intelligences, connections

1. 33. de ces énergiimènes, from the Greek word meaning " possessed ofadevil." Transi, enthusiasts. " Mis en demeure de se prononcer par l'évêque de Londres, le consistoire de l'église de la Savoie, présidé par Armand Dubourdieu, déclara, après quelques conférences avec les prophètes cévenols, que 'les mouvements de ces inspirés n'étaient que l'effet d'une habitude volontaire et indigne de la sagesse du Saint-Esprit.' Cette décision, qui fut lue le 5 janvier 1707, dans toutes les chaires des églises françaises en Angleterre, exaspéra les prophètes, et faillit causer une émeute à Londres." {La France Pi'otestante.)

1. 37. les ho?nmes à miracles, miracle-mongers ; les hommes q-ui font des miracles.

Page 167.

1. 4. révaiîgclique et la rcforjuée, the Lutheran and the Calvinist. The latter had not been recognised by the Peace of Religion in 1555, and the grievances of which the Calvinists consequently had to complain were one of the chief causes of the Thirty Years' War, which was concluded by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

1. 6. Provinces-Unies, i, e. the United Netherlands, so called in opposition to the southern provinces which adhered to Romanism and Spain, and became the Spanish Netherlands. The former now form the kingdom of Holland, the latter the kingdom of Belgium.

[N. B. The naj?ies with an asierisk prejixed are those of memoir-writers belonging to the reign of Louis XlV, but not necessarily mentioned in Voltaire' s 7vorÂ.]

Abeille (Gaspard), an abbé and a poet [1648-1718], member of the Académie Française ; composed several tragédies and opéras which hâve long since been forgotten.

Ablancourt (Nicolas Perrot d') [1606- 1664], one of the earliest of the Academicians. His translations of Lucian, Thucydides, Csesar and Tacitus were nicknamed Les belles infidèles.

Addlson (Joseph) [1672-1719]. The celebrated essayist ; his tragedy of Cato was brought out in 17 13.

Adélaïde de Savoie, duchesse de Bourgogne [1685-1712], one of the principal ornaments of the court of Louis xiv. "Douce, timide, mais adroite, bonne jusqu'à craindre de faire la moindre peine à personne." (Saint-Simon.)

Aiguillon (Marie Madeleine de Vignerod, dame de Combalet, duchesse d') [1604- 1675], "iece of Cardinal Richelieu, spent her large fortune in works of charity.

Alembert (Jean le Rond d') [1717-1773], the well-known collaborateur of Diderot in the editorship of the Encyclopédie, equally dislinguished as a mathematician and a prose-writer.

Alexandre vu (Fabio Chigi) [1599-1667], elected Pope in 1655. One of the worthiest représentatives of the Papacy. "Sa conduite morale et religieuse ne le rend pas indigne d'estime." (Dubois, in the Biog. universelle.)

Alexandre viii (Pietro Ottoboni) [1610-1691], elected Pope in

Aligre (Etienne d') [1592-1677], director of the finances [1648], keeper of the seals [1672], chancellor of France [1674].

AllacCI (Léo)- in Latin Allatius [1586 — 1669], a distinguished oriental scholar and liturgical writer ; librarian of the Vatican in 1661. " Beaucoup plus de lecture et de savoir que d'esprit et de jugement." (Nicéron.)

Angély (L') court-jester to Louis xiii and Louis xiv, had been a stable-boy in the household of the Prince de Condé. Boileau nameshim \\\ his first and eighth satires.

Anguier (François) [1604-1669], a well-known sculptor. His best work, the mausoleum of Henry de Montmorency, is in the chapel of the Lycée, at Moulins.

Anne d'Autriche [1602-1666], eldest daughter of Philip ni, king of Spain — queen of France — married to Louis xiii (1615), " Princesse fière de son rang, ferme dans l'infortune." (Fiévée.)

Aquin (Antoine d') [1629-1696], first physician to Louis Xiv.

Arbaud de Porchères (François d') [?-i64o], cousin of Malherbe, and a poet of some réputation in his day.

*Argenson (Marc René, marquis d') [1652- 1 721], lieutenantn;eneral of the police [1697] ; keeper of the seals and président of the i)oard of finances [1718-1720] ; minister of state [i7'^o]. His Notes are described by M. Lalanne as " très-intéressantes ^

Ariosto (Ludovico) [1474-1533], one of the most brilliant of Italian poets, author of Orlando fnrioso [15 10].

Arius [? 2 70-336], the well-known heresiarch.

*Arnauld d'Andilly (Robert) [15S9-1674]. His memoirs extend from 1600 to 1656, and are full of interesting détails. He was the elder brother of the following, and the eldest of twenty children.

*Arnauld (Antoine) [1616-1698]. His memoirs [1634- 1675] were published for the first time in 1756. " On y trouve des faits curieux, des anecdotes piquantes qu'on chercherait vainement dans les nombreux mémoires sur le siècle de Louis xiv." {Biog. îniiverselle.)

AuBiGNÉ (Constant d'), baron de Surineau [about 1584 — about 1645], father of Madame de Maintenon.

AuDRAN (Jean) [1667- 1756], a distinguished engraver, of the same family as the two following ; chief works : Alexander's battles (reduced size) ; V Enlèvement des Salines (after Poussin) ; Athalie (after Ant. Coypel).

AUDRAN (Girard) [1640-1691], one of the most celebrated of French engravers. His chief works are the séries of Alexander's battles, the ceiling of the Val de Grâce (after Mignard), and the Enlèvement de la vérité {a.ftev Poussin).

AuDRAN (Claude il) [? 1639 ^ 1641-1684], a painter ; his best known work represents the beheading cf John the Baptist ; he also ]iainted the principal staircase of the palace of Versailles, the chapel at Sceaux, &c.

Auger de Mauléon [died about 1650] ; was excluded from the Académie Française four months after his élection on account of some money transaction in which he played a disreputable part.

AuzouT (Adrien) [died in 1691], left some réputation as a scientific writer ; he invented in 1667 an instrument which enables astronomers to measure the apparent diameter of small objects.

AvÉDlK, Armenian patriarch at Constantinople, supposed by some critics to hâve been the man with the iron mask.

Bacon (Sir Francis), Earl Verulam, Viscount St Alban [1561-1626] ; solicilor-general (1607), attorney-general (1613), keeper of the seals (1617), Lord Chancellor (1618); one of the greatest of modem philosophers.

Ballesdens (Jean) [d. in i675],preacher to the king ; distinguished as a scholar.

Balzac (Jean Louis Guez, Seigneur de) [1594-1654], a distinguished French prose writer : " On peut dire," says Boileau, "que jamais personne n'a mieux su sa langue que lui, et n'a mieux entendu la propriété

des mots et la juste mesure des périodes." He did for prose what Malherbe accomplished for poetry.

Banduri (Anselmo) [1670-1743], a Bénédictine monk, professor of ecclesiastical history at Pisa.

Barbier d'Aucour (Jean) [1641-1694], of some réputation as a writer, took the part of the Port-Royalists against the Jesuits.

Bardin (Pierre) [1590-1637], one of the earliest members of the Académie Française ; othervvise quite unknown to famé.

Baro (Balthasar) [1600-1650], a verythird-rate poet, finished d'Urfé's Astrée and wrote three or four tragédies now utterly forgotten.

Baron (Michel Boyron, better known as) [i563-i7'29], a celebrated actor, the pupil and friend of Molière, author of a few comédies, the best of which is V homme à bonnes fortunes.

* Bassompierre (François de) [1579-1646], marshal of France. It has been said of his memoirs : "C'est une lecture piquante, et qui offre de précieux renseignements."

Baudoin (Jean) [?i584? 1590-1650], has published some translations from the Greek and Latin classics.

Bautru (Guillaume), comte de Serrant [1588-1665], councillor of state, ambassador, &c., celebrated for his bons-mots.

Baville. See Lamoignon.

Bayle (Pierre) [1647-1706], a well-known scholar, journalist and philosopher. " Bayle est presque le seul compilateur qui ait du goût." (Voltaire.)

Bazin de Bezons (Claude) [1627- 1684], intendant of the province of Languedoc.

Beaubrun (Charles) \d. in 1692], distinguished as a painter.

Beaubrun (Henri) \d. 1677], portrait-painter, and professor at the academy.

Beaufort (François de Vendôme, duc de) [1616-1669], grandson of Henry IV ; took an active part in the Fronde war, and received the nickname of "le roi des Halles" on account of his popularity with the mob.

Beaumanoir (Philippe de Rémi, sieur de) \d. in 1296], one of the most celebrated lawyers of the middle âges ; his réputation rests upon the Contîimes du Bcativaisis which were finished in 1283.

Beaumelle (Laurent Angliviel de la) [1727-1773]. The friendship with which Maupertuis honoured him contributed in a great measure to exasperate Voltaire, whose behaviour towards the author of the Notes aie siècle de Louis Jf/F"was most unfair.

Beaumont de Péréfixe (Hardouin de) [1605-1670], tutor to Louis XIV (1644), bishop of Rodez (1648), archbishop of Paris (1662), author of an excellent history of Henry iv.

Beauvais (Catherine Henriette Bellier de) \d. 1690], had been first femme de chambre to the queen Anne of Austria ; she was expelled in 1649 on account of her scandalous living.

Beauvilliers (Paul, duc de St Aignan, then duc de) [1648-1714], président of the board of finances, successively governor of the dauphin and of the duc d'Anjou. Minister of state (1691). Had married a daughter of Colbert.

Bellièvre (Nicolas de) [1583-1650], councillor of ?>\.^\.c, président à mortier in the Parlement of Paris.

