc, Louis-Augustin-Guillaume, bom 1759, son of one of the physicians to the King, and himself a scientist and author of repute. It was Bosc who saved the Mémoires of Madame Roland and pubUshed them in 1795 for the benefit of her only daughter, Eudora, whose guardian he had been appointed. It was he also who advised Madame Roland not to évade the guillotine by taking poison, but to crown her Ufelong dévotion to the cause of the Révolution and humanity by a martyr's death. A portrait of Bosc is given by Madame Roland in her Mémoires, and he is described in Louvet's Mémoires as ' digne de l'amitié de Roland.'

Page 68. 1. 2. elle écrivit par fragments, &c. Cf. note on Madame Roland's Mémoires, p. 138, 1, 21.

Page 69. 1. 10. Champagneux. A joumalist of Lyons with whom Madame Roland was on tenus of friendship during her résidence at La Platière, and to whose journal she was a contributor. He pubUshed the second édition of Madame Roland's Mémoires, and his son afterwards married Madame Roland's daughter, Eudora.