fy songe depuis longtemps. See note to p

28. ma femme a mis de côté. Distinguish the use of de from the use of à with côté1. De with côté gives the force of ' sideways,' •in the direction of the side;' à, 'near, by, at the side.' Thus : laisser de côté", ' leave on one side,' * abandon ; ' venez de mon côté, allez de ce côté,' — in m y direction,' * — in this direction ; ' du côté de la France, ■ in the direction of France ; ' but il se trouvait a mes côtés (notice the curious plural), * — by my side ; ' Vépée se porte au côté.

31. faire le bien. Faire le bien is to do good in gênerai, what is iight. But say faire du bien à quelqu'un, dire du bien de quelqu'un. See below, ç a me fera du bien, ' to a particular person some particular good.'

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I. rien que pour cela. Supply pour in thought. The phrase is lit. *for nothing but for that.' Render by *simply for that.'

9. ce n'est pas a moi que Von peut faire croire. The stress is hère thrown upon moi. In the simple form of the sentence, on ne me fera jamais croire, the stress is on the verb croire. Faire takes a dative of the person when followed by a transitive verb, e.g. croire, an accusative when followed by an intransitive verb.

32. la grande guerre. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648. In this war of religion, which began with the revolt of Bohemia from Austria, political necessity forined an alliance between Catholic France and Protestant Sweden.

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S. la grande peste arrivée. Render by a relative clause. Similarly the past participle of rester is used where English uses a relative clause, or, less correctly than the French, a présent participle, e.g. le père, reste" sur la grande route, regardait partir son fils.

8. seize chapitres. Chapitre, or Chapter, means either the clergy of a cathedral cliurch, abbey, or priory, or else a meeting held by the clergy of a cathedral, etc. The word is hère applied to the clergy of cathedral churches.

II. nombre de. Nombre de, unqualified, in the adjectival sensé •numerous,' is used without au article.

15. légumes. This word, which has corne to mean generally vegetables, is hère used in its strict sensé of vegetables which hâve pods : peas and beans, etc.

17. venir a bout. Lit. * to reach goal,' ' to succeed.' 20. dans les pays vignobles. The vine requires a light, gravelly soil. So much dépends on this, that even in the most favoured districts only a few vineyards produce grapes from which wine of the first class can be made. Among famous districts in France may be named that of which Bordeaux is the distributing centre (vin de Bordeaux, claret) Burgundy, with its centre Dijon ; Cham-

Histoire à"im Paysan. 75

pagne, with its centre Rheims. The vine is kept in a dwarf state, trained to stakes three feet high, and succeeds best on hillsides. The cultivation of the vine is very expensive: the soil must be cleaned and loosened, the vines pruned and iumigated ; finally, the grapes picked and taken to the pressoir.

26. la morte saison venue. The participle is placed before the noun because it is inseparably conneoted with it. The *dead season' = winter.

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8. des pelletées de terre à remplir, *each ehovelful, big enough to fill a barrow.' Froni pelle are forrned pellée, pellerée, pelletée, ail with the same meaning. Cf. bouchée, ' mouthful ; ' cuillerée, ' spoonful ; ' poignée, ' handful,' etc.

10. leurs bras poilus. Many adjectives are formed from nouns to express bodily characteristics with the ending -u. Thus chevelu, * shock-headed ; ' ventru, * big-bellied ; * barbu, ■ bearded.'

21. Alsace (German Elsass) was German till 1648, when, by the Treaty of Munster, part fell to France. By the Treaty of Eyswick, 1697, nearly the whole became Freiich. It was taken from France by Germany in 1871. On the division of France into ' departments' in 1789, Alsace was divided into Bas-Rhin (norlh) and Haut-Rhin (south).

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