Var

Mais fière et d'un pied libre heurtant le sol antique.

1. 77. Jamais ... : never, in Paris, from the days of Henry VI of England, who was as much a 'colonial grandson * to France as a foreigner.

1. 89. Alors ... : note this word thrice in five lines, and then toujours used four times, the two words ringing like the beat of a drum and the powerful rythm of a wild gallop.

Page 16. 1. 102. sans user son chemin. In French the phrase is perhaps still more original and bolder than the English équivalent would suggest.

1. 125. Ce triste et 'vieux forçat de la Sainte- Alliance. In his Châtiments Victor Hugo is often more fiery and more irefuUy trenchant, but never more graphically accurate and pathetically realistic.

England joined the Holy Alliance (Sept. 16, 1815) only so far as it could ensure the maintenance of the territorial acquisitions sanctioned by the treaties of 18 15, keeping aloof from the would-be religions aims of the mystiçally-inclined Czar.

1. 127. comme un boulet . . . , i. e. like the convict's cannonbal!, formerly attached to his fetters.

Page 17. \. 1 11. Aux poètes menteurs, Sic. This refers less to Victor Hugo, who had begun to eulogize Napoléon as far back as 1819, than to a number of minor poets who endeavoured to revive the Napoleonic legend in the popular mind.

Cp. Béranger : Les Souvenirs du peuple, Le Vieux Sergent, and Balzac's old soldier in Le Médecin de Campagne.

At this period Barbier had already foreseen the growth of Bonapartism. It was during Louis-Philippe's reign that Napoleon's remains were transferred to Paris. There were also other signs of the return to favour of Napoleonic institutions. Eventually thèse worked together to bring back the Second Empire.

1. 137. Puis de ces hauts quartiers, namely Montmartre and Ménilmontant, North of Paris, and, in the South, Mouffetard on the Montagne Sainte-Geneiùève.

I. 143. Ce bron%e que jamais . . . Never, I think, has the well-known Horatian line been rejuvenated with more felicity.

I. 147. la carmagnole-, in this case any dance led by the * carmagnole,' a revolutionary song abusing the Court, and the burden of which was : —

Dansons la carmagnole^ Vive le sony vive le son^ Dansons la carmagnole, Vive le son du canon.

The tune is much older than the Révolution. The song was named after the town of Carmagnola in Piedmont, probably because the Savoyards and Marseillais, who came to Paris in 1792, brought the song with them, or because they wore the carmagnole, which was a jacket with a very short skirt, in which were two very capacious pockets. The wearing of this garment was, for some unknown reason, considered very patriotic, especially during the days of the Terror. The words of the carmagnole were usually sung to the accompaniment of a peculiar dance of the Spanish kind. It was in this song that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were respectively called * Monsieur et Madame Veto.'