Mill à Napier, 10 sept 1819 (Bain, p

6. Stuart Mill. Autobiography, p. 27 ; et lettre de Ricardo à J.-B. Say, 18 août 1815 (ap. Lettres de J.-B. Say, pp. 95-96).

7. Bowring, vol. X, p. 498 ; et ce qui suit : I was often tête à tête with

Ricardo. He woold bonow ai sàqpennj book instead of hoying iU There was an efundtemml hetween os. We used t© walk together in Hyde Park, and he reported to me what passed in tbe House of Commons. He had several fîmes întended to quote tbe Frrwjrmnê; but bis courage failed him. as he told me... Gonsidering our intereourse* it was natural be shoaW grée me a copy of bis book (on Rentj — tbe devil a bit !

8. Ricardo, Prineiptes, Premee r p. 1. — Lauderdale dans l'Introduction de son Inquiry de 1801 redit, de 1819 r p. 3> conserve Faneienne définition: Public Economy,. which professes to teaeh tbe means of inereasîng tbe wealth of tbe State, and of applying it to tbe most useful purposes — (et p. 115) : Politieal Economy, tbe science which professes to display and to teacb tbe means of increasing tbe wealth of a state.

9. Toynbee, Indusirial Betwluliom, p. 6 : Of tbe influences which determined Ricardo to adopt tbe metbod of purelj abstract reasonîng, tbe inteUectnal ascendency obtained over him by James Mill was one of tbe strongest. The metbod of déduction and abstract analysis was that of tbe whole schools of thinkers, to whom he was so closely related, — Bentham, Mill, Austin ; and it is significant that Sir H. Maine, who bas appiied tbe historical metbod with so much persévérance to tbe légal théories of Bentham and Austin, should hâve turned aside more than once to critieise Ricardo- from tbe same point of view.

10. An Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals* section 111, Part. II, note \E$says> éd. Green, vol. II, pp. 100-101).

11. Quesnay. Le Droit Naturel , chap. m, de l'inégalité du droit naturel des hommes. — Burke iThoughts and Détails on Setircity ; Works, vol. II, pp. 356-357), Toit dans l'harmonie des intérêts économiques un ordre providentiel : c We, the people, ought to be made sensible, that it is not in breaking the laws of commerce, which are the laws of nature, and consequently the laws of God, that we are to place our hope of soflening the Divine displeasure, to remove any calamity under which we suffer, or which hangs over us ». Mais Burke avait étudié les Physioerates.

lî. L'Ordre Naturel et Essentiel des Sociétés politiques, chap. xvm.

13. Sur la formation et la distribution des richesses, Y, XXII.

14. Progr. de fEsp. Humain, 9 e époque. — Cf. 8° époque : cette science nouvelle a été portée par Stewart, par Smith, et surtout par les économistes français, du moins pour la précision et la pureté des principes, à un degré qu'on ne pouvait espérer d'atteindre si promptement après une si longue indifférence. — C'est également l'opinion de Buchanan, en 1814, dans son édition d'Adam Smith, que la France, à la différence de l'Angleterre, possède une école d'économistes : v. vol. IV : Observations on,.. Dr. Smilh's... Wealth of Nations, p. II : In France the subject was moro atudied^ and on many important questions, the doctrines of the French writers are in the highest degree libéral and enlightened. They were. undoub-

btedly the firgt to perçoive that humao laws, in order to be useful, must necessarily conform to thoee more gênerai laws, on which society is founded; and that the true object ofthe legislator is to upbold the social system as itis already constituted, in place of interfering to regnlate or to alter the natural course of things according to his ownlimited notions ofexpediency. — - Mais, à côté d'autres erreurs : It may be also remarked of the French authcrs, that however consistently they maintain the doctrine of the freedom of trade, they seem to deduce it from the principles rather of abstract right, than of gênerai expediency. In this strain, Turgot remarks, in a letter to Dr. Price (Œuvres, t. IX, p. 383), in which he blâmes the newly established government of America for régula tin g trade, for authorising exclusive corporations, and for prohibiting the exportation of certain commodities, « que la loi de la liberté entière de tout commerce est un corollaire du droit de propriété ». It was to justice rather than to policy, that they looked for the perfection of civil society : and they generally reason in référence to this principle.

15. Germain Garnier, Abrégé élémentaire des principes de l'économie politique, an IV (1796), p. 3.