KS
Liue 14. — cacliot.— Dungeon — darkcell; sonietimes called '\>\ soldiers
"tlîeblackhole." Line lô.— jour.— D^y-light.
Line 16.— haliits de reclia.Mge.— Change of clothes. Liue 24.— avaiïteiiient.— Promotiou.
Line 26.— simple.— Privute.
Line 29. — qwe relevait &c.— Which was still further increased
etc. See note, p. 2, 1. 20.
Line 30.— défilait.— Marched past.
Line 32.— on terait &c.— That man would make. Line 34.— ii-réflécliie. — Thoughtless. In woixls lieginning witli
■<,rr uuih r's are aounded.
CHAPTEE n.
causes of the ebench bevolution — peeling of the diffebent classes — the excitement of the loweb oedees — the national assembly convoked — the îvhlitaey summoned to versailles — the attack on the bastille — conduct of the feench gu.\bds — hoche
tbue to his flag the guabds disbanded — hoche becomes" seb-
geant-majob of the national guaed — the festival at veesailles — excitement in p-\bis — the women of paeis maech ïo \'eesarllep — the p.alace invadeû — conduct of hoche.
Page ô.
Line 6. — d'exposer. — To esplain.
Line 12, — nés. — Produced — literally, boin.
Line 13. — charges. — Burdens, i.e., taxes.
Line 14. — la participation &c. — That tlie counti-y should bave a voice in the imposition of taxes and the work of législation.
Line 19. — sans lieiu-ter de. — Without conflicting with.
Line 20. — blesser. — Offending.
Line 22. — séculaires. — Vénérable.
Line 24. — droits acquis — Vested rights.
Line 28. — fort avant &c. — ^Deep down in the heart of the masses.
Line 33. — et que &c. — In EugUsh it is improper to connect a relative clause with a participial clause by means of the eon. junction and, although this construction is not unfrequently met with. This usage, however,isquitecommon in Frcnch, and numerous examples may be fouud in this author.
Line 34. — à force de &c. — In conséquence o" eanug every day vigurous déclamations.
Page 6.
Liue 1. — et revindîqiier JL*c. — Aud claims made on bebalf of ail for i^-c.
Liue 3. — ^^ue fussent — ne is used witbout pas \vith tlie snbjunctive aftcr que or qui wlieu it may be trauslated by but or that not.
Line 6.— discipline— Kestraint.
Line 6. — il était à prévoir. — Tt might bave been foreseen.
Liue 12. — li'Assemblée nationale &c. — In May, 1780, Louis XVI. convoked tbe States- General, which had not met for nearly 200 years. Tbis body consisted of représentatives of tbe nobilit}-, clerj^y, aud commons, or Tiers-Etat, as tbe latter were called. It bad f ormerly been tbe custom for tbe représentatives to vote by orders, but as tbis plan woiild hâve effectually prevented tbe commons from exercising any influence, tbey demanded tliat tbe votes sbould be taken by members. Tbis demand was refused by the other orders, and tbe représentatives of tbe Tiers-Etat thereupon witbdrew, and, on tbe 17tb of June, declared tbemselves " L'Assemblée nat'.onale et constituante."
Line 20. — Lauis XVI. — Grandson of Louis XV., married Marie Antoinette, an Austrian prineess, in 1770 ; ascended the throne 1771. The Révolution broke out in 1789, and in 1790 the king was taken from Versailles and kept a prisoner in the palace of the Tuileries. He was afterwards transferred to the Temple, and in 1793 he was tried, condenmed, and executed.
Line 23. — cédait. — ^Verbs of tbe first conjugation whose stem ends in a single consonant preceded by e acute, change tbis iuuj e grave before the e mute endings. See D. F., 201.
Line 25. — compatibles. — Consistent.
Line 27. — devoii- de roi.— Duty as king.
Line 37. — opposèrent, «Sic. — Opposed the insurrection of the multitude to the threat of bayonets ; or more freely — met the threat of bayonets by a gênerai rising of the people.
Page 7.
Line 1. — l'arbitraire. — Arbitrary authôrity.
I3<^ ' NOTKS.
Line 5. — Bastille. — Tins famous prisou was originally the castle of Paris, and was built by Charles V., about 1380, at the Porte St. Antoine, as a defence against the English. After it came to be used as a State-prison, it was greatly strengthened. Thoiigh capable of containing only seventy or eighty prisoners, it must be remembered that thèse were always persons of importance, who had falleu victims to political despotism, court intrigue, ecclesiastical tyranny, or family quarrels, and who had been placed hère by virtue of lettres de cachet, the name given to the famous warrants of imprisonment issuedby the kings of France, especially Louis XIV. Thèse were sealed with the king's small seal {cachet), and in them the royal pleasure was niade known to individuals and corporations, and the administration of justice thus frequently interfered with. The lieutenant-genei-al of the police kept forms of lettres de cachst ready sealed, in which it was only necessai-y to iusert the name of the individual to be arrested.
Line 33. — licenciés. — Disbanded.
Line 36. — ^^ Fayette. — The Marquis of La Fayette, at the âge of twenty, went to America, and took part in the war of independence. After his return he was made commander of the National Gruard. In 1789 he adopted the popular.side, but by his modération and his denimciation of the extrême measures of the revolutionary leaders, he incurred the enmity of the Jacobins and was compelled to flee. He was afterwards imprisoned by the Austrians, but was released through the influence of Napoléon. He retttrned to France, but took no part in public life until after the death of Napoléon. He was a prominent actor in the Eevolution of 1830, and died in 1834, on whicli occasion, as a tribute of respect to his memory and gratitude for his seiwices, the American Cougress went into mouruing for thirty days.
