AnalyiiSf chap. XIY, sect. vi ; vol. II, p
51. Analytis, chap. XIY, sect. ii; vol. II, p. 46 : The terms, a part, and whole, imply division. Of course, the thing précèdes the name. Men divided, before they named the act, or the conséquences of the act In the act of division, or in the results of it, no mystery has erer been understood to réside. . . .The act of dividing, like ail the other acts of our body, consists in the contraction and relaxation of certain muscles. Thèse are knoisvn to us, like everything else, by the feelings. The act, as act, is the feelings; and only when confounded virith its results, is it oonoeived to be anything else.
52. Education, pp. 9-10. ^ Fragment on Mackiniosh, pp. 19-20 : The opinions of Aristotle were taught as a branch of éducation ; and the pos* session of them in the memory >vas ail that even the most instrucled men imagined they had any occasion to désire. In this benumbed and torpid State of the human mind, the appearance of such a man as Hobbes, who challenged so many received and fundamental opinions, and ezhibited his own views, with évidence and brevity, was calculated to prodace very extraordinary effects. It is hardly, as Sir James somewhere acknowledges, too much to say, that the character of modem spéculation was to a great degree determincd by the writings of Hobbes.
53. Cf. Hobbes, Computatio aive Logica, Pars I, cap. II, et Analysis, chap. IV ; vol. I. pp. 127 sqq. — James Mill copie Hobbes, éaumérant seulement les deux fonctions essentielles du langage dans Tordre inverse de celui où Hobbes les avait placées. Il est assez surprenant, après cela, que Stuart Mill semble faire particulièrement honneur à James Mil! des conceptions exposées dans ce chapitre {AnalysiSj chap. IV ; vol. I, p. 133, note).
54. La théorie de Hobbes est reprise par Dugald Stewart, par Thomas Brown, etc., etc.
55. Cf. Hobbes, Comp. sive Log, Part. I, cap. ii, 9; et Analym, chap. XIV, sect. I ; vol. II, pp. 3-4»
56. EIIEA nXEPOENTA ; or The diversions of Purley^ byJohn Horne Tooke : 1'* éd. 1787; 2* éd. 1805. — Cet ouvrage, qui est tout ensemble un livre de philosophie politique, de grammaire générale et d*étymologie, doit sa première origine à un procès de presse où Tooke, agitateur politique et américaniste, se trouva engagé en 1778; Tooke se défendit dans une « lettre à M. Dunning», par des arguments grammaticaux, se posant en « victime de deux prépositions ot d'une conjonction > (et n'est-ce pas là peut-être que Beaumarchais trouva Tidée première de sa fkmeuse scène du Mariage de Figaro ?) L'idée du titre est empruntée à Touvrage de Harris Hermès or a philosophical Inquiry concerning, Language and tniversal Grammar, 1750. — Trad. Thurot, an IV;. L'ouvrage de Harris ]>oi'tait en frontispice la figure d'un Hermès antique, et Harris expliquait
(Pp. 255-256) NOTES. 457
rtllégorie dans ane note. «Cette figure n'avait que la tète, parce qu'au* cune antre partie n*était considérée comme essentielle à la communication des idées. Les mots qui servent de moyen à la communication, étant, comme Homère les appelle très bien, des paroles ailées, ïtztct irrepoévxa, étaient représentés par les ailes du bonnet». — Oui, réplique Tooke, des paroles ailées, et qui ont pour fonction de rendre aussi rapide que possible l'expression et la communication de la pensée, c Words bave been called winged : and they well deserve that name, when their abbreviations are compared witb the progress wbich speech could make without thèse inventions ; but compared with the rapidity of thought, tbey bave not the smallest claim to that title. Philosophers bave calculated the différence of velocity between sound and light : but who will attempt to calculate the différence between speech and thought I What v?onder then that the invention of ail âges should bave been upon the stretch to add such wings to their conversation as might enable it, if possible, to keep pace in some measure with their minds. Hence chiefly the variety of words.
