Bonar, Malthus and his work, p

43. Cannan, A Hittonj of tty Théories of Prodwtiun and Distribution in Englisli Politieal Eamomy front 1776 to 1848, pp. 147 sqq.

4*. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 78-9 : Wakelield à Place, Bury St Edmunds, August I7th 1814 : ... f. 79 verso : 1 hâve not seen one of the Reports of the Lords* Committee. Indeed Iwant both tliatand theCommons' but suppose that I must wait until next session. — We are now in the middle of harvest, the wbeats considerably injured by mildcw, the Barly a good crop, but in this neighbourhood no labourers to bi» met with, and those who are bore will not work as usual. I yesterday rode over an occupation *>f 1.200 acres which requires at least 50 harvestmen. Thisis extraordinary. Last year therc was a similar want of hands. but then it was attributed to war; what is it now?

352 NOTES. (Pp. 238-239)

45. Add. Mss. Brit. Mas. 33, 152, f. 84 : Place à Mill, London, Sept. 9, 1814 : Hâve you seen the corn reports of the Lords 1 Committee? I hâve been comparing parts of them with the returns to the Population actsin 1811, the tables of birth, burials and baptism when examined and compared with the price of breed and the wages of labour, exhibits some curions and important phenoraena, I think I shall be able to shew a clear and concise view of the opération of the corn laws on the mass of the community : it appears to me that the errors in legislating on this subject hâve more than anything selse produced a stute of things frorn which there is no escape but by a convulsion which sooner or later mitët happen.

46. Add. Mss. Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 92 : Mill à Place, Ford Abbey, 14 oct. 1814 (résumé par F. Place Junior). » Write to me particularlyabout Corn Laws. »

47. Add. Mss. Brit. Mu3. 33, 152, f. 93 : Place à Mill, Charing Cross, London, 17 oct. 1814. —Et encore, dans la même lettre : « I bave the reports both of the Lords and Commons on the Corn Laws, they prove that the Farmer is nerely the agent of the Landowner, and that the Landowner, the Steward and the Land Surveyor as some call themselves ail treat ni m as such — they régula te the rent of land by the capital of the Farmer, allowing him 10 per cent on the capital lie brings upon the Land, and taking ail the rest to themselves. The Fanncr's profit was eslimated at 10 per cent, when ten pounds would purchase as mue h as 20 £ will now, and this practice will continue till 40 £ will purchase the like quanti lies only... At présent no one thinks of domestic Politicks, or Corn Laws. On the latter subject, there will be noise enougb made, and ignorance more than cnougii displayed, when the Parliament meets. Nothing but a reform of the whole System, a new beginning in fact can be of use, but of this one part of the people are profoundly ignorant and the other part for their own immédiate inlerests aredétennined to prevent.

48. Eclsctic Review, .Tulv18l4,p. 1 sqq. Analysede: Dawson sur la misère; Lauderdale, Rose et Malthus sur les Corn Laws. Pour l'attribution de l'article à James Mill, v. Add. Mss Brit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 105: Place à Mill, 9 nov. 1814 : ... I find it so clearly stated and so well understood, that I hâve not a wonl to add. — Début de l'article : « We might hâve conceived ourselves entitled to expert that, after the progress which the science of political cconomy bas made, we should not, in a country which boasts of ils knowledge and libcrality, hâve had the misfortune to witness another attempt to disturb, by acts of Parliament, theestablished order of nature in régula ting the supply of the people's food. — Et pp. 2-3 : The two classes ot persons, eonsisting of those whose labour is not sufficient, t«) supply them with necessary food, form by far the greater proportion of the community, almost the whole of thelahouring and productive classes... When we hear it said, as we do hear it so often and so loudly said, that a free imiwrlation of corn will diminish the landowner's r.?nt, and the farmer's

(Pp. -230-244) NOTES. 353

profit, and wficn we hear of the necessity proclaimed of a law for the prévention of thèse déplorable offert?, wc ask for the voiccs whieh are raised in behalf of the infinitely more mimerons elasses of persons v whose toif will be diminished, not their rent or proOt, by a law to increase the qnantity of labour necessary for the acquisition of bare sustenance.

40. Obsenations on the Subjects trcaled of in Dr. Smith's Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Weallh of Salions, by David Rucbanan Edinburgh, 1814 (4- vol. de l'édition), pp. 33 sqq. — Rieardo to Malthus, 24 janv. 1817... « Surcly Ruchanan is right and your comment wrong: rent is not a création, but a transfer of wcalth. »

50. An Kssny on the Application of Capital to Umd, with observations shewing Ihe impolicy of any great restriction on tlic importation of corn; and lhat the bouiily of 108K did not lower the price of it, by a fellow of University Collège, Oxford |Mr. Edward West] London, 1815. — The rhief objoet of this cssay is the publication of a principle in political economy, which occurred to me some years ago; and which appears to me tOFohe many ditticultics in the science, which I am at a loss otherwise to expiai n. On reading lately the reports of the, corn committees, I found my opinion respecting the existence of this principle confinned by many of the witnesses, whose évidence is therc detailed. This circumstance and tint importance of the principle to a correct undcrstandinp: of many parts of the corn question, bave induced me to ha z a ni this publication belore the meeting of Parliament, though in a much less perftrt shape than I lliink it would bave assumed had I been less limited in point of time. — Rieardo à Malthus, 9 mars 1815: Sincc l bave secn vou 1 received a note from Mr. Edward West, who is the atithor writing under the title of a Fellow of University Collège; lie speaks in fa vou r of my opinions of course, becausc tln*v are verv Hinilar to liis own. I hâve rcad bis book with attention, and I find thaï his views agrée very much witli my own. Ile is a barrister, a young man, and appears very fondof the study of political economy. Mr. Brougham lias, I ihink lie said, promised to introdtice him to you.

