encore, 'besides

vraie. The ordinary rule is that vrai meaning ' real ' stands before its noun. But the general principle, that an adjective intended to distinguish follows its noun, comes in here. The writer's object is to contrast the captain's knowledge and ordinary superficial knowledge. The same reasoning applies to p. 4, line 2.

1. 24. tantôt can be rendered 'sometimes' only when followed by another tantôt, the two meaning 'at one time... at another time,' like bald... bald in German.

1. 25. de hautes relations...1 to his having long ago been on intimate ■ terms with the great, though he was habitually too reserved to let it be known.' It is impossible to render this passage literally. We have no word answering to relations in this sense, which rather extends what we mean by relations subsisting between people. Notice the adjectives here ; hautes relations is treated as a single phrase, and qualified (i) by fort anciennes, (2) by the adjectival clause que sa... connaître, which is thus treated just like an adjective. See E.B. 35 b; 88 (2).

1. 29. ne faisait que porter, 'only carried.' Notice how to render the English only qualifying a verb, E.B. 288 a (2).

1. 32. puissent, E.B. 239. See below 1. 39 for the indicative and subjunctive side by side with verbs of thinking. Estimer is used in the somewhat unusual sense of 'think,' 'believe.'

aux portraits, E.B. 150.

1. 33. de nous, referring to the indefinite beaucoup represented by se in its own clause. Nous, vous are often used for the oblique cases of on, E.B. 105. In English we should say 'many of us cannot recognize ourselves.'

1. 34. partout, 'anywhere,' just as tout must often be rendered 'any,' E.B. 109. French, like Latin, has no single group of words answering to the English 'any' and its compounds.

1. 37. s'étudie, 'makes an effort,' as 'study' is used in Biblical English (2 Tim. ii. 15). On the analogy of essayer, one might have expected de rather than à. Both prepositions are used with s'étudier.

Page 4.

1. 3. pour payer les choses humaines. Perhaps the nearest English is 'to indemnify oneself for the vicissitudes of life.' The idea is that les choses humaines are an injury to be requited.

1. 6. sont morts, 'died,' not 'are dead.' It is a true past indefinite.

1. 10. travaillaient sourdement. Travailler is used transitively both of disease and of trouble. Sourdement is a hard word to translate ; it is used of half-suppressed sounds, as the moan of a slightly agitated sea, or of a forest with a moderate breeze blowing through it. Perhaps we might render 'made them writhe in secret.'

1. 11. à peine, 'with difficulty,' like à grand' peine, not 'scarcely.'