AS
GEOGBAPHIOAL INDEX.
Si emperor of Bussia, bom Demmber 22, 1777, asoendedtiie throne on the death of his father, in Maroh, 1801. This humane and jnstly popnlar monarch always displayed a great regard for literatore and the arts, which floarished during his reign.
His death took place snddenly, in November, 1825, at Taganrog, on the sea of Azof.
JLlps, the highest monntains in Europe, diyide Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany. There are but few passes over them, and those are of diffîcult access.
The St. Bernard pass was crossed successfully by a numerous French army under the command of Napoléon Bonoparte, in
JLnselm, archbishop of Can-
terbury in the reigns of
William Buf us and Henry I.,
was bom at Aosta, Pied-
mont, in 1033. He died at
Ganterbury in 1109, and was oanonised in the reign of HenxyVn.
JLoBta, principal eity of tha dnchy of the same name, is litnated in a moantainons district, on the rightbank of the Dora Baltea river, and on the high road irom tiie pass of St. Bernard to Turin. Population abont 5,500. Aosta is the birthplace of St. Anselm, archbishop of Ganterbuiy.
Braffança, a city of Portugal, capital of a duchy of the same name, is seated on the little river Ferrenza.
The duchy of Bragança was constituted in 1442, and the possessor of the title was raised to the throne of Portugal in 1640, and bas continued in succession to the présent time.
Canoaana, a chain of monntains extending from the Black Sea to the Gaspian.
Their tops are alwajB covered with snow.
Cbalaos, a village of Savoy.
BIOGRAPHIOAL AKD GEOOBAPHIOAL INDEX. 189
Dnring the AOddle Ages the lords of Ghalans were reckoned among the most powerful noblemen of the province.
Clftambery, the capital of Sayoy, i» sitnated on the Leisse, in a delightfol ▼alley. It was ahnost bumt down in 1781.
CbarveiiBod, a mountain in the Alps, near the St. Bernard paBs.
C9ottlii (Sophie Bistaud, dame), a oelebrated French writer, was hom at Tonneins in 1772. At the âge of eighteen she married a rioh banker of Bordeaux, and was left a widow at iwenty-two. She died at Paris in 1807. Her principal Works are, ** Mathilde," «•Oiaire d'Albe," "Malvina," **AméHe Mansfield," and ** Elisabeth, ou les exilés de Sibérie."
Danube, one of the largest riyers in Europe, has its source at Donaneschingen, in the Black Forest. In its vast course it receives sixty lirers, mostlj navigable, besides 125 small streams, and empties itself by several outlets into the Black Sea, in which the current of its waters may be sensibly observed for several miles.
Bkaterinbnrg', a town of Bussia, capital of a province of the same name, in the govemment of Perm, is |
situated at the f oot of the Ural mountains, on the Asiatic side, near the source of the Isset, 310 miles W.S.W. of Tobolsk.
Ctoneva, one of the finest towns in Switzerland, on the Bhone, and the west extremity of the Léman or Geneva Lake, is the capital of the canton of the same name. The inhabitants ef Geneva carry on a great trade, and among others, the watchmaking business is particularly flourishing.
CUordano ^Xinoa), anitalmn painter ; Dom at Naples in 1632, died in 1705. The Works of Luca Giordano are extremely numerous; one of the finest is the grand altar-piece in the church of the Ascension at Naples, representing the Battle of the Angels.
CUnrffeTO or OuirdeaoT, a town of Walachia (Boumania), near which the Bussians gained a victory over the Turks in 1771. It is situated on the Danube, 40 miles south-west of Bucharest.
Hungrary, a kîngdomforming an important part of the Austro-Hungarian em-
Sire. The crown is hereitary in the house of Austria.
Zaobiiii, a village in the government of Tobolsk (Siberia).
BIOOBAPHIOAXi AMD
Zaïnall, a strongiown on the
north side of the Dannbe.
S The Bnssiaiis took it by
^ Btorm in 1790, and it is said that the long siège and the capture did not cost them fewer than 20,000 men.
The brave garrison merited the highest hononrs, but they were massacred by the Bossians, and the ci^ was abandoned to the fnry of the brutal soldiery.
Xbama or Xama, a large navigable river of Bussia, has its source in the Ural mountaîns, and falls into the Volga.
Xamouiobeir, a small town in Asiatic Bussia.
Mlev or MleWf a town of European Bussia, capital of a government of the same name, is situated on Dnieper, 180 miles N.E. of Eaminieck and 335 S.E. of Warsaw. Hère are cataoombs of considérable extent, dug through a mass of hardened clay, in which thousands of Bussian saints are exposed and venerated by the faithful.