51. Cannan (a History of the Théories of Production and Distribution, etc., 1894) observe (p. 150) que, pour la première fois, le verbe tendre se trouve employé ici dans sou acception proprement scientifique.

52. Nature and Progrets of rent, reproduit, a p. Principles of Poliliail Economy, chap. ni, sect. II, éd. 1836, p. 150.

53. An Kssay on the influence of a low price of corn on the profits of *tork 9 shewing the inexpediency of restrictions on importation: with remarks on Mr. Malthus's two last publications, etc., 1815 (Works, p. 373, notei :. . . The\ appear to lliiiiK that profits of stock eau be raised by eommercialrauses, iiidi.pendenllv of the supply of food.

5t. Le 20 octobre 1816 (Add. Mss. Krit. Mus. 33, 152, f. 225), Place soulève encore quelque objections sur le travail de Rieardo (objections qui ne

il 23

35i NOTES. (Pp. 215-247)

portent pus d'ailleurs sur lo principe de la renie différentielle). Et James Mill lui répond de Ford Abbey, le 27 octobre (33, 152, f. 227. : « DonH meddle with Ricardo. lt is not easy to find him in the wrong, \ can assure you. 1 bave often thought I had found liim in thewrong, butl havealways cventually corne over to bis opinion » (copie de F. Place junior).

55. J.-B. Say, Mélanges et Correspondance, p. 95. — Say répond le 2 déc. « Je me bornerai. . . à souhaiter, avec M. Mill, que vous développiez vos idées dans un ouvrage ad hoc.»

56. Ricardo to Trower, 29 oct. 1815; et plus haut : Sofar froin imitating the illustrious example that you set before me, and improving as 1 go on, each successive attempt is attcnded with less success tban the former, and it invariably happens that my last performance is the worst. . . You see that 1 bave no other encouragement to pursue the study of Political Economy than the pleasure which the study itsclf affords me, for never shall I bc so fortunate, however correct my opinions may become, as to produce a work which shall procure me famé and distinction. I ain determined, however, not to l>e daunted by coinmon difliculties. I shall again set to work to endeavor to improve the style and arrangement of what 1 bave just writtcn, not that 1 ain quite sure that I shall publish it if 1 succeed, but at least it will afford meanopj>ortunityofexercisingthelimitedpowers wliich 1 possess.

57. Principes of Polit'ual Evonomy and Taxation. — Malthus avait déclare, dans sou ln f iuinj % que v le degré auquel les différentes classes de la société sont affectées par les impôts est en soi un sujet riche, qui appartient aux principes généraux de l'impôt et mérite une enquête distincte *, et Ricardo, en 1815, louait, dans Ylnquivy, « un ouvrage abondant en idées originales, — qui sont utiles non seulement dans la mesure où elles concernent la rente foncière, mais dans celles encore où elles se rattachent à la question de l'impôt, le plus difficile et le plus complexe peut-être de tous les sujets dont traite l'économie politique ». — Voir l'opinion de Bentliam sur la théorie de Ricardo, Rowring, vol. X, p. 498: In Ricardo's book on Rent, there is a want of logic. I wanted him to correct it in thesc particulars ; but hc was not conscious of it, and Mill was not desirous. He confounded cost wilh value Cf. Ricardo, Principles, p. 30, note; c'est une objection de Malthus.

l'éducation du peuple

1. Education, p. 18-20. — p. 9: That, at least, ail the différence wbich exists betweeu classes or bedies of men is the effect of éducation, will, we suppose, withounl entering iuto the dispute about individual distinctions, be rcadily granted ; that it is éducation wholly which eonstitutes th?

(Pp. 248-250) NOTES. 355

remarkable différence between the Turk and the Englishman, and even the still more remarkable différence belw< en the most eultivated European and the wildest savage. Whatever is inade of any clans of men, we may tlien be sure is possible lo be niade of tbe wliole lui ma n race. Wliat a field for exertion ! What a prize to be won ! — Stuart Mill, Autobionraphy, p. 108: In psychology, bis (James Mill's) fondamental doctrine was tiic formation of ail huinan character by circumstances, tbrougb the uni versai Principle of Association, and the conséquent unlimited possibilité ofimproving tbe inoral and inlellectual condition of mankind by éducation. Of ail bis doctrines none was more important than this.

2. Pauper Management; Bowring, vol. VIII, p. 427 nute : For exemples of tbe suecess of tbe fellow-instruotion principle <omplo\ing cbildren soon after they ha\c rveeivcd any brandi of instruction in tbe capacity of learners, to communicatc it to other cbildren in tlie CJipaciiy of (cacher*. >, sec Dr. Ikir* accounl ot the chnrify m-hools at Madras — Londoii, 1787 — and a pajKJr in tlie Hcitofitory, <a periodical collection in l\vo volumes, published ten or twehe yenrs ago), giving an account. of (lu; result of the use made of that principle, in a cbarily suhool, in the neighbourhood of Paris i le chevalier Paulct. Cf. Traités, Code Pénal, Mo\eus Indirects, ebap. xxl

3. Sur leducation de John Stuart Mill par son père, v. Slnart Mill, Aulobwyraphy, p. 4 sijq. ; Graham AYallas, Lifo, of Place, p. 70-77 'lettres de James Mill et journal quotidien tenu par Place pondant son séjour à la campagne chez Benthaiii,a\ee Mill) ; et Bain, John Stuart Mill a criticism : with personal recollections, pp. G-9, lettre de Stuart Mill au frère de Bentliam, sir Samuel Benlhain, eu date du 30 juillet 181'.», contenant un récit de son éducation, plus détaillé que celui de VAutobioyraphy.