Benserade (îsaac de) [1612-1691], obtained much réputation by his poetry. The Métamorphoses d'Ovide mises en rondeatix are ridiculously bad. Ilis famous sonnet on Job, pitted against Voiture's sonnet sur la princesse Uratiie, gave rise to a literary M'arfare, the judges being divided into Jobelins and Uranists.

Bernini (Lorenzo), U cavalier Bernin [1598-1680], distinguished as a painter, a statuary, and an architect, was surnamed the second Michael Angclo.

Bernouilli (Jacques) [1654-1705], professor of mathematics at the university of Bâle, one of the first savants who applied the principles of the differential calculus.

Bernouilli (Jean) [1667-1748], brother of the foregoing, whom he succeeded in the chair of mathematics, after having been (1695) professor at Groningen.

* Berthod (Father) served the royalist cause during the wars of the Fronde, accepted the dangerous mission of reducing to obédience the city of Bordeaux, and left on this épisode some memoirs written with much simplicity and modesty.

Berwick (James Fitzjames, duke of) [1660-1734], natural son of James II of England ; marshal of France [1710].

BiANCHiNi (Francesco) [1662-1729], an Italian astronomer and antiquarian.

BiGNON (Jérôme) [1589-1656], celebrated as a magistrate and a scholar. Was tutor to the Dauphin (Louis xiii), and advocate gênerai in the Parlement of Paris.

BiGNON (Jean Paul) [1662-1743], a member of the oratory, librarian and preacher to the king; grandson of the above.

Blondel (François] [1618-1686], a distinguished architect and littératenr, professor of mathematics to the Dauphin.

Boerhaave (Hermann) [1668-1738], celebrated throughout Europe as a physician.

Boileau-Despréaux (Nicolas) [1636-1711], the well-known poet and oracle of the French classical school. His mock-heroic poem le Lutrin is his best work.

BoiLEAU (Charles) [? 1648-1704], abbé de Beaulieu; enjoyed some réputation as a preacher.

BoiLEAU (Gilles) [i 631-1669], eldest brother of Despréaux, and his rival in satirical pow^ers. Turned Ménage, Costar and Scarron into ridicule.

BoiSGUiLLEBERT (Pierre le Pesant de) [died in 17 14]. His Détail de la France sons Louis XLV (1695), and his Factnm de la France (1707) brought him into disgrâce.

BoiSROBERT (François le Métel, abbé de) [1592-1662], owed his fortune to his wits ; was one of the five collaborateurs of Cardinal Richelieu, and wrote, besides, on his own account, eighteen plays.

BoiSSAT (Pierre) [1603-1662] wrote some historical works.

BoiviN (Louis) [1649-1724] has composed some valuable works on chronology.

BONIFACE (or rather Winfrid) [? 680-755], missionary and prelate ; bishop [723], archb. of Mainz [? 751].

BoNiFACE VIII (Benedetto (Jajetano), cardinal [1-281], pope [1294], died [1303].

Bosse (Abraham) (1611-1678), distinguished as an engraver; lecturer on perspective at the Académie de peinture, from which he was excluded on account of his quarrels with the director, Lebrun.

BOUGAINVILLE (Louis Antoine) [i 729-181 1], well known for his travels and his scientific researches.

Bouillon (Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, duc de), marshal of France [1592], died [1623].

Bouillon (Frédéric Maurice de la Tour d'Auvergne, duc de) [1605-1652], took a prominent part in the war of the Fronde. "D'un sens profond et d'une valeur éprouvée." (de Retz.) •

BOULLOGNE (Louis) \d. 1674], painter in ordinary to the king, and father of the following.

BoULLOGNE (Bon) [1649-1717], professor at the Académie de peinture ; his picture representing the fight of Hercules with the Centaurs is at the Louvre. "Dessinait bien, et avait un coloris vigoureux." (Durdent, in the Biog. 2/niv.)

BoULLOGNE (Madeleine) [1646-1710], sister of the foregoing, and an agreeable painter of flowers and fruit.

BoULLOGNE (Geneviève) [1645-1709] painted in the same style as her sister Madeleine. Note that the name of the family is variously spelt Boîillogjic and Boulogne.

BOURDALOUE (Louis) [1632-1704], one of the most distinguished pulpit orators of the âge of Louis xiv. He was a Jesuit, and it has been truly said of him: " Sa coriduite est la meilleure réponse qu'on puisse faire aux Lettres Provinciales^

Bourdon (Sébastien) [1616-1671] was painter to Queen Christina of Sweden. His productions are of very unequal merit, owing chiefly to the vivacity of his imagination. The crucifixion of St Peter, at Notre Dame of Paris, is his be.st work.

BouRZEYS (Amable de) [1606-1670], a littérateur^ a divine and a diplomatist.

BOYER (Claude) [1618-1698], author of several plays which were turned into ridicule by Racine and Boileau.

BoYLE (Robert) [1626- 169 1], a natural philosopher of much réputation.

Bradley (James) [1693- 1762], a distinguished astronomer and rnathematician.

Bramante d'Urp.ino (Francesco Lazzari) [1444-1514], a great Italian architect.

* BrÉgy (Charlotte Saumaise de Chazan, comtesse de) [1619-1693], nièce of the celebrated Salmasius, and lady in waiting on Anne of Austria. The memoirs generally ascribed to her husband extend from 1643 to 1690.

*Brienne (Henri Auguste de Loménie, comte de) [1595-1666], secretary of state, and minister of foreign affairs. His memoirs are extremely valuable. " Style simple et grande exactitude."

Brissac (Albert de Grillet de) \d. in 171 3], field marshal (r688), governor of the town of Guise (1691), lieutenant gênerai (1693). An excellent officer, and a great favourite of Louis xiv.

Brosse (Jacques de), a distinguished architect, built the palace of the Luxembourg and the portai of the church of St Gervais in Paris. The date of his birth and that of his death are both unknown.

Brousson (Claude) [1647-1698], a Protestant minister ; died a martyr to the cause of religious freedom.

BiJCKiNGHAM (George Villiers, duke of) [1627-16S8], an agreeable poet, and a nian of great conversational povvers, but a most despicable character, and a worthless statesman.

BuRNET (Gilbert) [1643- 1 715], bishop of Salisbury [1689]. His Works, full of curions information, are not always accurate, and they display the spirit of a thorough partisan.

*Bussy-Rabutin (Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy, better known as) [i6t8-i693]. If his conduct as a courtier and a nobleman is thoroughly despicable, his intellectual merits are of a high order. The collection of his memoirs and of his correspondence pi-oves, to quote the Biog. îinivcrsellc, "que la France avait un grand écrivain de plus."

Caii.lières (François) [1645-1717], a writer and a diplomatist; took a part in the preliminaries which led to the peace of Ryswick.

*Campion (Henri de) [1613-1663], a retainer of the duc de Beaufort, whom he assisted in his plots against Mazarin. Has left some valuable" memoirs.

Campistron (Jean Galbert de) [1656-1713], a veryinferior dramatic writer.

Carcavi (Pierre de) {d. in 1684], celebrated as a geometrician ; was appointed in 1663 keeper of the king's library.

Carloman, son of Charles-Martel ; died in 754.

Cassagne (the abbé Jacques) [1636-1679], one of Boileau's victims; was keeper of the king's library.

Cassini (Jean Dominique) [1625-1712], the famous astronomer. Professor at the university of Bologna. Settled in France and received in 1673 letters of naturalisation.

Cassini (Jacques) [1669-1756], son of the foregoing, and equally distinguished as an astronomer.

Catherine de' Medfci [1519-1589], married [1533] Henry, duc d'Orléans, afterwards Dauphin [1536], and finally [1547] king under the title of Henry il.

Catherine ii [1729-1796], empress of Russia [1762].

Caulet (François-Etienne de) [1610-1680], bishop of Pamiers [1644], an able and faithful friend of the Port-Royalists, and of Jansenism.

Caumartin (Jean François Paul de) [1668- 1733], bishop of Vannes [171 7], and of Blois [1719].

Cauvigny-Colomby (François) [? 1588-? 1648] was a kind of public orator to the king; has left some translations ot the Latin classics.

Cavalier (Jean) [1689- 1740], the famous leader of the Camisards in their rébellion against the despotism of Louis xiv.

* Caylus (Marthe Marguerite de Villette de Murcay, marquise de) [1673-1729], nièce of Madame de Maintenon. M. Sainte-Beuve says of her memoirs: *' Suite rapide de portraits et de croquis; elle y excelle."

La Chambre (Martin Cureau de) [? 1594-1675], a physician and a writer.

La Chambre (Pierre Cureau de) {d. in 1693], son of the foregoing, and like him, a member of the Académie Française.

Chamier (Daniel) [i 570-1621], a Protestant divine and controversialist, professor at Montauban.

Chamillard (Jean François), bishop of Dol (1692), and of Senlis (1702), senior chaplain to the Dauphine (1704), d. 1714.

Chamillard (Michel de) [1651-1721], comptroller gênerai of the finances [1699], minister of war [1701], one of the most inefficient of statesmen; owed his extraordinary fortune to his skill at billiards. On his appointment to the war office a squib was circulated of which the following are the first lines :

"Heureux Chamillard Qu'un coup de billard A mis dans la France Sur notre finance, Par un coup d'hasard Tu es sur la terre Le dieu de la guerre."

Champagne (Philippe de) [? 1602-1674], a celebrated French painter. "Ses compositions sont plus savantes que poétiques."

Champagne (Jean-Baptiste) [1635-1681], nephew of the foregoing, and eminent also as a painter.

