Bouches à feu. — Pièces of ordnance

12. Bemonier les horloges en mile. — To wind up the clocks in the town. En mile has often the force of oui, not <U home; as dîner en mUe, to dine out. It is the custom in France to hâve ail the clocks, in privatc houses as well as in public buildings, under the charge of an horloger, who cornes at regular inter- Vals to wind them up and set them.

Jf. le commandant de place. — Officer commanding the garrison, or govemor. Notice Ûie use of Monsieur bef ore the titles commandant, maire.

VUna. — Wilna, a town of West Russia. The to in foreign

l)roper names is often changed in French to «, as Warsaw,

Varsovie; sometimes, however, it remains unchanged, as in

Mbskowa on page 12; it is then usually pronounced as a t), ex-

nept in English names.

15. Seigneur Dieu, — Such exclamations as the above, and many others in which the word Dieu occurs, especially mon Dieu, can scarcely ever be satisfactorily rendered in English, as tbey are far from havinç the force that the words would seem to imply. They are considered in France as mère harmless interjectional phrases; certainly no idea of profanity is ever connected with them by those wno make use of them.' Hence they may either be left altogether untranslated, or, when it is possible, some such English équivalents as the following may be employed: ** goodness," " gracions," ** dear me," " oh my I" ** oh dear 1" or sometimes even **indeed," ** truly," ** why.

Et sûrement qu^elle prépare. — Que is hère an expletive, brought on by the previous sentence, " Voilà maintenant que tu peux faire."

17. Lui me regardait. — The dîsjunctîve form lui is hère used îrregularly instead of il. This occurs several times in the work, amoDg others on page 27. This use of lui, though sometimes met with in colloquial French, îs not to be recommended. A few paragraphs below, lui-même is used very much in the same way, as the subject of enferma.

19. Habit à queue de morue. — Swallow-tail coat. Cfiemise blanche. — Clcan shirt; blanche in this connection does not neccssarily mean white, — it means dean, not worn since

vxuhed ; une ehemm propre means a shirt still clean which may hâve been woro, however.

Poêle eii falerhce, — Stove made of earthenware, commonly called porcelain stove in English. Poêle is commonly pronounced in Paris as if ^nt\j&a poâle ; most dictionaries fail to notice tiiis exception. In Lorraine, where the scène of this part of tlie story is \^à,fourneaUy wliich properly means fiirnace, is frequently used instead of poêle; hence the common interchange of the two words in this work.