Judieial Establishment (Bowring, vol. II, p

33. Truth versus Ashhurst ; or Law as it is, contrasted with what it is said to be (written in dec. 1792, first published in 1823). Bowring, vol. V, pp. 233 sqq. — Ashhurst affirme 1° qu'il n'y a pas d'homme si humble qui ne soit sous la protection de la loi. — Et les frais de justice ? demande Bentham. — 2° Que le droit anglais n'impose de restrictions aux actions des individus que celles qui sont nécessaires à la sécurité et au bon ordre de la société en général. — Et les game-laws ? Et le //6e/ law ? — 3° Que nous ne sommes liés par aucunes lois si ce n'est condamnés par le consentement virtuel du royaume entier — Virtuel ? qu'est-ce à dire ? réel ou imaginaire ? — 4° Que nous ne sommes liés par aucunes lois qu^ tout homme n'ait le moyen de connaître. — Malheureusement il se trouve que la loi commune est inconnaissable par définition.

34. Bentham, View of the Hard Labour Bill ; Bowring, vol. IV, p. 5.

35. View of the Hard Labour Bill; being an abstract of a pamphlet, intituled, a draught of a bill, to punish by imprisonment and hard labour certain offenders; and to establish proper places for their réception » : interspersed with observations relative to the subject of the above draught in particular, and to pénal jurisprudence in gênerai, 1778. — Voir la Préface (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 3) : <t When the proposed Bill, of which the ensuing sheets are designed to give a view, first fell into my hands, I was employed in finishing a work of some bulk, in which I hâve been treating the subject of punishment more at large On this account,

Lad I been at liberty with respect to time, I should rather hâve w ished to hâve published the whole together first, before I had detached from it thèse scattered fragments. The publication, however, of the proposed bill in question, with the intelligence that accompanied it, effectually precluded

any such option "When I had read Mr. Howard's book on Prisons,

one fruit of it was a wish still more earnest than what I had been led to entertain from theory, to see some gênerai plan of punishment adopted, in which solitary confinement might be combined with labour ». — John Howard, State of the Prisons in England and Wales, with Preliminary Observations and an Account of some Foreign Prisons, 1777, 'YYarrington, — L'opuscule de Bentham est signalé en France par Brissot, Théorie des lois criminelles, vol. I, p. 182 : « Il parait qu'on s'occupe très sérieusement en Angleterre du soin d'adoucir le sort des criminels ; on a passé un bill qui a pour but de punir par l'emprisonnement et le travail certains coupables, et d'établir des places propres pour les recevoir. — Jérémie Bentham, Anglais, a pablié en 1779 des observations sur ce bill. Il y en a d'excellentes, il y en a de ridicules. L'emploi de la musique, qu'il conseille les jours de dimanche, me parait une voie non pas tout à fait capable d'épurer une âme gangrenée, mais au moins d'adoucir peu à peu la férocité d'un scélérat. L'influence de la musique, telle que l'ont décrite les anciens, n'est qu'une fable ; mais l'influence de la musique sur nos sens, et celle de nos sens sur notre âme sont également incontestables : le législateur peut donc l'employer. — Howard était un ami de Bentham : v. Bowring, vol. XI, p. 93 : Howard was his intiinate friend — a friend delighted alike to find and to acknowledge in him a superior benelicent genius. — Cf. Bentham à Stewart, 27 juin 1783 i Bowring, vol. X,

pp. 129, 131) : ... our excellent friend Mr. Howard I took the liberty,

as you may perhaps remember, of claiming kin to you and Mr. Howard as a kind of brother of the trade, which I certainly am, as far as endea vours go, at least, however inferior in point of means. — George ^'ilson à Bentham, 24 sept. 1786 (Bowring. vol. X, p. 164; : You will see by the papers that there is a large subscription to erect a statue to your friend Howard, who is now making a tour of the Lazarettos for the plague in the Levant. Jonas Hanway another of your fellow-labourers, but at some distance, is dead. — V. le bel éloge de Howard, PanopUcon. Postcript, Part II, Principles and plan of management. Section I. Leading positions (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 121) : ... A regular System of prison management... is... still is exécute. Mr. Howard's publications présent no such work. Tbey affoid a rich fund of materials; but a quarry is not a bouse. My vénérable friend was much better employed than in arranging words and sentences. Instead of doing what so many could do if they would, what he did for the service of mankind. was what scarce any man could hâve donc, and no man would do but himself. In the scale of moral désert, the labours of the legislator and the writer are as far below his, as earth is below heaven. His was the truly Christian choice ; the lot, in which is to be

330 NOTES. (Pp. 146-149)

found the least of that which sellish nature covets, and the most of what it shrinks from. His Kingdom was of a better world he died a martyr, after living an apostle.

36. Constitutional Code ; Bowring, vol. IX, p. 605; cf. Bowring, vol. X, p. 86.

37. Sur le Panopticon, v. Bowring, vol. IV, p. 37 sqq. : Panopticon or the Inspection House ; containing the idéal of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection ; and in particular to penitentiary-houses, prisons, houses of indnstry, work-houses, poor-houses, manufacturier, mad houses, lazarettos, hospitals and schools : with a plan of management adapted to the principle : in a séries of letters, written in he year 1787, from Crecheff in white Russ;a, to a friend in England. (1787-1791) — et les opuscules postérieurs : Panopticon versus New South Wales (vol. IV, pp. 173 sqq. : A plea for the Constitution (vol. IV, pp. 249 sqq.). — Cf. Dans les Traitas : Panoptique, mémoire sur un nouveau principe pour construire des maisons d'inspection et nommément des maisons de force (c'est le mémoire envoyé par Bentham en 1791 à l'Assemblée législative de France, et imprimé sur l'ordre de la législative. — Le mémoire est sommaire, le traité original est confus : la théorie des fins d'un système pénitentiaire (Bowring, vol. IV, p. 46 : safe custody, labour. — Vol. IV, p. 47 : confinement, punishment, reibrmation, pecuniary economy, — plus de détails dans le Post-Scriptum, vol. IV, pp. 122-123j est indécise et variable. — Pour une expression rigoureuse des principes, voir James Mill, l'article Prisons and Prison Discipline du Ve supplément de l'Encyclopédie britannique.