Chapelain (Jean) [1595- 1674], ridiculous as a poet, but a man of good learning, and an enlightenecl and generous patron of literature.

Charlemagne [742-814], crowned emperor of the West [800].

Charles ii, king of Spain [1660- 1700], ascended the throne [1665], the last of the elder branch of Austrian princes who reigned in Spain.

Charles ii [1630-1685], ascended the throne of England in 1660.

Charles vi [1368-1422], succeeded to the throne of France in

Charpentier (François) [1620-1702], a distinguished critic and grammarian.

Ch AU MONT (Paul Philippe), bishop of Dax, keeper of the king's private library; d. 1697.

Chevreuse (Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, duchesse de) [1600- 1679], celebrated for her attachment to Anne of Austria, and for the l)ersecution slie had to suffer in conséquence from Cardinal Richelieu.

Cmiabrera (Gabriclej [1552-1637J, a celebrated Italian poet.

Chilpéric I, the youngest son of Clotaire i, king of Soissons [561], murdered [584].

* CiioisY (François Timoléon, abbé de) [1644-1724], prior of Saint- Lô, contributcd to the élection of Pope Innocent xi, and went as a

missionary to Siam. "A laissé des mémoires agréablement écrits." (Lalanne.)

Chomel (Pierre Jean Baptiste) [1671-1740], a well-known botanist and physician.

Christina-Alessandra [1626-1689], queen of Sweden in 1632.

Claude (Clemens Claudius) [9th century], bishop of Turin [817], chaplain to Louis le Débonnaire ; d, 839.

Clerembault (Jules de), abbot of St Taurin at Evreux, d. 17T4.

Clermonï-Tonnerre (François de) [1629-1701], bishop of Noyon [1661].

CoiSLiN (Armand du Cambout, marquis, then duc de) [1635-1702], a peer of France,

CoisLiN (Henri Charles du Cambout de) [1663-1732], son of the foregoing; bishop of Metz [1697].

CoisLiN (Pierre du Cambout, duc de) [1664-1710], a peer of France, brother of the foregoing.

Colbert (Jean Baptiste) [1619-1683], minister and secretary of State, comptroller gênerai of the finances. "Fit tout ce qu'il pouvait pour le bonheur de la France, mais ne fit jamais tout ce qu'il voulait." (Weiss.)

Colbert (Jacques Nicolas) [1655- 1707], second son of the statesman, archbp. of Rouen [1691].

* Coligny-Saltgny (Jean, comte de) [1617-1686], followed Condé in the wars of the Fronde, and played a brilliant part in the defeat of the Turks near St Gothard. His memoirs are full of interesting détails on the minority of Louis xiv.

Colletet (Guillaume) [1598- 1659], a writer of some talent, but of very questionable behaviour. The ms. of his voluminous history of the French poets was destroyed during the commune (1871).

Condé (Louis 11 de Bourbon, prince de), "le grand Condé" [1621- 1686], one of the greatest of French gênerais, the rival of Turenne, whom he succeeded [1675] in the campaign against Montecuculli.

*Conrart (Valentin) [1603 — 1675], may be considered as the real originator of the Académie Française, and was a man of great taste although he wrote very little. Boileau says,

"Ainsi, craignant toujours un funeste accident. J'imite de Conrart le silence prudent."

Copernic (Nicolas) [1473-1543], the celebrated astronomer; his views on the system of the universe are explained in a work entitled de revohitionibics orbium celestium which was published the very year of his death.

Cordemoy (Giraud de) [1626-1684], reader to the Dauphin.

Corneille (Pierre) [1606-1684], "the father of French tragedy." Le Cid [1636] — Horace y Cinna [1639] — Polyeitcte [1640] — Kodogune [1646].

Corneille (Thomas) [1625-1709], brother of the foregoing, and next to him the best French dramatic writer before Racine appeared. Ariane [1672] — le comte d''Essex [1678].

*Cosnac (Daniel de) [1630-1708], bishop of Valence [1654]; arch-

bishop of Aix [1687]. "Ses mémoires, écrits par un homme d'esprit, qui avait été mêlé à toutes les intrigues de la cour, oftrent un vif intérêt." (Bouillet.)

CosTAR (Pierre) [1603-1660], one of the staunch friends of Madame de Rambouillet, and an enthusiastic admirer of Voiture, led a dissipated liie for an abbc, and was said to be le plus galant des pédants et le plus pédant des galants.

COTIN (Charles) [1604-1682], one 01' the best known oi\\.\ç: précieux, the great rival of Benserade, and the victim of Boileau and Molière, who turned him into ridicule under the nickname of Trissotin.

CousTOU (Nicolas) [1658-1733], a celebrated sculptor, many of his Works are in the gardens of the Tuileries, the park of Versailles, the cathedral of Paris.

CousTOU ^Guillaume) [1677-1740], brother of the foregoing, and his equal as a sculptor. The two horses, known as the Chevaux de Marly, which stand at the entrance of the Champs-Elysées in Paris, are his work-

CoYPEL (Antoine) [1661-1722], a distinguished artist; painter to the duke of Orléans and to the king (17 16); some of his best M'orks are at the Louvre.

COYPEL (Charles- Antoine) [1694- 1752], was the son and pupil of the loregoing; the palace of Compiègne, the muséum of Nantes and that of Nancy contain his chief productions.

CoYSEVOX (Antoine) [1640-1720]; the gardens of Versailles and Marcy hâve been embellished by the works of this excellent sculptor.

Créqui (Charles iir, Sire de) [1623-1687], lieutenant-general [1651], duke and peer [1653]; was ambassador at Rome [1662], and in Éngland.

Cromwell (Oliver) [1599-1658], Lord Protector of England

Cuper (Gisbert) [1644-1716], professor of history at Deventer, a

well-knovvn scholar and archceologist.

Dacier (André) [1651-1722], one of the most eminent of modem scholars; published several éditions and translations of classical authors, perpétuai secretary of the Académie Française [1713]. His wife (Anne-Lefèvre, daughter of the well-known Tanneguy Lefèvre) was equally celebrated for her learning.

Dacquin. See Aquin.

Danchet (Antoine) [1671-1748], a dramatic poet. His tragédies are described as "maladroites imitations de Racine, sans invention ni l)oésie."

*Dangeau (Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de) [1638-1720]; his journal, extending from 1684 to 1720, complètes Saint-Simon's memoirs, and may be regarded as a storehouse of the most valuable information on the court of Louis xiv.

Dangeau (Louis de Courcillon, abbé de) [1643-1723], brother of the foregoing, wrote several treatiscs on grammar, heraldry and geagraphy.

Daudé (Pierre) [1681-1754], a French protestant minister and writer.

De Boze (Claude Gros) [1680-1753], a well-known archseologist and scholar. "Critique sagace et judicieux."

Descartes (René) [1596- 1650], divides with Lord Bacon the honour of having reformed philosophy. [Discours de la mêtJiode^ 1^37 — . Méditations ph ilosophiqtces, 1641.)

Desmarets de Saint Sorlin (Jean) [1595-1676] was the first chancellor of the Académie Française ; the only one of his numerous Works which cbtained any réputation was his comedy les Visionnaires, on account of the alhisions it contains to Madame de Sablé, Madame de Rambouillet, and other persons of that time.

Desmarets (Nicolas) [1650-1721], nephevv of Colbert; comptrollergeneral of the finances [1708J where he succeeded Chamillard.

Desmarets (François Séraphin Régnier) [1632-1713], took a very important part in the composition of the grammar and dictionary published by the Académie Française.

Diamante (J. B.), a Spanish dramatist who flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century.

Dorbay (François), d. 1697, a distinguished architect.

DoRSET. See Sackville.

DoujAT.(Jean) [1609-16S8), historiographer of France, a lawyer and an élégant writer.

Drevet (Pierre) [1664-1739], a celebrated engraver; his best works are the portraits of Louis xiv, Villars, Boileau, Dangeau, Cardinal Fleury, &c.

Dryden (John) [1631-1700]. "Reason in rhyme was his peculiar delight. His prose may rank with the best in the English language." (Rose.)

Du Bois (Philippe Goibaud) [1626-1694]. After having begun by teaching music and dancing, he applied himself to classical studies, and became a good scholar. Published translations of some of the works of Cicero and St Augustine.

Du Bos (Jean Baptiste) [[670^1742]; his best known work is entitled Histoire critique de rétablissement de la monarchie française daiis les Gaules, 1734*» its object is to prove that the Franks settled in Gaul peacefully ancl without any conquest.

Du Chaila, a Roman catholic priest who persecuted the Huguenots.

*Du Clos (Charles Pineau) [i 704-1 772]; his Mémoires secrets des 7't'gnes de Louis XIV et de Louis XV were published after his death ; they were chiefly borrowed from Saint-Simon's mss. , and hâve accordingly lost some of their interest.

*Duguay-Trouin (René) [1673-1736]. This celebrated sailor has left some memoirs which were published for the first time in 1740.

DuiLLiER. See Fatio.

Duperron (Jacques Davy) [1556-1618], bishop of Evreux [1591] and of Sens [1604], cardinal; "l'ambition paraît avoir été sa seule passion, et il l'étendit même à la littérature, où il croyait occuper un des premiers rangs."

*DuPLESSiS-BELLiÈVRE(Susanne de Bruc, marquise), d. 1705, aged nearly one hundred years. She was a relative of Foucquet, and his most devoted friend. I.ost her husband in 1658.

Du Verney (Joseph Guichard) [1648-1730J, a distinguished anatoniist, professer at the Jardin du Roi.

Edelinck (Gérard) [1640-1705], a celebrated engraver; his portraits of Le Brun and of Philippe de Champagne, and his reproductions of some of Raphael's master-pieces are well-known.