Jadmne or Xielsse, a smaU river of Savoy, flows at Ghambery, and thence into the lake of Bourget.
lAmb (Cbarles), an eminent writer of essays and eriticisms ; was bom in 1774 in Lincolnshire, and educated at Ohrist's Hospital, where he remained
seven years. He died at Edmonton, Deoember 27, 1834, in the 61st year of bis âge.
Kangruedoo, a province in the S. of France, induding the departments ITpper Garonne, Aude, Héraut, Gard, Lozère, and Ardèche, extends on the east to the Bhone, and on the west to the Pyrénées. The Upper or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capital, and the lower or Eastem Montpellier.
Malstre (Josepli, comte de), a oelebrated writer of phUosophy and politics, and the eldest brother of Xavier de Maistre, was bom at Ghambery in 1754. The following are his chief Works : — ** Oonsidérations sur la France," published in 1796; "Essay sur le principe générateur des Gonstitutions," in 1807 ; " Du pape," in 1819 ; "Les soirées de et. Pétersbourg," 1821; *< L'Eglise Gallioane,"
Maorioe (Saint), commander of the Theban Légion.
SufFered' martyrdom in 286.
Saint-Maurice is the patron of a celebrated order of the kingdom of Italy, oreated byBmmanuelFhiUbert,duke of Savoy, to reward military merit, and approved by Gregory XIII. in 1672.
Mlobaad (Joeepli), Frenoh
GSOaBAPHIOAL INDXZ.
hifftorian and poet, bom in 1767, died 1889. Hewroto in collaboration with his brother Louis a **Biographie UniYerselle," bat bis master-pieoe is the ** Histoire des Croisades," pnblisbed iEom 1811 to 1822.
Eoseour, tbe capital of tbe goyemment of the same name, and formerly of the whole Bussian empire, is the centre of the inland commerce of Bnssia, particolarly Connecting the trade between Europe and Siberia. The navigation to this city is formed by the Hoskwa, which flows into the Occa, near Eolomna, and ihat river commtmicates with the Volga, and also by a canal to the Don.
aplea, anciently Partiienope, afterwards Neapolis, one of the finest cities of the kingdom of Italy; was taken by the French in Jannary, 1799, but retaken by the British fleet, nnder Lord Nelson^ in the Jnne following.
a river of Bussia, which issues from Lake Ladova, flows to Petersbnrg, whence it divides into several branches before throwing itself into the golf of Finland. That riv6r is in many places nearly 300 yards wide, it is also deep, rapîd, and as transparent ascrystal.
VUnti iroTToro^t a oity ol Bnssia, capital of the govemment -of the same name; is seated at the confluz of the Occa with the Volga, 230 miles É.by N. of Moscow. Novogorod, which is the see of an arch« bishop, has two cathedrals, thirty parish ohnrohes, and ten convents.
Oka or , Ooea, a river in Bnssia, falls into the Volga at Nlznei Novogorod.
Onefflla or Onellle, a seaport of Italy, is seated at the month of the Impériale, 55 miles sonth-west of Genoa. In 1792 the French took it by storm.
Otoliakoff or Ooxakow, a seaport on the Black Sea, on the N. side of the estuary ol the Dnieper, opposite Einbnm. The Bussians took it by storm in 1788, and it was confirmed to them by the subséquent peace.
Paul X,, emperor of Bussla, son of Peter m. and Catherine II., bom in 1754, Bucceeded his mother on thelTth November, 1796.
The following is a characteristic picture of that strange monarch :— Every day, in the court of the palace, in a plaln deep green uniform, great boots, and a large hat, he spends his moming in exercising his guards. Surrounded with his sons and aides-de-
BIOGRiLPHIOAL AND
eamp, etamping his heels on the pavement to keep himaelf warm, his bald head bare, his snnb nose eoeked npto the wind, one hand behind his baek, and with iheother raising and falling his eane in due time, and erjing One ! two I One !
twof heprides himself in braving a oold of fifteen degrees Béanmnr withont fora. On the night of March 22, 1801, Paul was foond dead in his bed, and, thongh it was giyen ont that he was eut ofF bya ■troke of apoplezy, it is nowgenerally known tbat he was cQspatohed by strangling.
Z., or llie Oreat, emperorof Bnssia, wasthe son of Gzar Alexis Bfiohaelowitoh. He was bom at Moscow in 1672, and asoended the throne in 1682 at the âge of ten. Thia great monarch is the f ounder of Bussian greatness.
He did not oivil{«6 a nation, which long afterwards retained many traces of barbarism, bnt he ronsed it from itstorpor, gayeitthe means of fatnre improvement, and was the principal anthor of that poHtioal importance which it has since obtained. He died Jannary 28, 1726.
