Aulobiograpliy, pp

22. History of British India, Préface.— Cf. (d. ^Vils(ln, vol. I, p. 171 : With regard to tiie andent history of India, avc are slill not without resources. Tlie morilorious researches of the modem Europeans, who hâve explored tlie institutions, thelaws, the maimers, thelaws, occupations and maxims of tiiis ancient people, bave enabled philosophyto draw the pictare of Society, Avhicli they bave presented, tiirough a long révolution of years. We cannot describe the lives of their kings, or the circumslances and results of a Irain of battles. But we can sliow ho^^ tiiey lived togetiier as members of the community, and of families ; liow they were arranged in Society; wiiat arts tliey practised, what tenets Ihey believcd, wiial manners they displayed; undcr wliat species of government ihcy exisled ; and Avhat characler, as huiuan beings, they possessed. This is by far the most useful and iniporlant part of history ; and if it be true, as an acute and cloquent liistorian lias remarked, « that tiie sudden, violent, and unprepared révolutions incident to barbarians, are so much guided by caprice, and terminate so often in cruelty, that tiiey disgust us by the uniformity of liieir appearance, and it is rather forlunatc for letters tliat tiiey are buried in silence and oblivion », ^ve bave perhaps but little to regret in the lolal absence ol llindu records.

23. Uicardo à Say, 18 déc. 1817. {Mélanges et correspondance d'économie politique,. . . de J.-B. Say, p. 101 j.

24. Ciodwin présente, le 7 oct. 1814, J.-B. Say à Francis Place comme étant <i the aullior of a book in Frencli on Pdlitical Economy which is, I understand, in ail respects, equal, in sonie superior to the work of Adam Smith n (Brit. Mus. 35, 152, f. 95). Place apprend à Mill que Say est un ami de Dumont, « and has read his translation of Mr. Benthanrs work of

(P. 2-28) NOTES. 349

which he speaks liiglily » (f. 97 17 o;t. 181'ti- ■ Le 24 iiov. (f. 110), Mill fait à Say, par rintermédiaire de Place, les propositions suivantes : « He eould be prevailed upon to pay Mr. Ricardo a visit (.though at the distance of Gloucester shire) as tlie man tlie most pntfoundiy versant bolli in the tlieory and practice of political economy. But I hâve another treat for him, and, if he be a man whose (sic : with a?) passion for science, the highest treat he can meet with in this country — and that is a sight of Mr. Bentham Avho is by far undoubtedly the hrst philosopher in existence. If he vsill pay Mr. Ricardo a visit — who will treat him like a lord — I shall be able I tiiink to prevail upoa Mr. R. to accompany him hither where ^Ir. Bentham will be glad or ratlier exlremely desirous to sec them both, and where they may stay one or two, or asmany daysas they please.

— With the first édition of Mr. Say's book I liave been well acquainted since its first appearance in this country. — It is an admirable production.

— As an elementary book it is superior to Adam Smith's because the arrangement is much improved and the principles are stated most compleatly.

— In several important particulars amongst whicb was the subject of money he throws most valuable light upon the subject and evincM not only the judgment whicli could appreciate what had been discovered before him but the ^enius which could advanceandimprove the science. — Après des difBcuItés (V. encore IT. 105, 111, 117, 118), Say part pour Gatcoinb le 7 déc — James IMill écrit à Place, le 31 déc. (f. 127) : We were highly gratified with bis visit and hope that he was also pleased \vith us — indeed from bis manner I bave little doubt that he was.... He hasleft iiis addrcss with both Ricardo and with us, and begs that we may establish a correspondence which to us will be highly agreeable. — Of liis intellect, bis l)00k is a voucher — but he bears also strong marks of being a good man, a man of truth and sincerity, a rare praise for a Frenchman, and an honest lover of freedom and détester of its opposite wherever they are to be found. »

— De son côté, Place, le 15 janvier 1815 (f. 128), rend compte à Mil! des impressions de J.-B. Say : He spoke with raptureofyou ail, Mr. Benlham's Philosophy, and, as Mr. Say cxpressed it, « bis heart full of hcnevolencc in every thing » made bis eyes sparkleas he pronounced the words. — You and .Air. Ricardo arc, h(^ says, profound CL'onomists, tVom both uf you he says he bas learn.xl much lliat will be useful.... llis last words were « tell my fricnds in Dcvonshirc that I siiallendeavourto préserve Iheir good opinions by being as free from ail kinds of préjudices National, Religions, and Political as they are ». Cf, Ricardo à Malthus. 18 déc. 1814 (l$onar, p. 51.).

25. Coniinc'ixa Defended; An Answer to tlie Arguments liy which Mr. Speuce, Mr. Cobbet, and otiiers liaveattempted to provc that Commerce is not a source of National Weallli, \SQV.

26. James Mill à son tour enseigne la théorie à Ricird') qui, jusqu'à la visite de J.-B. Say, semble en avoir ignoré l'origine. V. Ricardo à Malthus 16 sept. 1814 : Mr. Mill's idea... — 2:Joct. ISli : The Ihuory of Mr. Mill. —

330 NOTES. (P|). 228-23o)

V. au contraire Principles, p. 6, et les lettres à Trower du 26 sept. 18iO et du 3 oct. 1820. — Ajoutons que Mac CuUoch a découvert (Pol. Ec, jip. 192-3 1 des précurseurs anglais de cette tliéorie : Qiœrieson Ihe Naturalisation Bill, par Tucker, 1752; S/cete/i ofthe Advance and Décline of Nations, p. 82, 1795.

27. Ed. Rev. janv. 1809 (\o\. XIII, p. 310) : It is a matter of indignation, that any thing in the shape of a ministry, or a législature, should need tlie démonstration to be repeated to them (for démonstration it is, complète as any in Euclid) of the elemcntary proposition, that monopolies are disadvantageous.