Épernon (Bernard de Nogaret, duc de Nogaret, and afterwards duc d') [1592-1661], governor of Guienne, colonel-general of the French infantry.

Esprit (Jacques) [1611-1678], amember ofthe Académie Française.

EsTRÉES (Victor Marie, comte, and then duc d') [1660-1737], marshal of France [1703], member ofthe Académie Française.

EsTRÉES (Jean d') [1666-1718], archbp. of Cambrai [1716], member of the Académie Française, brother of the foregoing.

EsTRÉES (César d') [1628-1714], an able diplomatist, bishop of Faon [1655-168 1], cardinal, abbot of St Germain des Prés, member of the Académie Française.

Fagon (Guy-Crescence) [1638-1718], a \vell-known physician and botanist; physician to Louis xiv; member of the Académie des sciences.

Faret (Nicolas) [1600- 1646], a wretched poet, turned into ridicule by Boileau ; one of the earliest members of the Académie Française. *' Chère rime de cabaret.

Mon cœur, mon aimable Faret."

Unfortunately this couplet of Saint-Amant's was rather justified by Faret's bibulous propensities.

Fatio de Duillier (Nicolas) [1664-1753], well known as a geometrician, "avait le génie propre aux découvertes et à l'invention."

Félibien (André) [1619-1695], celebrated as an architect and an antiquary; member ofthe Académie d'architecture, and ofthe Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.

Félibien (Jean François) [1658- 1733], son of the above, an architect and a littérateur ; belonged to the Académie d'architecture, and the Académie de peinture.

Fénelon (François de Salignac de la Mothe) [1651-1715], tutor to the duke of Burgundy [1689], archbp. of Cambrai [1695], member of the Académie Française; a conscientious prelate, and an amiable, enlightened and virtuous man.

Fénelon (Gabriel Jacques de Salignac, marquis de la Mothe) [1688-1746], nephew ofthe archbishop, a gênerai and a diplomatist.

F1LICAJA (Vincenzo da) [i64'2-i707], an élégant Italian poet.

Fléchier (Esprit) [1632-17 10], member of the Académie Française, bishop of Lavaur [1685], and of Nîmes, a celebrated pulpit orator and writer. "On l'a appelé l'Isocrate français." Is veryfar below Bossuet in sublimity and vigour of style.

Fleury (Claude) [i64£-i723], confesser to Louis xv, member of

the Académie Française. Ilis Church history, published for the fîrst time in 1691 is still much valued. " Il a un caractère de candeur qui ne rabaisse pas l'écrivain, et qui fait estimer l'homme." (La Harpe.)

Fi.EURY (André Hercule de) [1653-1743], a well-known statesman and diplomatist ; bishop of Fréjus [1698], abbot of Tournus [17 15], minister of state [1726], cardinal and academician.

Fontaine (Pierre de), a celebrated jurist of the i3th century; did much for the reform of custom law.

FoNTANGES (Marie Angélique Scoraille de Roussille, duchesse de) [1661-1681], one of the numerous mistresses of Louis Xiv.

*Fontenay-Mareuil (François Duval, marquis de), [1594-1665], lieutenant-general, ambassador in England [1629], and at Rome [1641, 1647] ; has left some valuable memoirs.

FoNTENELLE (Bernard le Bouvier de) [1657-1757], distinguished himself in almost every branch of literature. An academician.

FoNTEVRAULT (Marie Madeleine Gabrielle de Rochechouart-Mortemart, abbess of) [ 1 647- 1 704], sister of Madame de Thianges and of Madame de Montespan, one of the most distinguished représentatives of a family every member of which was remarkable for wit and intellectual power ("/Vjr^rzV des Mortemart"). Was a good Greek scholar.

* Foucault (Nicolas Joseph) [1643- 172 3], ^^Id the post of infendatzi successively at Montauban, Pau, Poitiers and Caen ; has left some memoirs extending from 1675 to 1706.

FouCQUET (Nicolas) [1615-1680], superintendent of the finances [1653] ; able but grossly unprincipled.

Fraguier (Claude) [1666-172S]. A scholar and archœologist. Belonged to two Académies (Française, Inscriptions).

François i [1494-1547], king of France [1515].

Fréret (Nicolas) [1688-1749], one of the most learned and indefatigable of critics. Member of the Académie des inscriptions. His Discours sur P origine des Français, denounced as containing dangerous opinions, sent him to the Bastile.

FuRETiÈRE (Antoine) [1619-1688], was excluded from the Académie Française for twenty-three years because he had attempted to anticipate the " Company" by publishing on his own account a dictionary of the French language.

Galilée {Galileo Galileî) [1564-1642], the celebrated Italian astronomer and physicist.

Galland (Antoine) [1646-1715], a vi^ell-knov^^n orientalist ; translated the Arabian Nights into French ; member of the Académie des Inscriptions, professor of Arabie at the collège de France [1709].

Gallois (Jean) [1632-1707], a priest and a man of varied learning ; member of the three académies ; edited the Journal des Savants from 1665 to 1674.

Genest (Charles Claude, abbé) [1639-1719], author of several tragédies now utterly forgotten. An academician.

Giannone (Pietro) [1676-1748]; his history of the kingdom of Naples, written in a libéral spirit, procured for the author a sentence of excommunication.

GiRARDON (François) [1627-1715], one of the greatest of French sculptors. Principal works : the tomb of Cardinal Richelieu at the Sorbonne ; the equestrian statue of Louis xiv at Versailles.

GiRY (Louis) [1595-1665], published translations of Seneca, Tertullian, Plato, &c.

GoDEAU (Antoine) [1665-1772], bishop of Grasse [1636], and of Vence [1658], one of the earliest academicians.

Godet des Marais (Paul) [1649-1709], bishop of Chartres [1690], confessor of Madame de Maintenon, and superior of the establishment of Saint-Cyr.

GOMBAULD (Jean Ogier de) [? 15 70- 1666], a poet of much réputation at the Hôtel de Rambouillet ; one of the first academicians.

GOMBERVILLE (Marin Leroy de) [1600- 1670] ; hisbest known work, the novel entitled Polexaiidrc, was very popular when first published [1632].

GONDRIN (Louis Henri de Pardaillan de) [1620-1674]; archbp. of Sens [1646].

*GoURViLLE (Jean Héraud de) [1625-1703] served successively as a political agent, with great tact, zeal and skill, the duke de la Rochefoucauld, Condé, Mazarin, Foucquet and Louis Xiv. His memoirs bave been very highly, and perhaps extravagantly, praised by M"^® de Sévigné.

*Gramont (Antoine, duc de) [1604-167S], marshal of France [1641], duke and peer [1648], ambassador at Frankfort [1657], and at Madrid [1659] ; his memoirs were published by his son.

Gregory VII (LIildebrand), elected pope [1073], died [1085].

GuALTERiO (Filippo Antonio, cardinal), papal nuncio at the court of Versailles from 1700 to 1 706, an enlightened diplomatist, and a prelate of considérable intellectual powers.

GuÉNÉGAUD (Henri Duplessis) [1609-1676], secretary of state [1643], sent to prison [1664], obliged to resign his office [1669]. His wife and himself were great friends of Foucquet.

GuERiCKE (Otto von) [1602-1686], a native of Magdeburg. The physical and astronomical researches of this celebrated philosopher hâve Ijeen published under the title of Expcrii)iciita nova iit vacant Magdebiirgica, Amstelod. 1672, fol.

GuÉRiN (Gilles) [1606? 1609? — 1678], a French sculptor, member of the academy.

*GuiCHE (Armand de Gramont, comte de) [1638-1673], was the eldest son of Marshal de Gramont, sentenced to exile, first for his liaison with Henrietta Maria of England, and next for intriguing against Madame de la Vallière. Has left some inleresting memoirs.

GuiLLEM DE Castro [1569-1631], a wcll-knownSpanishdramatist; contemporary of Lope de Vega.

GuisCARD (Antoine de), abbé de la Bourlée [1658-1711], a political adventurer who played a part in the insurrection of the Cévennes.

*GuiSE (Henri il, duc de) [1614-1664], archbp. of Reims [1629], left the Church [1641], assisted the Neapolitans in Ihcir revolt against Spain.

GuiTON (Jean) [1585-1654], mayorof La Rochelle;

BTOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 251

Habert (Philippe) [? 1605-1637], commissioner of artillery, one of the original academicians.

Habert (Germain) [? 1615-1654 or 1655], brother of the foregoing, and also an academician.

Halley (Edmund) [1656-1741], an eminent mathematician and astronomer.

Harlay (Achille de) [i 536-1616], senior président in the parlement of Paris, one of the most distinguished magistrates of the day.

Harlay-Chanvalon (François de) [1625-1695], arch'b. of Paris [1670], a member of the Académie Française.

Hautefort (Marie de, duchesse de Schomberg) [1616-1691], maid of honour to Mary de' Medici, and then to Anne of Austria, intrigued against Richelieu and Mazarin. M. Cousin has written an interesting biography of her.

Hay du Chastelet (Paul) [159-2-1636], was the first secretary of the Académie Française.

Hay du Chastelet (Daniel) [1596-1671], brother of the above ; academician.

Henrietta-Anne of England [1644-1670], duchess of Orléans [1661] by her marriage with the brother of Louis xiv. There is a biographical memoir of her by Madame de La Fayette.

Henry ii [1518-1559], king of France [1547].

Henry m [1551-1589], king of Poland [1573], of France [1574].

Hérouard (Jean), died at the siège of La Rochelle in 1627, physician to Louis xiii.

