Ire éd., chap. i

52. Cette objection à la philosophie politique de Paine trouve une sorte de confirmation dans le passage suivant des Rights of Man, Part 11, Introduction : Its (America's) first settlers were emigrants from différent European nations, and of diversified professions of religion, retiring from the governmental persécutions of the old world, and meeting in |he new, not as enemies, but as brotbers. The wants whick necessarUy accompany the cultivation of a wiidemess produced among them a state of scciety which countries long harassed by the quarrels and intrigues of governments had neglected to cherisli. In such a situation man becomes what he ought. He sees his species, not with the inhuman idea of a natural enemy, but as a kindred ; and the example shows to the artificiel world that man must go back tû nature for information. — Cf. A letter to Samuel WhUbread, esq., M. P., on his proposed bill for the amendement of the Poor Laws, London, 1807, p, 11 : The moral obligation of private, active, and discriminate charity I hâve endeavoured to enforce in the strongest language of which I was capable ; and if I hâve denied the natural right of the poor to support, it is solely, to use the language of Sir F. M. Eden after his able and laborious Enquiry into the State of the Poor, because c it may be doubted whether any right, the gratification of which seems to be impraticable, can be said to exist ».

53. Cité par Bonar : Malthus and hn work y p. 76. Cf. la réponse de Malthus à l'Emigration Committee, 1827 . On demande à Malthus: What circums tances in your opinion contribut to produce a taste for comfort and

cleanliness among people ? — Malthus répond : Civil and political liberty and éducation. '

54. Godwin, Thoughts occasioned by... Dr. Parr\ Spital Sermon, pp. 73-74.

55. Essay, l r * éd., ch. xvm, p. 367 : It is probable, that too great, or too little excitement, extrême poverty, or too great riches, may be alike unfavourable in this respect. The middle régions of society seem to be best suited to intellectual improvement; bat it is contra ry to the analogy of ail nature, to expect that the whole of society can be a middle région. The tempera te zones of the earth seem to be the most favourable to the mental, or corporeal énergies of raan; but ail cannot be temperate zones. — p. 368 : Though we cannot possibly expect to exclude riches and poverty from society ; yet if we could find out a mode of government, by which the numbers in the extrême régions would be lessened, and the numbers in the middle régions increased, it would be undoubtedly our duty to adopt it... (Mais)... the extrême parts could not be diminished beyond a certain degree, without lessening that animtted exertion throughout the middle parts, which is the very cause, that they are the most favourable to the growth of intellect. If no man could hope to rise, or fear to fall, in society; if industry did not bring with it its reward, and idleness its punishment, the middle parts would not certainly be what they now are. — Malthus écrivait déjà dans the Crisis : « It appears to me that nothing can save the Constitution but the revival of the true whig principles in a body of the community sufûciently numerous and poworful to snatch the object of contention from the opposing factions... The only hope that Great Britain has, is in the returning sensé and reason of the country gentlemen, and middle classes of society. »

56. Ann. Beg. 1796, pp. 47 sqq. ; 1807, pp. 128 sqq. — Le 11 fév. 1800, Pitt déclare que, tout en considérant toujours son Poor Bill comme bon, il l'abandonne en considération des objections de « those whose opinions he was bound to respect », c'est-à-dire, selon Bonar (Malthus, p. 43), Bentham et Malthus. — Malthus opère la conversion de Paley (v. Princ. of Pop., book IV, chap. xm, p. 568).

57. A letter to Samuel Whitbread, esq. M. P., on his proposed bill for the amendment of the Poor Laws. Londres, 1807.