(8t.), the capital
of BuBsia, and the rei of the emperor, is s on the river Neva, n golf of Finland. So ^e beginning of lai tnrythe groond on Petersbnrg now 8tan( onlyavastmorass, oc by a few fishermen'f Peter the Great bei bnild this city in 17(
Piedmont, now an 1 part of the kingdom o was at the time a pality belonging to ti of Bardinia. It oc many high mon among which are ri< froitfol valleys. Tw the capital.
Pc, the principal ri Italy, has its son Mount Yiso, one < Alps, from whence i in several meandi Turin, where it recer Doria, and, contin nortiiem course, te vazzo, tums east passing l^rough Pie< Milan, Parma, Id Ferrara, and Venice ties itself by several nels into the Adriatif
9ugtLté»kefl, a Gossac!
pretended to be the ei Peter m., headed i serions rébellion i southem part of I Tïda revolt, after c great dévastations, a loB8 of numbers oi
GEOGBAPmaAL INDEX.
WM finaUgr ended by the captiire of Pngatcheff ai the dose ol 1774.
liAnie, a amall village of Pîadmont, in the provinoe of Aoata.
a large and flonrisLing town of Bnscda, 810 miles floaih-west of St. Petersbazg, ia the capital of the gOTOimnent of Iiiyonia. It stands on the riyer Dwina, fi?6 miles from its month, in a golf of the Baltic.
BIga is, next to Petersbnrg, the most important eommeroial entrepôt of the whole empire.
oltorto, an Alpine glacier, near the St. Bernard pass.
alnt-méal (Gésar-Blchard de), a celebrated French writer on Boman history, philoBophy, politios, and morals. Died 1692.
alate-Ben^e (Charles-Augustin), a French poet and eritic, hozn Deoember 28, 1804 ; died Ootober 18, 1869. His '* Portraits littéraires," " Ganseries dn Lundi," and ** Nouyeaux Lundi," haye secured him a distiiognished rank unong the best contemporary writers.
(Saint-Francis of), bishop and prince of Geneya, was bom August 12, 1567. A successful Bomanist missionary, he held conférences with Beza, and preached at Paris be-
fore king Henry lY. He was made bishop of Geneva in 1602. His principal Works are: ** Introduction à la yie dévote," and ** Traité de l'amour de Dieu." He died in 1622.
BwLVOT, a tract of land between Italy and France, on the west side of the Alps, was annexed to the latter countryin 1860. The l^eatest part of Savoy oonsists of high, rocky, and barren mountains ; but the little valleys that He between the mountains produce some oom and more pasture.
Slberia, a large, barren, and desolate country, comprehending the northem part of the Bussian empire in Asia. It is the place to which crimina]s, as well as personsunder the displeasure of the court, are commonly banished from Bussia.
Sonwarow or Bnwarow (Alexander Yasilievitch, oount), a Bussian fieldmarshal, was bom in November, 1729, and died
Sterne f Laurence), a celé* brated numorist writer, was bom at Glonmel (Ireland), in 1718. He published:
"Idfe and opinion of Tristam Shandy," "Sentimental joumey through France and Ifcaly,'* and two
144 BIOORAPmCAIi AND GEOORAFHIOAL INDEX.
Yolumes of " SezmonB." He died in 1768.
TclioiuoTa, a river in Enropean liossia, falls into the Volga.
Tobol, a river in Asiatio BoBsia, has given its name to the town and govemment of TobolcJi.
Tobolsk, a considérable and popnlons city of BoBsia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at présent of the govemment of Tobolsk, is sitoated at the confluence of the rivers Tobol and Irtisoh, 1,100 miles east by north of Moscow, and 1,200 east by sonth of Petersburg.
Tarin, a rich and flonrishing town of the kingdom of Italy, was for a long time the capital of the dominions of the king of Sardinia. In 1798, the French Bepnblioan army took possession of this eity, seized ail the strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and obliged the king to remove to âieisl^ndof Sardinia. Turin was restored to the king of Sardinia in 1814.
Vkralne, a province of Bussia, including the govemment of Eiov,is mostly inhabited by Gossacks. Its name signifies AfronHer,
mral Mountalna, a ohtàn
of moimtains extending
i^âZQ the 50th to nearly
the 67th degree of latitude, or about miles, forms a consi part of the bo between Europe and
Vangrelaji (Claude-Fa a most accurate and French writer and bom 1585 ; died 165 was author of two i ant Works, **Ben sur la langue frai a master-piece of e] and solidity ; and ** < Gurce, de la vie actions d'Alexand grand, traduit du which appeared afi death, and was one first good bocks wri French with pur language.
Vladimir or Volèdin capital of the govei of the same name, if ted on the river EJ 110 miles east by n* Moscow. The surro oountry is extremely and in the fores immeasurable swai bées.
Volgra, a river of ] which forms part boundary between ] and Asia, is suppose tiie largest river in I By means of the Vol river Tvertza and s thence to the Neva is a navigable comn tion between the C . 8ea and the Baltic.
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