Hervart (Barthélémy d'), banker to cardinal Mazarin ; was comptroller g^eneral of the finances [1657], died in 1676.

Hesnault (Jean) died in 1682 ; of some réputation as a poet.

Hevelius (T.) [161 1- 1687], a distinguished German astronomer.

Hôpital (Guillaume François Antoine, marquis de 1') [1661-1704], a celebrated mathematician, member of the Académie des sciences.

Huet (Pierre Daniel) [1630-1721], a distinguished scholar, poet and critic. Under-preceptor to the Dauphin [1670], abbot of Aunay [1680], bishop of Soissons [1685], and of Avranches [1689], resigned his see [1699], member of the Académie Française.

Huss (John) [1373- 1415]) the well-known religious reformer, was burnt to death at Constance.

HuYGHENS VAN ZuYLiCHEM (Christian) [1629-1695], oneof the most reniarkable savants of the seventeenth century ; his astronomical discoveries and his works in practical mathematics are still held in high esteem.

Hyde (Thomas) [1636-1703], well known as an Oriental scholar, professor at Oxford, and curator of the Bodleian library.

Innocent xi (Benedetto Odescalchi) [1611-1689], elected to the papacy [1676].

Innocent xii (Antonio Pignatelli) [1615-1700], pope [1691].

Jérôme de Prague, disciple of John Huss ; was burnt at Constance in 1415.

* JOLY (Guy), died after 1667, councillor for the king at the Châtelet, first a great friend of the Cardinal de Retz, then his bitter enemy ; has attacked him vehemently in his memoirs.

Joseph (François Leclerc du Tremblay, better known as Father) [15 7 7- 1638], Richelieu's celebrated secretary and adviser.

JouvENET (Jean) [1644-17 17], one of the best représentatives of the French school of painting, some of his choicest pictures are at Versailles. Director of the academy of painting.

JouvENET (François) [? 1665-1749], a painter, nephew and pupil of the foregoing.

JURIEU (Pierre) [1637-1713], played a conspicuous part on the strictly orthodox Protestant side in the controversies of the i7th century.

JussiEU (Antoine de) [1686-1758] distinguished as a physician and a naturalist ; director of the Jardin du Roi (Botanical gardens in Paris).

La Brosse (Gui de), died in 1641. Physician to Louis xiil. Founded the Paris botanical gardens.

La Bruyère (Jean de) [1645- 1696], one of the best French writers of the seventeenth century. His celebrated book Les Caractères was published for the first time in 1687. " Fort honnête homme, de très-bonne compagnie, simple sans rien de pédant, et très-désintéressé.'' (Saint-Simon).

*La Fayette (Marie Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, comtesse de) [1634-1693], a distinguished novelist [La Princesse de Clèves, Zaïde) ; has also left some interesting memoirs.

La Feuillade (François d'Aubusson, duc de) [1625-1691], marshal of France [1675], viceroy of Sicily, and governor of Messina [1677], an able gênerai.

La Fontaine (Jean de) [i 621-1695], the most original, perhaps, of ail the French seventeenth century poets, but very absent and very dull in society. "Mon pauvre La Fontaine, vous seriez bien bête si vous n'aviez pas tant d'esprit." (Madame de la Sablière.) His fables were published in 1668 (first six books), and 1678 (books vu — xii).

La Hire (Philippe) [1640-1718], known as a geometrician; professer of mathematics at the collège de France.

La Hire (Gabriel Philippe) [1677- 17 19], eldest son of the above, and equally distinguished in mathematical science.

La Loubère (Simon) [1642-1729], a writer and diplomatist.

La Mesnardière (Hippolyte Jules Pillet de) [1610-1663], a poet whose Works, very popular two centuries ago, are now completely forgotten.

Lamoignon (Chrétien-François de) [1644-1709], councillor at the Paris Parlement [1666], attorney-general [1676], président à mortier [1698], an accomplished scholar as well as lawyer. Boileau dedicated to him one of his poems.

Lamoignon ue Baville (Nicolas) [1648-1724]; as intendant of the province of Languedoc displayed the utmost cruelty in attempting to put down the Protestants.

La Monnoye (Bernard de) [1641-1728], a poet and a scholar. ITîs best work is a collection of Noels or songs written in the patois of Burgundy.

La Mothe Levayer (François de) [1588-1672], tutor to the Dauphin (afterwards Louis Xiv), and to the duc d'Orléans. Wellknown as a scholar.

La Motte Houdar (Antoine) [i67'2-i73i], famous especially for the share he took in the quarrel about the relative merits of ancient and modem writers. He translated the Iliad into French verse without knowing a word of Greek.

*La Porte (Pierre de) [1603-1680], vaht-de-chambre of Louis xiv. lias written some curious memoirs.

Largillière (Nicolas de) [1656- 1746], a celebrated portraitpainter.

* La Rochefoucauld (François vi, prince de Marsillac, duc de) [1613-1680], "the moralist of the Fronde period." His Maxmis appeared for the first time in 1665, and his memoirs in 1662.

La Tréaumont (George du Hamel, seigneur de), killed in 1674, conspired, together with the chevalier de Rohan, against the government.

* La Trémoille (Henri Charles de) [1621-1672], a peer of France; sided successively with Mazarin and with Condé, during the Fronde. Has left some memoirs.

Laugier de Porchères (Honorât) [? 1566-1663], a writer of some talent, member of the Académie Française.

La Vallière (Françoise Louise de la Baume-Le-Blanc, duchesse de) [1644-1710], the well-known mistress of Louis Xiv; retired [1675] to the Carmélite convent in Paris. Her Réflexions sur la miséricorde de Dieu [1680] hâve become very popular.

Lavau (Louis Irland de), died in 1694, academician.

Le Brun (Charles) [1619-1690], painter, engraver, and architect. The history of his life is that of French painting during the reign of Louis XIV. His finest pictures are at the Louvre and at Versailles.

Leclerc (Sébastien) [1637-1714], an artist of considérable merit, first engraver to Louis xiv.

*Lefèvre d'Ormesson (Olivier m), died in 1686. Councillor of state. Has left memoirs extending from 1643 to 1672.

Leibnitz (Gottfried Wilhelm, baron von) [1646-1716], a man of almost universal genius, best known, however, as a philosopher and a metaphysician.

Lemery (Nicolas) [1645-1715]; his Cours de Chimie completely transformed the science of chemistry.

Lemery (Louis) [1677-1743], son of the above; distinguished as a physician and a chemical investigator.

Lenain (Louis), died May 23, 1648, a well-known painter.

Lenain (Antoine,!, brother of the above, whom he survived only two days; also a good ^^«yr-painter.

*Lenet (Pierre), died in 1671; solicitor gênerai at the Parliament of Dijon, and councillor of state. Took an important part in the Fronde on Condé's side. His memoirs ("écrits avec beaucoup de franchise") extend from 1649 ^"^ i659-

Le Nôtre (André) [1613-1700], justly celebrated in tlie art of planning and laying eut gardens. The parks of Vaux and Versailles in France, and Greenwich in England are his work.

Le Pautre (Antoine) [1621-1691], first architect to Louis xiv, and to the duke of Orléans.

Lesage (Alain-René) [1668-1747], a Avell-known novelist and dramatic aulhor. His Gil Blas [1747) is a master-piece of its kind, and his play of Tiircaret [1709], directed against the financial speculators {traitants) is a vigorous pièce of satire.

Lesueur (Eustache) [1616-16S5], one of the most distinguished of French painters. His séries of 23 pictures representing scènes in the life of St Bruno, is well known.

Le Tellier (Michel) [1603-16S5], secretary of state for war [1643], chancellor and keeper of the seals [1677], one of the principal authors of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

L'Étoile (Claude de) [1597-1652], one of the earliest academicians.

Levau (Louis) [1612-1670], first architect to Louis xiv.

LiNGENDKS (Claude de) [1591-1660], a Jesuit priest; enjoyed much réputation as a pulpit orator.

Lionne (Hugues de), marquis de Berny [1611-1671], a celebrated statesman and diplomatist. Was the principal author of the peace of the Pyrénées, councillor of state [1643], cabinet minister [1659], secretary of state for foreign affairs [1663].

Locke (John) [1632-1704], the well-known philosopher. Plis Essay on the human tmder standing [1690] has a permanent worth, even independently of the author's théories.

Lorraine (the chevalier de), died 1702; belonged to the Guise family, and was the favourite of the duke of Orléans, brother of Louis xi v.

Louis xiii [1601-1643], king of France [1610], married [1615] Anne of Austria.

Louvois (François Michel Le Tellier, marquis de) [[639-1691], the well-known statesman to whom Louis Xiv was indebted for so much of his success. Secretary of state for war [1666].

LULLI (Jean Baptiste) [1633- 1687], distinguished as a musical composer. Founder and tirst director of the ''Académie de musique."

Luther (Martin) [1483- 1540], the great founder of the German Reformation.

LuYNES (Charles d'Albert, duc de) [[578-1621], constable of France, favourite, and for some time prime minister to Louis xiii.

Mabillon (Jean) [1632-1707], a learned Bénédictine; wrote a numbcr of works on hagiography [ActaSS. ord. S. Bénédictin 1668-1671, 9 vols, fol.), diplomaties [de re diplomatica, lih. vi, 168 1, fol.), &c. &c.

Maffeo (Francesco Scipione, marquis) [1675-1755], an Italian writer ; his tragedy of Merope is his best known work.

Maintenon (Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de) [1635-1719], secretly married [1684] to Louis Xiv.

Malebranciie (Nicolas) [1699-1 7 15], one of the most celebrated disciples of Descartes. The pantheistic tcndencies of his works brought

clown upon them the condemnation of Bossuet who characterized thcm as Jiova, pîilchra, falsa.

