embrasant : dislinguish between

embraser. embrasser. embarrasser.

,, 10. un crucifix : thc .v is mute ; absolutc accusative.

,, 15. mœurs: ijronounce j.

, , 30. sur les traces : wherever Peter showed himself ; marcher

sur, suivre les traces de quelqu un.

10. 2. le poil, ' hair of animais ' ; only hair of human head, les

chei'cu.x : on a des cheveux sur la tête, mais du poil au visage. ,, 3. montait: active; vionier une montagne, un escalier; monter

un cheval —être monté sur un cheval.

,, 7. cénobite, here = ermite ; generally cénobite is a monk in a monaslcry.

,, 10. Alexis Comnène : Alexius Comnenus I. was Emperor from A.D. 1081-1118. In 1094 the Turks were in a majority throughout Cappadocia, Plirygia, and Galalia, and ihcir sovcreigns had choson Nicaea as thcir abode. Nicaca, wherc the first gênerai council of Christendom met in A. D. 325, now became the centre of Mahometanisni.

,, 21. le nouveau concile: Urban II. had previously callcd a syiiod of 3000 clcrgy and 30,000 laymen at Piacenza, where the cnvoys of Alexius were présent ; but finding other business more urgent, he had postponcd the question of hclping the Greek Enijjeror.

,, 22. Clermont, in Auvorgnc, in the south of IVance. Herc Urban, in thcautunin of 1095, hcld his second synod. The realm of the great Cliarles and of Hugh Capet, whose great-grandson was now king, may truly be described as belliqueuse, with its vast throng of feudal chiefs constanily warring amongst thcniselvcs {guerres entre particuliers).

,, 24. réforme du clergé : for some time there had been traffic in bénéfices and dignities ; several clcrgy still refused to acknowledge celibacy. Urban's claim to the papacy was disputed by an anlipope.

,, 26. entre particuliers: i.o ixrticJe ; cf. entre amis, il ne faut

point de cérémonie.

,, 27. la trêve de Dieu: suspended ail hostilities between feudal

Page LiNE

chiefs and others for a stated period of time, and extended the protection of the Church to merchants and husbandmen ; cf. la paix de Dieu.

11. 26. de servir aux : sendr à quelque chose, ' to be serviceable,

useful to . .'; sennr quelqu'un, ' to serve one,' e. g. je sers mon roi et ma patrie.

,, 31. servir de paille au feu éternel: cf. Mal. iv. i; St. Matt. iii. 12.

12. 2. Antioche, Éphèse, Nicée : the Antioch referred to hère is

in Pisidia, Ephesus in lonia, Nicaea in Bithynia — ail intiniately connected with the spread and growth of Christianity, and tiierefore the more likely to excite the assembly.

,, 4. i'Hellespont, or Dardanelles, Connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marniora. The présence of the infidel hère was especially dangerous to the Western peoples.

,, 18. au milieu d'eux : St. Matt. xviii. 20.

,, 20. accents : refers to the exclamation Dieu le veut! transi. ' sounds or words. '

,, 27. Adhémar (Aymer) of Monteil, Bishop of Puy, a cathedral town on the Upper Loire, was the first of the clergy to assume the Cross ; he received the powers and dignity of papal legate from Urban. He had previously visited Jérusalem in 1086. His counsels proved of the greatest value to the crusading army, and his loss after the battle of Antioch was sorely felt. His followers were drawn mostly froni the south-west of France.

,, 30. Raymond V., Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, and Marquis of Provence, succeeded his brother WiUiam IV. 1088. He won great possessions in the south of France, was a very experienced soldier, and had fought the Saracens in Spain in 1085 and 1087, and, according to Albert of Aix, received the daughter of Alphonso VI., the Dona Elvira, in marriage, though this is extremely doubtful. 100,000 horse and foot foUowed hiin on this crusade. He showed hiniself both obstinate and greedy at the taking of Antioch. After the siège of Jérusalem he conquered Tortosa, and founded a principality there ; he died in 1105 while trying to get possession of Tripolis.

13, 4. firent tous le serment, ' swore ' ; prêter serment, ' to take an oath ' = ' to make a solemn déclaration ' ; and faire un serment, 'toswear. ' ,, 14. la fête de l'Assomption, i.e. August 15, 1096. The Feast of the Assuniption commémorâtes the taking into heaven of the Virgin Mary.

Notes 1 1 3

Page II NE

13. 2S. des chars, ' two-wheeled chariots" of ihe ancients. In ele-

vatcd style of ail sorts of vehiclcs — U char rustique.

le char de vendange, charrette, ' two-wheeled cart. ' chariot, ' four-whecled chariot. '