la guerre de Trente ans (1618-1648) : a war in

Germany, which was at first a struggle between Catholics and Protestants, but soon lost its religions character to become a contest for political ascendancy. The famous Peace of "Westphalia put an end to it.

6. Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 at the âge of nine, his mother, Marie de Médicis, being régent of the kingdora. He died in 1643.

6. Richelieu (1585-1642) : one of the greatest statesmen France bas ever had. His policy consisted at home in extending the power of the crown by taking away the privilèges of the great vassals and of the parliaments and the clergy, and crushing the Huguenots, and abroad in increasing the influence of the French monarchy by weakening that of the bouse of Austria.

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24. 9. la lutte contre les Turcs : in 1683 Vienna was besieged by the Turks, but rclieved by John Sobieski. In 1687 the Turks were again defeated at Mohacz, and in 1697 at Szenta, and by the treaty of Carlowitz, in 1699, Mustapha II. renounced his claims upon Transylvania and a large part of Hungary.