Malezieu (Nicolas de) [1650-1627], tutor, and afterwards secretary to the duc du Maine.

Malleville (Claude de) [1597-1647], poet and academician.

Mancini (Marie) [1640-1715], one of Cardinal Mazarih's nièces; inspired Louis Xiv wilh a strong passion; married [1661] to prince Colonna.

Manfredi (Eustachio) [1674-1739], one of the best Italian geometricians ; professer at the university of Bologna.

Mansart (Jules Hardouin) [1646-1708], a well-known architect; built the palaces of Versailles, Marly, Clagny, and the dôme of the Invalides.

Marie-Louise d'Orléans [1662-1689], married [1672] Charles 11 king of Spain.

Mariotte (Edme), died in 1684; distinguished as a physicist, and a scientific writer.

Marot (Clément) [1495-1544], valet de chambre to Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of P'rancis l, and an agreeable poet.

Marsham (Thomas) [1602-1685], a celebrated English antiquarian and scholar.

Massieu (Guillaume) [1665-1722], Greek lecturer at the collège de France.

Mathioli, minister of Charles IV, duke of Mantua, and supposed by some to hâve been the *' man with the iron mask."

Maynard (François) [1582-1646], a poet, one of the most brilliant disciples of Malherbe.

Mazarin (Giulio Mazarini, in French, Jules) [1602-1661], vicelegate at Avignon [1632], nuncio at the court of France [1634], succeeds to Richelieu as prime minister in France [1642].

Mazarin (Hortense Mancini, duchesse de) [1646-1699], married [1661] Armand-Charles de la Porte, duc de la Meilleraye, separated from him [1666], and then lived chiefly in England.

Mercator (Nicolas Kaufmann, whose surname was Latinized into), a German mathematician [1620- 1687].

Mesmes (Jean Jacques de), comte d'Avaux, died in 1688, a magistrate and an academician.

Mesmes (Jean Antoine de), comte d'Avaux, died in 1723, senior président of the Parlement of Paris [171 2]; son of the foregoing.

Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Domenico Buonaventura) [1698-1782], a well-known Italian dramatic poet. Composed 26 opéras and eight sacred dramas, besides a number of shorter pièces.

Mézeray (François Eudes de) [1610-1683], an excellent historian. "Style nerveux, pensées judicieuses, caractère indépendant." A nevv édition of his Histoire de France was published in 1830.

Michel-Ange Buonarotti [1475-1564], a celebrated painter, sculptor, and architect.

MiGNARD (Pierre) [1610-1695], well known as a painter, rival of Lebrun, whom he succeeded as first painter to Louis xiv. His best Works are at the Louvre and at Versailles.

MiGNARD (Paul), died in 1691, nephew of the above, an estimable painter.

MiLTON (John) [1608-1674], V Allegro, Il Penseroso, Cofnus [1634]; Paradise Lost [1667] ; Paradisc Regaincd, Samson Agonistes [1671].

jNIimeure (J. L. Valon, marquis de) [1659-1719], lieutenant-general, academician.

jNIolé (Mathieu) [[584-1656], councillor in the parlement of Paris [1606], président of the court of inquests [16 10], first président [1641], keeper of the seals [1651]; remarkable for his firmness, his integrity, and his patriotism.

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin, better known as) [1622-1673], the greatest of French comic dramatists. Le Dépit amoureux [1655], Les Pricieiisùs ridicules [1659], Le Misanthrope\\(i(i6\, Le TartiiffelxdhiX.

MONGIN (Edme) [i 668- 1746], a pulpit orator; bishop of Bazas

MONMOUTH (James, duke of) [1649-16S5], natural son of kmg

Charles II.

Montaigne (Michel-Eyquem de) [1533-1592]; it has been said of his celebrated Essays that \ve fiad in them " the language of conversation transferred to a book."

Mon TAU s 1ER (Charles de Sainte-Maure, marquis, then duc de) [1610-1690] ; governor of Normandy [1663], tutor of the Dauphin [1666] ; "parfait honnête homme, mais caractère rude jusqu'à la brutalité."

Montereuil (Mathieu de) [1611-1691], a ver}- médiocre poet.

MONTESPAN (Françoise Athenaïs de Rochechouart, marquise de) [1641-1707], the celebrated mistress of Louis xiv.

MoNTPEZAT (Antoine de Lettes de) [? 1490-1544], marshal of France [1543], played an important part in the wars of the sixteenth centur)'.

MoNTREVEL (Nicolas Auguste de la Baume de) [1636-1716], marshal of France [1703], tried in vain to reduce the Camisards in Southern France.

MORÉRI (Louis) [1643- 1680]. His Dictionnaire historiqiie, published for the first time in 1673, has lost nothing of its importance as a source of information on the history of the i6th and i7th centuries.

*M0TTEViLLE (Françoise Bertaut, dame de) [? 1611-1689], the intimate friend of the two queens, Anne of Austria and Henrietta Maria of England. Her memoirs are extremely interesting and trustvvorthy.

Xavailles (Philippe de Montant de Ecnac. duc de) [1619-1684], lieuienant-general [1650], governor of the province of Aunis [1665], marshal of France [1675].

*Nemolks (Marie dOrléans, duchesse de), died in 1707. Her memoirs refer to the Fronde period. Sainte-Beuve describes them as piquajits, spirituels, mais un pezi secs.

Newton (Isaac) [1642-1727], one of the most celebrated mathematicians and astronomers of modem times.

*X0AI1LES (Adrien Maurice, duc de) [1678-1766], marshal of

France ['73+], minister of state [1743], ambassador at Madrid [1746]. The memoirs which hear his name were compiled by the abbé Millot.

NoAiLLES (Louis Antoine de) [1651-1720I, uncle of the above; bishop of Cahors [1679], and of Châlons-sur-Marne [1680], archbp. of Paris [1695], cardinal [1700].

Oxford (Robert Harley, earl of) [1661-1724], well known as a statesman. vSpeaker of the House of Gommons [1701], commissioner of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer [1710].

OzANAM (Jacques) [1640-1717], a celebrated mathematlcian.

Pagan (Biaise François, comte de) [1604- 1666], wrote raany works on astronomy, geometry, and the science of fortifications; was the master of Vauban.

Paris (François de) [1690-1727], a well-known Jansenist clergyman on whose tomb miracles were reported to hâve been performed.

Pavillon (Nicolas) [1597-1677], bishop of Aleth [1639], an accomplished and exemplary prelate; his Jansenist opinions brought down upon him the displeasure of Louis XIV.

Pavillon (Etienne) [1632-1705], a poet, nephew of the foregoing.

Pecquet (Jean) [16-22-1674], distinguished as an anatomist.

Pellisson-Fontanier (Paul)[i624-i693], first clerktothe minister Foucquet, whose disgrâce he shared. After having renounced Protestantism, he employed himself unremittingly in the conversion of his old fellow-religionists.

Péréfixe (Hardouin de Beaumont de) [1605-1671], tutor to Louis XIV [1644], bishop of Rodez [1648], archbishop of Paris [1662], wrote a good life of Henry iv.

Perez (Antonio), died in i6r6, a Spanish statesman.

Perrault (Claude) [1613-1688], began by being a physician, and shortly afterwards devoted his attention to architecture with the greatest success. The famous colonnade of the Louvre, in Paris, was erected from his drawings.

Perrault (Charles) [1628-1703], brother of the above, and distinguished as a writer. Took a prominent part, on the modem side, in the quarrel about the relative merits of ancient and modem authors. Composed some charming fairy taies.

Plato[b.c. 429-347]. "Plato is philosophy and philosophy Plato." (Emerson.)

PoLiGNAC (Melchior de) [1661-1741], a prelate and a diplomatist. Ambassador in Poland [1695], cardinal [1709], took part in the conférences of Gertruydenberg [1710] andin the congress of (Jtrecht [1712]; archbishop of Auch [1725].

*PoMPONNE (Simon Arnauld, marquis de), son of Arnauld d'Andilly, [[618-1699], an able diplomatist and statesman; after having been ambassador in several places, he succeeded de Lionne as secretary of state. His memoirs hâve been published by M. Mavidal.

Pontchartrain (Louis Phelypeaux, comte de) [1643-1727], comptroller gênerai of the finances [1689], secretary of state [1690], chancellor of France [1699].

PORTSMOUTH (Louise Penhoet Keroual, duchess of) [? 1652-?! 725], mistress of Charles ii, king of England.

Potier de Novion (Nicolas) [16 18- 1693], président in the Paris parlement, played a disgraceful part during the Fronde.

Procope (n/9o/c67rios) [?500-?56i], one of the most eminent of the Byzantine historians. ' ' Successi vely composed the history, the panegyric and the satire of his o\Vri times." (Gibbon.)

PussoRt (Henri) [1615-1697], councillor at the board of finances, a relative of Colbert, and' one of Foucquet's bitterest enemies.

QuiNAULT (Philippe) [1635-1688], one of Boileau's "victims," but an agreeable and élégant writer, nevertheless. His opéras Armide and Atys are excellent' of their kind.

Rabelais (François) [?i495-?i553]- "Le livre de Rabelais est considéré avec justice comme le rêve de l'épopée en délire, comme l'orgie de la raison et du'géhie. " (Vapereau.)

Racine (Jean) [1639- 1699], ^^ well-known French tragic poet; inferior to Corneille in genius, but unrivalled for the perfection of his style. Ancfromdqite 2iùAles Plaidetirs\\t(i'è\ Britannicus\^i66g\ Phèdre [1677], Athalie [1691].

