Bouches h feu. — Pièces of ordnance

Remonter les horloges en ville. — To wind up the clocks in the town. En viUe has often the force of out, not at home; as dîner en ville, to dine out. It is the custom in France to hâve ail the clocks, in private houses as well as in public buildings, under the charge of an horloger, who cornes at regular intervais to wind them up and set them.

M. le commandant de place. — Officer commanding the garrison, or governor. Notice the use of Monsieur before the titles commandant, maire.

Vilna. — Wilna, a town of West-Russia. The w in foreign proper names is often changed in French to v, as Warsaw, Varsovie ; sometimes, however, it remains unchanged, as in Moshowa on page 12; it is then usually pronounced as a v, except in English names.

14. Seigneur Dieu. — Such exclamations as the above, and many others in which the woi d Dieu occurs, especially mon Dieu, can scarcely ever be satisfactorily rendered in English, as they are far from having the force that the words would seem to imply. They are considered in France as mère harmless interjectional phrases; certainly no idea of profanity is ever connected with them by those who make use of them. Hence they may either be left altogether untranslated, or, when it is possible, some such English équivalents as the following may be employed: "goodness," "gracious," " dear me," " oh my!" "oh dear! " or sometimes even "indeed, "truly," "why.''

Et sûrement qu'elle prépare. — Que is hère an expletive, brought on by the previous sentence, " Voilà maintenant que tu peux faire ."

17. Lui me regardait. — The disjunctive form lui is hère used irregularly instead of il. This occurs several times in the work, among others on page 26. This use of lui, though sometimes met with in c >lloquial French, is not to be recommended. A few paragraphs below, lui-même is used very much in the saine way, as the subject of enferma.