Page 8.
Line 3. dauphin. — The title formerly given to the eldest son of
the king of France. It was until 1349 the name borne by the lords of the province of Dauphiné : at this time, the last of thèse dying without an heir, bequeathed his dominions to France on condition that the heir-apparent
should bear the title aud govern the province. The title, however, afterwards became piirely honorarj-, and was abolished in 1830.
Line 5. — cocai-des blanclies. — Whitewasthecolorof thelîourbons.
Line 6. — tricolores. — The badge of the National Guards which came to be tlie emblem of the Revohitionists. The national flag of France is now tricolor, consisting of blue white, and red in equal masses divided vertically. Tricolor liags are usually assumed by nations professing to hâve gained their libertj', e.g., Italy, Belgium, Holland,*TDnt the colors are varions, and are differently tnanged.
Line 11. — sans mœurs. — Immoral. In this word the final s is sounded : it has no singular.
Lin • 17. — huissier. — Gentleman-usher. Usher is the English form of the Word.
Line 29. — se font tuer. — AUow themselves to be Idlled.
Line 30.— Marie-Antoinette — ^Daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Austria. She married Louis XVI. in 1770, at the âge of fifteen. She was guillotined in 1793.
Page 9.
Line 4. — «»»* <le. — On the side of.
Line 5. — répugnait. — Had an aversion to.
Liue 9 — attentat. — Outrage.
Line 1.7. — H se sentait.- -He felt within himself — he was conscious . of.
Line. 19, -il eût rougi. — When the pluperfect subjunctive is used in a principal proposition, it has the force of the conditional past, of which it is sometimes caUed a form. See D. F. 565 and Note. Translate hère as if it were " il aurait rougi."
CHAPTER ni.
PEOGRESS OF THE BBVOLUTION — THE EJnGEES — THE GEEMAX AT.T.I.WCï; — PRUSSIAN IN'VASION OF FBANCE — ATTACK ON THE TUILERIES— IMPRI- SOXMENT OF THE ROYAL FAMILY — THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES — ENTHUSIASM OF THE ARMY — HARMONY BETV\'EEN OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS — ALLIANCE AGAINST FRANCE— r HOCHE CONSPICUOUS AT MAESTBICHT — AIDE-DE-CAMP TO GENERAL LE VENEUR — NEERWLNDEN — CHARACTER OF LE VENEUR — KINDNESS TO HOCHE — DESERTION OF DUMOURLEZ — HOCHE SENT TO PARIS TO REPORT — THE FRI6HTFUL STATE OF THE CAPITAL — -AEREST OF LE VENEUR — HOCHE'S INDIGNA- TION— HIS REPORT ON THE DEFENCE OF THE XORTH — REM.ARKS ON THE VENDEAN WAR — NEW TACTICS RECOMMENDED — HOCHE ARRESTED AND BROUGHT BEFORE THE EEVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL OF DOUAI — MEMOIR AND LETTEE TO COUTHON — LIBERATED AND APPOINTED ADJUTANT-GENEEAL UNDER GENERAL SOUHAM.
Line 27. — Tuileries — Situated in Paris on the right bank of the Seine. Tlie original Hôtel des Tuileries was so called from being built on the site of tile works (tuileries). The famous palace was begun in 1566, and was greatly enlarged and improved by successive sovereigns. It was the ofScial résidence of Bonaparte, Louis Philippe and Napoléon III., but was Inirned by the Conimunists in 1871, and now stands to a great extent in ruins.
Line 34.— ^émigrês. — The name giveu to those who followed the French princes into exile in the time of the Révolution. They belonged ehiefly to the nobility and clergj', and fled to varions -paxis of Europe, where many of them lived in deep distress, earning a scanty subsistence by teaching those arts and accomplishments which they had learned inhappier days. Wheu the Prince of Condé with a large number of émigrés followed the Prussians into Champagne, very severe laws were exacted against them by the Government. Thirty thousaud nanies were placed on the list of émigrés, and they were banished forever from the soil of France, on pain of death. It was not till after the disastrous resuit of their landing at Quiberon, in 1795, that they abandoned the idea of entering France by force of arms. A gênerai amnesty was first proclaimed by Bonaparte, but many did not returu till after his doAvnfall.
Line 1. — ntleinlm. — attacked.
Liiie 13. — Vareiiiies. — A to-mi near Verdun in the îlepartmçijt of Meuse. See Carlyle's Fr. Eev., Vol. II., Book iv.
Line 20. — enlamée. — ^Encroached upon.
" A i-haqne progrès &c. — To eaeh advance of the eneniy
there responded in the hearts of the mob in Paris, an increase of rage against the king and queen.
Line 28. — faisait la loi. — Were laying down the law.
Line 29. — Csmmune. — The name giveu to a provisional council of 300 raembers appointed hy the ijeople to govern the capital. The appointment of this committee was sanctioned by the king after he was brought from Versailles.
Line 31. — août. — In this word the a is net sounded. Pronounce the same as ou.
Line 33.— I^e Temple. — An ancient monastery in Paris, at one time occupied by the Knights-Templars, whence the name. It was used as a i)risou during the Révolution.
Lijie 34. — liong-wy. — A town on the Belgian frontier, N. W. of Metz.
Line 35. — Verdnn. — A strongly fortifîed town at the head of navigation on the MeTise, not far from the Belgian line.