Raphaël (Rafïaelle Sanziô) [1483- 15 20], the greatëst of Italian painters.

Rapin Thoiras (Paul) [i66r-i7'25]; his history of England is a monument of industry and learning.

Réaumur (René Antoine Ferchaud de) [1683- t 757]; his memoirs on the history of insects haVe establrshed his réputation as a naturalisa

Régis (Sylvain) [1632- 1707], a Cartesian philosopher.

Régnier (Mathurin) [r57'3-r6r3], a brilliant poet; he is extremely picturesque in his descriptions, and hasà'vigour of style which we find in few of his contemporaries.

Regnier-Desmara'is (François Séraphm) [1632-1 7 13]^ secretary to the duc de Créqui, ambassador at Rome [1662], took a great share in the préparation of the Dictionnaire de l" Académie Française.

Renaudot (Eusèbe) [1646- 1720], an eminent Oriental scholar, grandson of the physician Théophraste Renaudot who founded the Gazette de France.

*Retz (Jean François Paul dfe Gondi. cardinal de) [1614-1679], the hero of the Fronde; coadjutor of Paris [1643], archbishop iii partibus of Corinth [1644], cardinal [1652]. Pithy maxims, anecdotes and épisodes related with humour, portraits skilfully drawn; ail thèse éléments of success, combined and heightened by terse and picturesque language, make of de Retz's memoirs a model in that style of literature.

Rigaud (Hyacinthe) [1659-1743]; may be called the portrait painter of the Siècle de Louis XIV. In 1698 his gallery amounted to upwards of 500 portraits.

Riquet (Pierre-Paul), baron de Bonrepaux [1604-1680], the celébrated engineer who planned the canal of Languedoc.

RoBERVAL (Gilles Personne de) [1602-1675], professor of mathematics at the Collège royal.

Rouan (Louis, chevalier de) [1635-1674], beheaded in conséquence

of a plot he had formed with the intention of giving up the town of Quillebeuf to the Dutch.

*RoiiAN (Henri, duc de) [' 579-1638], a well-known Protestant gênerai; has left some valuable memoirs; was a peer of France.

ROLLIN (Charles) [1661-1741], rector of the University of Paris [1694- 1696]. Voltaire says of his historical work: "C'est encore «la meilleure compilation qu'on ait en aucune langue, parce que les compilateurs sont rarement éloquents, et que Rollin l'était."

Ronsard (Pierre de) [1524-1585], the greatest French poet of the Renaissance period. The graccfulness which characterized his smaller pièces forms a pleasant contrast to the tediousness of his longer works.

Rose (Toussaint) [1611-1701], private seccetary to Louis xiv, président at the court of accounts.

Rousseau (Jean Baptiste) [1670-1741] ; if the grâces of a polished style could atone for want of feeling, he might be termed the first of French lyric poets. Flis epigrams are perfect gems.

Sacy (Louis de) [1654-172-7], a distinguished barrister and an élégant writer. His translation of Pliny's letters deserve, hovvever, to be called, like d'Ablancourt's works, les belles infidèles.

Saint-Aignan (François de Beauvilliers, duc de) [1607-1679], lieutenant-general, peer of France; was the intimate friend of Bussy- Rabutin and of Madame de Scudéry. Has left a few indiffèrent poems.

Sainte-Aulaire (François Joseph de Beaupoil, marquis de) [1643-1742]. "C'est une chose très-singulière que les plus jobs vers qu'on ait de lui aient été faits lorsqu'il était plus que nonagénaire." (Voltaire.)

Saint-Évremont (Charles de Saint Denys, sieur de) [1613-1793]. Soraething of the tendencies which characterized Voltaire and Montesquieu can be found in this writer's works.

Saint-Mars, an officer who had under his care the mysterîous man with the iron Diask.

Saint-Pierre (Charles Irénée Caste], abbé de) [1658-1743], a philanthropist, author of the Polysyiiodie, or plan for settling by arbitration ail international difficulties.

Sallo (Denis de) [1626-1669], founded in 1665 {\\e Journal des Savants, under the pseudonym of the Sieur de Hédonville.

Santerre (Jean Baptiste) [1650-17 17], distinguished as a painter.

Sauveur (Joseph) [1653-1716], was the first physicist who lai l down the laws of musical acoustics.

Savoy (Charles Emmanuel 11). duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675.

Savoy (Victor Amédée, duke of Savoy, afterwards king of Sardinia) [1665- 1732], son of the above, took an active part in the wars of the coalition against Louis Xiv.

Scarron (Paul) [i6io-i66o], the first husband of Mme de Maintenon ; was a élever writer of burlesques and parodies, His Roman comique, however, is better than an amusing book ; it deserves to be remembered, and occupies a distinguished place amongst the productions of that time.

SCIIOMBERG (Frédéric Armand, duc de) [16 19- 1689], left France at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and served abroad; William iil created him a peer.

Scudéry (George de) [1601-1667] and his sister Madeleine [1607

2 6o VOLTAIRE.— LOUIS XIV.

1701] were tlie twobest known représentatives of the Précieux style of literature. Monsieur's tragédies are now quite forgotten; but Mademoiselle's romances Clélie ■axvài le grand Cyriis interest us as pictures of French society during the first half of the seventeenth century.

Segrais (Jean) [1625-1701], his pastoral compositions hâve been much praised by Boileau.

Sévigné (Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de) [1626- 1696], one of the most delightful of letter-writers; her correspondence is fuU of trustworthy and valuable information on the reign of Louis xiv.

SiLLERY (Fabio Brûlart de) [1655-1714], bishop of Avranches, then of Soissons [1689], a member of the Académie Française.

Sloane (Sir Hans) [1660-1752], celebrated as a naturalist and a physician.

SocRATES [b.c. 469-399], the founder of philosophy.

Soissons (Olympe Mancini, comtesse de) [1640-1708], nièce of Cardinal Mazarin, and most unjustly implicated in the famous poisoning cases described by Voltaire.

SOUBISE (Benjamin de Rohan, sieur de) [?i 589-1641], brotherof the duke de Rohan, and like him a staunch Protestant gênerai.

SouRDÉAC (Alexandre de Rieux, marquis de), died in 1695, was associated with the abbé Perrin for the création of the opéra.

Strozzi (Palla) [1372-1462], a Florentine statesman and scholar, one of the most eminent représentatives of a distinguished family.

* Sully (Maximilien de Béthune, baron de Rosny, duc de) [1559- 1641], the confidential adviser and minister of Henry iv. His interesting memoirs {Œconomies royales) hâve often been printed.

Swift (Jonathan) [1667-1745], dean of Saint Patrick [1713]; The Taie of a Tiib, The Baille ofthe Books [1704], Drapiers letlers [1724], Gulliver [1726].

Tallemant (François) [? 1620- 1663], one of Chapelain's protégés; he translated Plutarch's lives into French, and brought down upon himself the sharp but deserved remark of Boileau ; "et le sec traducteur du français d'Amyo:."

* TALLEMANf' DES RÉAUX (Gédéon) [? 1619-1692]; his amusing hist07-ielles are an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes on the principal personages ofthe i6th and early i7th centuries.

* Talon (Orner) [1595- 1652], advocate gênerai of the Parlement of Paris. " Ses vertus et sa franchise lui donnaient une grande influence sur les déterminations du parlement." Voltaire says of his memoirs that they are "dignes d'un bon magistrat et d'un bon citoyen."

Tasso (Torquato) [1544-1595]. His Gerusalemvie Liberata was published in 1581.

Tavernier (Jean Baptiste) [1605-1689], a distinguished traveller. Has left interesting accounts of his voyages to Turkey, Persia, &c.

Temple (Sir William) [1628-1700], a well-known statesman and diplomatist; was for some time résident minister at the Hague.

Testelin (Louis) [1615-1655], painter, engraver, architect, member ofthe Académie [1648J.

Testu (Jacques) [1626- 1706], an abbé of some réputation as a wrilcr ; cicctcd a member of ihc Académie Française [168S].

Theodosius the Great [? 346-395], emperor of the East [378].

Thévenot (Melchisedech) [? 1620-1692], a distinguished scholar and traveller; appointed [1684] to the keepership of the king's library.

Thianges (N. de Mortemart, marquise de), sister of Madame de Montespan, and of the abbess of P'ontevrault,

* Thou (Jacques Auguste de, baron de Meslay) [1553-1617]. A critic has said of his Latin history that it is a work "d'une importance sans égale pour l'étude du xvi® siècle."

ToRRiCELLi (Evangelista) [160S-1647]; science is indebted tohim for the invention of the barometer.

TouRNEFORT (Joseph Pitton de) [1656-1708]; his system of botanical classification was founded upon the varieties of the petals of flowers taken in conjunction with the fruit.

TouRREiL (Jacques de) [1656-1714], translatée! Demosthenes into French. Member of the Académie des inscriptions [1691] and of the Académie Française [1692].

TouRViLLE (Anne Hilarion de Costentin, comte de) [1642-1701], one of the most celebrated of P'rench sailors. Marshal of France [1693].

TscHiRNHAUSEN (Ehrenfried Walther von) [1651-1708], a German naturalist and mathematician, discovered the "Epicycloid."

TuRENNE (Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de) [161 1- 1675]. Marshal of France; his greatest campaign v^'as that of 1653 i^ ^^^ Netherlands; it terminated with the peace of the Pyrénées.

TuRGOT (Anne Robert Jacques) [1727-1 781]. Louis xvi said tohim, ** II n'y a que vous et moi qui aimions le peuple." Intendant of Limoges [1761], comptroller gênerai of the finances [1774]; dismissed [1776].

