chefs de file, 'front-rank-men,' 'file-leaders

1. 17. la place de la Bastille, see note on p. i, 1. S. The Bastille or state-prison, which formerly occupied this site, was destroyed July 14, 1789, a date which is often considered to mark the beginning of the Revolution.

1. 18. Saint-Cloud. On the Seine, just opposite the village of Boulogne, a little off the road to Versailles.

1. 20. pont d'Zma, towards the west end of Paris, leading from the Trocadéro to the Champ de Mars, familiar to all visitors to the Exhibition. It is called after Napoleon's victory of Jena, in which he crushed the Prussian army in 1806.

1. 22. moins de monde, 'fewer men.' The word monde is constantly used as equivalent to 'people,' often but by no means exclusively of visitors. Thus, 'il a amené beaucoup de monde avec lui,' 'il y avait eu du monde tué,' 'recevoir du monde,' 'n'entrez pas, il y a du monde dans son cabinet.'

1. 27. la contenance, 'the bearing,' implying resolute bearing. See note, p. 36, 1. 4.

1. 32. si rien ne gênait. We should prefer to say 'if anything,' or rather, 'that nothing.' Had quelque chose been put instead of rien, there would have been a slight difference of meaning. As it stands, it means that the road was clear, quelque chose would have left it doubtful.

1. 34. Champ-de-Mars. The coincidence with the Latin Campus Marlins or field of the god Mars is accidental. Champ-de-Mars in French history was the assembly of the warriors {malluin) under the Merovingian kings. It is said that these assemblies met in March and were subsequently, in the 8th century, transferred to May, and called Cha mps-de- Ma i.

1. 37. faience. So called from Faenza in Italy, like woisted from Worstead, cordwainer from Cordova, &c.

Page 59.

1. 7. sans dire mot. mot without article is used witli dire, répondre, souffler when employed negatively.

1. 18. proche de Passy, ' near Passy,' more strictly correct than près de Passy, an adjective being required.

1. 22. à soigner. E.B. 203 (4) and Obs. 1. It is not the same as pour soigner, but must be rendered by a participle in English.

1. 27. amputé, applied in French to the person as well as to the limb. Thus les amputés means people on whom amputation has been performed.

mauvaise. We could not say 'bad'; 'troublesome' or 'obstinate' would express the meaning better. So la mer est mauvaise would be rendered 'rough.'

1. 28. redoublement, ' paroxysm,' the regular medical phrase to denote the recurrence of acute symptoms of fever &c., after a period of quiescence.