IF. ofN., Introduction (vol. I, [i

11. Prlncipîe of Population, jre éd. chap. i : The most important argument that I shall adduce is certainly not new. The principles on which it dépends hâve been explained in part by Hume, and more at large by IJr. Adam Smith. It bas l)een advanced and applied to llie présent subject, liiough not with its proper weight, or in fhe most foreiljle point of view, by Mr. Wallace : and it may probably bave been slated by many writers Ihat I hâve never met with. — Cf. Préface to the Second Edition (9 the éd., 1888, p. I, le nom de Price ajouté à ceux de Hume, Smith et Wallace). — Autres précurseurs : Davenant, « Essay upon the probable means of making a people gainers in the balance of trade », 1699 (ap. Eden, State of the Poor, vol. I, p. 231j : « The bodies of men are without doubt the most valuable treasure of a country; and in their sphère, the ordinary people are as serviceable to the commonwealth as the rich, if tliey are employed in honest labour and useful arts; and, such being more in number, do more contril)utc to increase the nation's -wealth, than the liiglier rank. — But a country may be populous and get poor (as werc llie ancicnt Gauls and Scylhians) so that numbers, unless tbey are well employ(;d, make the body politic big, but unwieldy ; strong, but unaclive; as to any usesofgood government.Theirs is a wrong opinion, who think tliatmouths profit a country that consume its product : and it may be more truly affirmed, that he who does not soine way serve the commonwealth, either by being employed hiniself, or by employing others, is not only a useless, but a hurtful member to it. — As it is charity, and what indeed we owe lu liuiaan kind, to make provision for the aged, the lame, the sick, llic blind, and the impotent; so it is a justice wc owe to the corumonweallli noi to suffer such as bave health. and who miglit maintain themselves, to be drones, and livc upon lii(i laljour of others. — Cf. l'ouvrage d'Ogilvie, (jaru sans nom d'auteur, Aîi Essay itpon the Rùjlit of Property in Land, with respect to its foundation in tlie Law of Nature; its présent establisliment Ijv Ihi- municipal laws of Europe; and the Régulations by wiiicb it might be rendereil more bénéficiai tu tlie lower Ranks of Mankind, London (1781. — Sect. II. Of tlie Right of Property, as foundcd on Public Utiiity). — 15. Tiie increase of public happincss, is tlie Irue primary ubject which ouglil to claim the attention of cvery state. It is to be altained by inc nasing' the conimon standard or measure of liappiness, which every citizen may bave a chance of enjoying uiiil(!i- llie protection of the slate; and by increasing the number of citizens, who are lo enjoy this common measure of happiness. TIk- ini-n^Ki' oC opulence, nv uf

330 NOTES. (Pp. 114-1 i7)

dominion, are subordinate objects, and only to l^e pursued, as tliey tend to the increase of happiness, or of numbers; to Imth of ^vhi.li they arc in some respects, and in certain cases, unfriendly. ~ 16. Wliatever regulalions tend directly to increase the lonimon measure of happiness, enjoyed by each individual citizen, tend assiiiedly to increase the numbers of citizens. But every régulation, tending to increase the number of citizens, does not certainly tend to increase the common measure of happiness, and, in varions situations of tiie community. may tend to diminish it. The first sort of régulations, are therefore to be preferred, in case of interférence, to tlie second.

12. Townshend a même employé l'expression « principles of population », en un sens un peu différent, dans A Journey Throuf/h Spain in the years 1786 and 1787, with particular attention to the agriculture, manufactures, commeiw, ]iopulation, taxes, and revenue of that country; and remarks in passing through a part of France. By Joseph Townshend, A. M. rector of Pewsey, M'ilts ; and late of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1791 ; vol. II, pp. 207 sqq. — Joseph Townshend était le frère du politicien de la Cité,etlevoisin dt'camiiagnedelordShelburne IV. Bov\Ting, vol. X,p. 515). — Cf. Free Thoughts on despotic and free (jovemment&, as connected ivith the happiness of the governor and the govemeci, Londres, 1781, chap. IX. On jjppulation. 1. The strength and prosperity of every nation dépends upon the numberof its inhabitants.. . Mais 2. The number of inhabitants in any country will bear proportion to the ease with which the man and wife can gain subsistence, together with the personal seeurity afforded by tlie goveriiment of that country. — Toutes les citations qui suivent sont empruntées à A Dissertation on the Poor Laws, by a well vvisher to mankind, Londres, 1786 (anonyme).