MAGKINTOSH, PAINE ET GODWIN

1. Vindieiœ Galliciœ. Defence of the French Révolution and its English admirers, against the accusations of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke? including some strictures on the late production of Mons. de Calonne, by James Mackintosh, London, 1791.

2. The Rights of Man ; being an answer to Mr. Burke's attack on the French Révolution, by Thomas Paine, secretary for foreign affaira to congress in the American war : première partie, 13 mars 1791 ; seconde partie, 7 fév. 1792.

3. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its influence on gênerai virtue and happiness, 1793. La préface est datée du 7 janvier. — 2 - éd.,

4. Reflections, Works, vol. V, pp. 124-125. The nature of man is intricate; the objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity ; and therefore no simple disposition or direction of power càn be suitable eithcr to man's

nature, or to the quality of his affairs The simple governments are

fundamentally defective, to say no worse of them. If you were to contemplate society in but one point of view, ail those simple modes of polity are infinitely captivating. In effect each would answer its single end much more perfectiy than the more complex is able to attain ail its complex purposes. But it is better that the whole should be ira perfectiy and anomalously answered, than that, while some parts are provided for with great exactness, others might be totally neglected, or perhaps materially injured, by the over care of a favourite member. — p. 81 : In your old states you possessed that variety of parts corresponding with the various descriptions of which your commun ity was happily composed : you had ail that combina tion, and ail that opposition of interests, you had that action and counteraction which, in the nature and in the political world, from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers, draws out the harmony of the universe . Thèse opposed and conflicting interests which you considered as so great a blemish in your old and in our présent constitution, interpose a salutary check to ail precipitate resolutions. They render délibération, a matter not of choice, but of necessity ; they make ail change a subject of compromise, which naturally begets modération; they produce tempéraments,.. — P. 304 : We compensate, we reconcile, we balance. We are enabled to unité into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principes that are found in the minds and affairs of men. From hence arises, not an excellence in simplicity, but one far superior, an excellence in composition.

5. Letters on a Régicide Peace, letter II, on the genius and character of the French Révolution as it regards other nations. Works, vol. VIII, p. 182. — Cf. pp. 179, 181. — Cf. Vindicat. of Not. Soc. (vol. I, p. 37) : The simplest for m of government is despotism, where ail the inferior orbs of power are moved merely by the will of the Suprême, and ail that are subjected to them, directed in the same manner, merely by the occasional will of the magistrate.