W. ofN., Introduction (vol. I, p

11. PHnciple of Population, l re éd. chap. î : The most important argument that I shall adduce is certainly not new. The principles on which it dépends hâve been expia ined in part by Hume, and more at large by Dr. Adam Smith. It has been advanced and applied to the présent subject, though not with its proper weight, or in the most forcible point of view, by Mr. Wallace ; and it may probably hâve been stated by many writers that I hâve never met with.— Cf. Préface to the Second Edition (9 the éd., 1888, p. I, le nom de Price ajouté à ceux de Hume, Smith et Wallace). — Autres précurseurs : Davenant, « Essay upon the probable means of making a people gainers in the balance of trade », 1699 (ap. Eden, State of the Poor, vol. I, p. 231) : « The bodies of men are without doubt the most valuable treasure of a country ; and in their sphère, the ordinary people are as serviceable to the commonwealth as the rich, if they are employed in honest labour and useful arts; and, such being more in number, do more contribute to increase the nation's wealth, than the higher rank. — But a country may be populous and get poor (as were the ancient Gauls and Scythians) so that numbers, unless they are well employed, make the body politic big, but unwieldy; strong, but unactive; as to any usesof good government.Theirs is a wrong opinion, who think thatmouths profit a country that consume its product : and it may be more truly affirmed, that he who does not some way serve the commonwealth, either by being employed himself, or by employing others, is not only a usëless, but a hurtful member to it. — As it is charity, and what indeed we owe to human kind, to make provision for the aged, the lame, the sick, the blind, and the impotent: so it is a justice we owe to the commonwealth not to suffer such as hâve health, and who might maintain themselves, to be drones, and live upon the labour of others. — Cf. l'ouvrage d'Ogilvie, paru sans nom d'auteur, An Essay upon the Right ofProperty in Land, with respect to its foundation in the Law of Nature; its présent establishment by the municipal laws of Europe ; and the Régulations by which it. might be rendered more bénéficiai to the lower Banks of Mankind, London (1781. — Sect. II. Of the Right of Property, as founded on Public Utility). — 15. The increase of public happiness, is the true primary object which ought to claim the attention of every state. It is to be attained by increasing the common standard or measure of happiness, which every citizen may hâve a chance of enjoying under the protection of the state; and by increasing the number of citizens, who are to enjoy this common measure of happiness. The increase of opulence, or of

dominion, are subordinate objecta, and oaly to be pursaed, as they tend to the increase of happiness, or of numbers; to both of which they are in some respects, and in certain cases, unfriendly. — 16. Wha lever régulations tend directly to increase the common measure of happiness, enjoyed by each individual citizen, tend assuredly to increase the numbers of citizen». But every régulation, tending to increase the number of citizens, does not certainly tend to increase tbe common measure of happiness, and, in varions situations of the community, may tend to diminish it. The first sort of régulations, are therefore to be preferred, in case of interférence, to the second.

12. Townshend a même employé l'expression c principles of population 9, en un sens un peu différent, dans A Journey Through Spam in theyears 1786 and 4787, with particular attention to the agriculture, manufactures, commerce, population, taxes, and revenue of that country; and remarks in passing through a part of France. By Joseph Townshend, A. M. rertor of Pewsey, Wilts ; and la te of Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1791 ; vol. II, pp. 207 sqq. — Joseph Townshend était le frère du politicien de la Cité, et le voisin de campagne de lord Shelburne (y. Bowring, vol. X, p. 515). — Cf. Free Thoughis on despotic and free governments, as connected with the happiness of the govemor and the governed t Londres, 1781, chap. IX. On population. 1. The strength and prosperity of every nation dépends upon the number of its inhabitants... Mais 2. The number of inhabitants in any country will bear proportion to the ease with which the man and wife can gain subsistence, together with the personal security afforded by the government of that country. — Toutes les citations qui suivent sont empruntées à A Dissertation on the Poor Laws, by a well wisher to mankind, Londres, 1786 fanonyme).