les guerres d^ Afrique, the African wars (of

France). Thèse were at first wars of repression against the Pirate states of Barbery; then for the conquest of Algiers which was not fuUy accomplished until under the reign of Napoléon III.

de Criméey the Crimean war, in which France and Sardinia helped England and Turkey to prevent Russia from asserting herself at tlie expense of Turkey. The war ended with the surrender of Sebastopol, but its final résulta were nil.