devenu, ' who had become

1. 6. aux premières, i.e. loges, not au premier (ttage), as in speaking of a. house.

1. 8. Les Rois de Westphalie, de Saxe et de Wurtemberg. The King of Westphalia was Jerome Bonaparte, youngest brother of Napoleon. His dominions included Hesse Cassel, Brunswick, and part of Hanover. He married the daughter of the King of Wurtemberg, in whose favour he divorced his first wife, an American lady named Patterson. The King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus, owed his title of King to Napoleon (1806). He had previously been known as Elector of Saxony. Frederick, Duke of Wurtemberg, had assumed the royal title in the same year with Napoleon's sanction, after the peace of Presburg.

1. 9. la confederation du Rhin was a confederation of the German States, excluding Austria, Prussia, and Hanover. It was formed in 1806, and placed under the protection of Napoleon. Immediately after its formation, the Holy Roman Empire, which had existed in one form or another from the days of Augustus Caesar, came to an end. Francis, sovereign of Austria, formally renounced all connection with Germany, and the title of Roman Emperor.

1. 11. Murai (1768 — 1815) commanded the cavalry in most of Napoleon's great battles, and was perhaps the best cavalry officer of his time. He married Caroline Bonaparte. In 1808 he was made King of Naples, where he initiated many reforms. His fine personal appearance contributed much to his popularity.

1. 13. le Roi d'Espagne. Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's eldest brother, who was King first of Naples (1806), and then of Spain. His later years were spent in retirement near Philadelphia.

1. 14. le prince Kourakim. The friendship between Napoleon and the Czar Alexander, begun at Tilsit (1807), and confirmed at Erfurt (1 808), was still unbroken. Prince Kourakim had been the bosom friend of Paul I.

1. 15. An parterre, the floor of the theatre, including the pit and the stalls. In modern theatres, the front part of the pit is divided off and called le parquet (or fauteuils d'orchestre).

1. 21. se tinrent debout. It has often been noticed that French has no single verb meaning ' to stand ' ; the Latin stare has been absorbed by parts ai être.

1. 29. Crescentini (1769 — 1846), a famous Italian singer, who was singing at Vienna at the time of the peace of Schonbrunn. Napoleon ordered him to come to Paris, and made him premier chanteur de sa

cour et de sa chapelle particulière. After hearing his famous air Ombra adorata in Romeo and Juliet, he conferred on him the order of the Iron Crown.

1. 30. les Horaces, not of course Corneille's play, which is entitled Horace, but an opera written for Crescentini by Cimarosa (Gli Orazzi e Curiazzi). There is a story that at the first performance, Crescentini, who performed the leading Horatius, thought the costume of the leading Curiatius grander than his own, and insisted on changing. As Crescentini was a little man, and his rival very tall, the result can be imagined.

1. 32. comme les Lacedémoniens, as described by Milton in Paradise Lost,

" they moved In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood Of flutes and soft recorders, such as raised To height of noblest temper heroes old Arming for battle, and instead of rage Deliberate valour breathed, firm and unmoved By dread of death to flight or foul retreat."