Valincour (Jean Baptiste Henri du Trousset de) [1653- 1730], historiographer of France ; the intimate friend of Boileau and Racine.

Vandermeulen (Adam Francis) [1634-1690], a well-knovvn painter of battles ; besides the works of his which are to be seen at Versailles, the Louvre collection has twenty-three of his pictures.

Vanloo; there hâve been several distinguished artists of that name; the one alluded to by Voltaire is Jean Baptiste [1684- 1745], elected a member of the Académie in 1731.

Vardes (François René, marquis de), died in 1688, celebrated at the court of Louis xiv for his wit and his love affairs.

Vauban (Sébastien le Prestre, marquis de) [1633- 1707], distinguished as an engineer, an officer and a political economist. Commissioner gênerai of fortifications [1678], governor of Douai [1680], lieutenantgeneral [1688], marshal of France [1703].

Vaugelas (Claude Favre de) [1585-1650], a well-known grammarian. " Esprit minutieux, subtil et timide... purisme exagéré."

Vendôme (Louis Joseph, duc de Penthièvre, then duc de) [1654- 1712], grandson of Henry iv, one of the most distinguished gênerais of the reign of Louis xiv, covered himself with glory at Steinkirk [1692], Marsaglia [1693], and Villaviciosa [1710].

Vertot (René Auber, abbé de) [1655- 1735], member of the Académie des inscriptions [1703]; his historical works are elegantly written, but cxtremely superficial, and are very little read now.

ViLLEROi (François de Neufville, duc de) [1644-1730], a notcriously

incapable gênerai. Defeated at Chiari, taken at Cremona [1702], completely beaten at Ramilies [1706].

ViviANi (Vincentio) [1622-1703], acelebrated Italian mathematician, pupil of Galileo and Torricelli.

VivoNNE (Louis Victor de Rochechouart, count, and afterwards duc de Mortemart and de) [1636-1688], marshal of France [1675], brother of Mesdames de Montespan, de Thianges, and de Fontevrault. "Aussi pourri de l'âme que du corps." (Mme de Sévigné.)

Voiture (Vincent) [1598-1648], a celebrated writer of the earlypart of the seventeenth century; but his style is spoilt by excessive affectation and straining after wit.

Vossius (Isaac) [16 18-1688], a well-known scholar, canon of Windsor. " He is a strange man for a divine," said Charles il of him, "for there is nothing which he refuses to believe, except ihe Bible."

Waller (Edmund), died in 1687, an agreeable and brilliant poet.

Wallis (John) [1616-1713], Savilian professor at Oxford [1649]. and distînguished as a mathematician ; >va5 one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society.

WiLKiNS (John) [1614-1672], bishop of Chester [1668], one of the founders of the Royal society; a mathematician.

WiNSLOW (Jacques Bénigne) [1699-1760], professor of anatomy and physiology at the Jardin du Roi, in Paris.

Zanotti (Francesco Maria) [1692-1777], an Italian poet and mathematician.

^vviNGLE (Ulrich) [1484-1531], the well-knowti Swiss reformer.

Abbeville, a French town in Picardy, department of the Somme.

Aletm (L. Alecia), a small town in Brittany; novv in ruins.

AuBUSSON (L. Albucio, AUncciJiîifu), a towu of La Marche, in central France, department of Anne.

Barèges (L. AqucB Onesioriivi)^ a French watering-town in the province of Bigorre, department of Hautes-Pyrénées.

Batavia, a city and seaport on the northcoast of the island of Java.

Beauvais (L. Bellovactifu, Belvaais), chief town of the department of Oise, in France.

Belle-Isle-en-Mer (L. Caloncsiis, Vindlli), an island off the coast of Brittany {Morbihan).

Bordeaux (L. Burdigala), capital, fîrst of Aquitania sccunda, then of the province of Guyenne, now of the department of Gironde.

Brest (supposed to hâve been the Gesobricates of the Romans), a fortified seaport town in Brittany (Finistère).

Bruxelles, capital of the kingdom of Belgium, is a large, handsome, and rapidly improving city.

Cabrières, a small town in Provence, Southern France.

Cadix, a weil-known town in Spain, province of Andalusia.

Cambrai (L. Cameraciim), capital of .the district of Cambrésis, in Northern France (department of Nord).

Cayenne, an island of South America, in French Guiana.

CéVENNES (L. Cebennac), a chain of monntains and a district in Languedoc (departments of Gard, Lozère, Ardèche).

Château-Trompette, a castle in the city ôf Bordeaux.

Cluni (L. Ciiiniacitin), an abbey in Burgundy, founded [910] by William, duke of Aquitaine.

COMPIÈGNE (L. Coinpendhim^ Carlopolis), a small Frcnch town, department of Aisne.

COUTRAS (L< Corteratc), a town in the province of Bordelais (Gironde).

Dantzic, a commercial city in West Prùssia, situated on Êhe left bank of the Vistula, about five miles from its mouth.

DOMBES (Med. L. Pagtis Doinbensis), a district of France having the rights of principalily; capital Trévoux; now forms part of the department of Ain.

Douai (L. Dicaciinï)^ a strongly foftified town in Fr. Flandets (Nord).

DuNKERQUE, a seaport town in' Flanders.

Eu (L. Aiiga, Aîiguiii), a small town of Normandy (Seine-rnférietlre) having the rights of a countship.

Fontainebleau (Med. L. Foîis Blatidi, Fous hcllaqtteics), a town in the department of Seine-et-Marne.

Gand (Ghent), chief towrl of Eastern Flanders (Belgium).

GiGÉRi, GiGELLi, or, bctter, Djijelli, a town in Algeria, province of Bergia.

Gkeno'éle (L. Cîclaro, aftervvards Gratianopolis), chief town of the department of Isère, in France.

Hanovre (Hanover), a town in North Germany, capital of the territory of the same name.

Havre (Le) (Mod. L. Portus Gratis, Fraiiciscopolis), a seaport town in Normandy.

HochstÂdt, a town in Bavaria, on the left bank of the Danube.

Jarnac, a smlall town in the province of Angoumois (Charente).

La Hogue, a town on the norîh coast of France, in Normandy, department of La Manche.

La Rochelle (L. RiipcUa), formerly capital ôf the province of Aunis, now chief place of the department of Charente -inférieure.

Leipzig (L. Lipsia)^ a city in Germany [Saxony].

Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in South Holland.

Marly, a village near Paris, one of the résidences of the court during the reign of Louis XIV.

Marseille (L. Massilia), an important French seaport town, capital of thô department of Bouches dti Rhône (Provence).

Martinique (La), an island in the West Indies, one of the largest of the Carribees.

Mayence (L. Moguniiaai7n , G. Afaùiz), a" city in Germany (Hesse- Darmstadt).

Mérindol, a sitiall town rn Provence.

Metz (L. Divodurum, Medioniatricu77Z., Métis, Metœ), a city of Lorraine.

Moncontour, a city in Poitou, department of Vienne.

Montauban (L. AÎons Albanics), a French city in the province of Quercy, department of Tarn-et-Garonne.

Mont Cenis (L. Cejtisius Mous), a pass over the AIps, between Savoy and Piedmont.

Nantes (L. Condiviemim, Namnetes), chief town of the department of Loire-inférieure (province of Brittany).

Niort, chief town of the department of Deux-Sèvres (Poitou).

NiSMES (L. Nemaiisus, Colonia Nemaiisensis Angusta\ a large and picturesque town in Languedoc, and now capital of the department of Gard.

Oléron (L. Olaria), an island ofif the coast of Aunis (Charenteinférieure).

Pamiers (L. Firdelahtm, Fridelacum), a small town of Southern France, department of Ariège.

PiGNEROL, an ancient town in Piedmont.

PoNDiCHÉRY, a city on the south-east coast of India, province of the Carnatic ; capital of the French settlements.

Privas (L. Privatum), a town of the province of Vivarais, now capital of the department of Ardèche.

QuiLLEBEUF, a small town of Normandy (Eure) on the banks of the Seine.

Ré (Ile de), an island in the Atlantic, immediately opposite La Rochelle.

RocHEFORT (Med. L. Rupifortùim^ Rupesfortis), a fortified seaport town of Aunis (Charente-inférieure).

Rocoux or Raucoux, a village of Belgium, near Liège.

Saint-Cloud, a village on the banks of the Seine, near Paris.

Saint-Cyr, a village near Versailles (Seine-et-Oise).

Saint-Fargeau, a barony of Puisaye (dept. of Yonne), in France.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a small town in the dep, of Seine-et-Oise.

Saint-Germain des Prés, an old church in Paris, built during the iith and i2th centuries, on the site of another church raised in the 6th century by order of King Childebert I.

Sainte-Marguerite (lie), an island belonging to the small group opposite Cannes in Southern France, and included in the department of Alpes Maritimes.

Saumur (L. Salmicrium, Scgora)^ a city of the province of Anjou (Maine-et-Loire).

Sedan, a fortified town on the frontier of Champagne and Lorraine ; had, formerly, the rank of principality.

Strasbourg (L. Argentoratimi), a city in Elsass.

TiiiERS or Thiern (L. Tigeriiuvi), formerly a viscountship, a small cown of the province of Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme).

Toulon (L. Telo iMnrtius, Telonis portus)^ a seaport town of France, on the Mediterranean.

Toulouse (L. Tolosa), an important city in Southern France, capital of the department of Haute-Garonne.

Versailles, chief town of the department of Scine-et-Oise, and formerly the résidence of the French court from 1684 to October 6, [789, when the mob brought Louis XVI back to Paris.

Vincennes (L. ad Vïccnas), a village near Paris.