LESSON XXII

Difference between demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. — Verbs requiring direct infinitive. — Verbs requiring à before infinitive. — Verbs requiring de before infinitive. — Irregular verbs mettre, commettre, permettre, promettre

86. Difference between demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.1 — a. Keep in mind that the demonstrative adjectives, this, that, these, those (ce (cet), cette, ces, ... -ci or -là), corne before a noun, whereas the demonstrative neuter pronouns, this, that (ceci, cela), are used instead of a noun. Furthermore, observe that the adjective forms indicate one or several of a class of things named, but that ceci, cela (often contracted to ça) refer to some unexpressed or indefinite thing.

Ce livre-ci est noir. This book is black.

Ces hommes-là vont à la ville. Those men are going to the city.

Donnez-moi ceci mais gardez cela. Give me this but keep that.

Ceci est blanc mais cela est noir. This is white but that is black.

b. Do not confuse the demonstrative neuter pronouns, this, that (ceci, cela), with the demonstrative pronouns, this (one), that (one), these, those, the ones, which in French are translated by the inflected forms, celui, celle, ceux, celles.2 We have seen above in a, that the forms ceci, cela are used to indicate something which has not been named specifically ; on the other hand, the inflected forms celui, celle, ceux, celles are used when the object or thing has been definitely named.

Il y a deux pommes sur la table. There are two apples on the table.

Celle-ci est mûre ; celle-là est verte. This one is ripe; that one is green.

Voilà mes livres sur la chaise. There are my books on the chair.

J'aime mieux celui-ci que celui-là. / prefer the latter to the former.

1 See Section 8 of the Appendix for a list of the demonstrative pronouns.

2 -ci or -là are added to these forms when it is necessary to distinguish or emphasize this and that, these and those, just the same as in the case of the adjective forms in ce livre-ci and ce livre-là.

Note. These inflected forms, without the distinguishing -ci or -là, are only used with a relative clause or a de clause, i.e., a noun possessive.

Celui qui vole sera puni. He who steals will be punished.

Ceux qui viennent sont vieux. Those who are coming are old.

Celle dont je parle est ma cousine. She of whom I am talking is my

cousin.

Mes pommes et celles de Jean. M y apples and John's.

87. Verbs requiring direct infinitive. — The following are among the more common verbs that require a direct infinitive, i.e., do not require the preposition à or de when followed by the infinitive :

aimer mieux, to prefer aller, to go

apercevoir, to perceive courir, to run croire, to think, believe désirer, to desire, wish devoir, ought, must entendre, to hear envoyer, to send

J'aime mieux aller le voir.

Elle sait chanter.

Nous devons le faire.

faire, to do, make, cause

mener, to lead, bring

oser, to dare

pouvoir, can, may, be able

préférer, to prefer

savoir, to know, know how, can

valoir mieux, to be better

voir, to see

vouloir, to will, wish

I prefer to go to see him.

She knows how to sing.

We ought to do it.

88. Verbs requiring à before infinitive. — The following is a list of the more common of those verbs that require à when followed by the infinitive :

aider, to aid, help aimer, to love, like s'amuser, to amuse oneself {in, by) apprendre, to learn, teach s'attendre, to expect avoir de la peine, to have difficulty {in)

J'apprends à parler français.

J'ai commencé à le faire.

chercher, to seek, try commencer, to begin enseigner, to teach haïr, to hate inviter, to invite penser, to think of

I am learning to speak French.

I began to do it.

89. Verbs requiring de before infinitive. — The following is a list of the more common of those verbs that require de when followed by the infinitive :

cesser, to cease oublier, to forget

craindre, to fear, be afraid of permettre, to permit

défendre, to forbid prier, to beg, pray

demander, to ask 1 promettre, to promise

se dépêcher, to hurry refuser, to refuse

essayer, to try regretter, to regret, be sorry {for)

faire bien, to do well remercier, to thank {for)

obliger, to oblige, force se souvenir, to recollect, remember

ordonner, to order 2 surprendre, to surprise

venir, to have just

Je refuse de faire cela. I refuse to do that.

Vous faites bien de venir. You do well to come.

90. Irregular verbs. — Study the irregular verbs mettre, to place, put, put on; commettre, to commit; permettre, to permit; promettre, to promise.

EXERCISE

(a) i. He was trying to shave himself before the window. 2. The one to whom I gave the book is my sister. 3. I regret not being able to accompany her this evening. 4. She put on her new hat when I was in the room. 5. He always preferred to smoke his pipe after (the) supper. 6. How much are you going to pay for these? Twenty cents a dozen. 7. I am afraid to see him when he comes back. 8. My mother and yours wish to see us. 9. I should like to read this book, but I don't like the other at all. 10. The new law will forbid us from doing that.

(b) n. Put him outside ; he doesn't pay attention when we

1 Demander à quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, To ask any one to do something.

2 Ordonner à quelqu'un de faire quelque chose, To order any one to

do something.

talk. 12. My books and John's were burned in the fire. 13. I could not refuse to speak to her when she was here. 14. Which of the books did he want to sell you, these or those? 15. I am thinking of doing what she forgot to do yesterday. 16. He who commits a crime will be put in prison. 17. I beg you to sit down. My aunt will soon come down. 18. John is learning to skate, but he falls down very often. 19. I like my brother's gun better than the one that my uncle gave me. 20. I promise you that he will regret it some day.

(c) 21. I didn't buy that book, because I liked this one better. 22. His father ordered him to be here at six o'clock. 23. I shall not permit that in this house. 24. That man is looking for a room. Do you know where there is one ? 25. You did well not to go out last evening. 26. She bought the one that she had promised to her little sister. 27. Let us hurry to eat our dinner. 28. I shall sell this but not that. 29. I am going to ask him to come with us to the country. 30. I forbid you to ask your father to buy a pair of skates.

(d) 31. She was amusing herself by reading to the children. 32. This house is mine, not hers. 33. He will help me to sell the one that I bought. 34. We always hate to do what we don't like. 35. Those that you have not seen are at church.

36. We expected to see him to-day, but he has not yet arrived.

37. John is beginning to shave himself. 38. I sold her this one because she didn't want that one. 39. The soldiers ceased firing their guns. 40. She is having difficulty in teaching them their lessons.