This is explained 1. 37, below

1. 30. Whereas, under pressure of the popular feelings aroused by the French Révolution, a number of German rulers had been compelled to grant constitutions to their peoples, and Prussia herself had [to undertake a semblance of reform, Austria, under the leadership of Prince Metternich, persevered in the harshest ways of despotism and made herself the stronghold of reaction.

Page 13. 11. 23-31. An allusion to the leading part played by Prussia in the war of libération, from Leipzig to Waterloo, and to her acquisition of Rhenish Prussia in 18 15.

I. 35. après la Restauration, that is after the Congress of Vienna, followed by the Restoration of the Bourbons in France.

Page 14. 1. i. il s'y était rétracté. In France, since she had submitted again to an ail but absolute monarchy, the spirit of modem civilization (démocratie freedom) had disowned itself.

II. 22-24. Unless France reassumed the directing rôle in the progress of civilization (thus cancelling her victors' triumph), her victors were unable to fill the place she had left vacant.

II. 27 fî. Even in the constitutional States (not to mention Prussia and Austria) the rulers seized every opportunity of balking their subjects of the freedom recently bestowed on them. The agitation of a few hot-headed university students, the (much exaggerated) spreading of secret societies or of the Burschenschaft System, fînally the heinous murder of Kotzebue by a fanatical youth, werc the occasion for a conférence of ministers at Carlsbad. The Carlsbad decrees placed the universities under police supervision and revived a rigid censorship. The Diet was left almost without any authority. Quinet rightly explains this situation by the indifférence of the larger part of the people. What he says of university professors and of the learned élite was true also of the other classes. ' The German peasant who returned from Waterloo or Paris was more intent on rebuilding his ruined cottage than on agitating for a vote ; the middle classes had enough to do in restoring German trade and manufactures.' [The Camb. Mod. Hist., x, p. 340.)

Page 15. II. 15-20. An allusion to the crusade, under Lessing's direction, against French prestige and the imitation of French art, litcrature, and manners.

I. 36. The countries enjoying comparatively free institutions are hemmed in and stifled by the adjoining despotic States.

Page 16. 11. 15 flf. One of the fundamental principles of Ouinet's doctrine of historical évolution is that poUtical or social

facts dérive from moral ideas (see Introd., xxviii). We hâve hère an application of this theory. We also observe hère the use of analogy as a process of reasoning, vvhich is familiar to the author. For another application of this principle and this method cf. sup., p. 9, 11. 15-22.