57. Div. ofPurley,, part. I, chap. ii (éd. 1829, vol. I, pp. 35-36).
58. Ibid,f part. II, chap. iv, mb flnem (vol. II, p. 395) : It is a trifling etymology that barely refers us to some word in another language either the same or similar... It is a childish curiosity, in wbich the understanding takes no part, and from which it can dérive no advantage.
59. Subaudition. ;6id.,part. II, chap. iv, sub finem (vol. II, pp. 393-394): En voilà assex, conclut Tooke, < to discard that imagined opération of the mindf which bas been termed Abstraction; and to prove, that what we call by that name, is merely one of the contrivances of language, for the purpose of more speedy communication.
60. Ibid,, part. I, chap. ix (vol. I, pp. 323-324 note) : sur le mauvais emploi du mot from en théologie : comment dire sans absurdité que le Saint-Esprit procède éternellement du Père, from the Falher, si le mot from implique un commencement? — et plus bas, part. n,chap. iv (vol. II, p. 121): Dans Tancienne théorie du langage, toute la métaphysique est implicitement contenue). — Part. Il, chap. v (vol. II, pp. 402 sqq.). Truth signifie étymologiquement : That wbich a man troweth. Donc a Truth supposes mankind : for whom and by whom alone the Word is formed, and to whom only it is applicable. If no man, no Truth. There is therefore no such thing as eternal, immutable, everlasting Truth». — Et part. II, chap. viii (vol. II, p. 510j : En remettant à plus tard la question du verbe, H. Tooke conclut : It is true that my evening is DOW fully come,and the night fast approaching: yet, if we shall hâve a tolerably lengthened twilight, we may still perhaps find time enough for a further conversation on this subject : and finally (if the times will bear it) to apply this System of Language to ail the différent Systems of Jletaphysical (i. e. verbal) Imposture,
458 NOTES. (Pp. 256-âo8)
61. Voir la oonclasion de la lettre à Dooning, de 1778: So verydisgasting is this kind of inquiry to tlie genenlity, that I hâve oOen tbMight it was for «aokiiid a lucky mistake (for it was a mistake) which Mr. Locke made ^iien be called his tiook, an Easay on haman Vmderdmmding. For aome part of the inestimabie benefit oC that book bas, merely <mi aasounl «f its title, reacbed to many tbousaods more tban, I fear, it wouM bare done, foad he called it (what it ts merdy; a grammaiiaU Essay, or a Treatise on Words or on Language. (Div. of Puriey, yoL. II, p. â62).
62. Thê LUerary Journal^ january 1806, art. I, pp.Bsqq. — P. 11 : Into thèse (the names of sensible objects), we bave very liltle doubt that be (Tooke) will fally convince us that ail words may be resolved. But we shall easily demonslrate that is no reason whatever for supposing that ail the opérations of the mind may be resolved into the opérations of the «enses; or as hc is pleased to term il, into ihe receiving of impressions.
63. £d, R€v,f odL 1808, p. 44 : Such of our readers as are oonver&aat wilh the philosophical doctrine of abstract terms, would do well to oonsider what it is that the word value really stands for. la tbere any abstract idea of which it is the représentative? and ^\hich abstract idea, or some modification of.it, becomes our standard of valuation? It is demonstrated, that ihere can be no such thing as an abstract idea ; aad, if any one is unacquainled with the démonstration, let him read tht' élégant and philos«jphical reasonings of Mr. Ste\%'art in his chapter on Abstraction, in the Eléments of the Phiiosophy of the Hninaii Miad; and the original and important illustrations on the formation of abstract terms, in the second volume of Mr. Horne Tooke's Diversions of Purley.
64. Il écrit à Place, le G septembre 1815 {Bnt. Mus. Add. Mss., 33, 152. f. 160) : ... She (la fille de Place) might read along\>ith>uu HorneTo»»ke's work, which is the best introduction we yet bave — though xn«>st objectionable in its form and manner — to ail the logical studies.
