CHAPTER VIL

THE .UIMY OF THE SAMBRE AND MEUSE — IXS VICTOEtES — POSITION OF THE FRENCH .\RîIIES AT THE BEGINNÏNG OF 1793-*-DELIGHT OF THE SOLDIERS AT THE APPOINTMENT OF HOCHE^CHAXGE IN HIS FEEL- INGS — HIS SUCCESS IN GOVEHNING THE CONQUERED COUNTRY — CROSSING OF THE RHINE — DEFE.iT OF THE AU3TRIANS AT NEUWIED — PREPARATIONS FOR A NEW MOVE.MENT — NEWS OF PE.i.CE — SUSPEN- SION OF HOSTILITIES — HOCHE MAKES ARR.VNGEMENTS FOR ANOTHER ntlSH EXPEDITION — HE GOES TO PARIS TO AID THE DIBECTORY.

Line 21. — dans laquelle &c. — With which the army of the Moselle

had been incorporated.

Line 23. — endurcis — Hardened.

Line 24. — agneiTîs — Inured.

«« défier — To defy— distinguish from se défier de, which

means to " distrust." —

Page 104.

Line 2. — Xej- — One of the most famous of Napoleon's Marshals, and, like many other able gênerais of tbat time, of hiimble parentage. "When Napoléon was banished to Eloa, Ney made peace with Louis XVIII., but as soon as he heard of the escape and landing of the Emperor, be deserted and ofEered his sword to Bonapai-te. After the battle of Wateiloo, he was taken prisoner, and shot as a traitor.

liine 3. — prédestinés — Destined.

Line 6. — •» BoUéme — Bohemia — the norta-west province of Austria, lying next to Bavaria and Saxony.

Line 7- — refoulée en arrière — Driven back.

Liitf 8. — rarcUiduc Charles — The archduke Charles — He was the third son of the Emperor Leopold II., and one of the most distinguished of the gênerais who fought against the French doring the wars of the Révolution. Besides many other di=tiugui3hed viccories, he was the first to show by his success at Aspei-n, in 1809, that Napoléon was not invincible.

Line 9. — s'était x-epliée — Had fallea back.

Line 10.— à qui— See Note, p. 19, 1. 23.

Line 12. — sa retraite — His retirement — i.e., that he might be allowed to retiie.

Line 13. — «"est à celui-ci &e. — It was to him that Hoche was appointed suceessor.

Line 16. — Diisseldorf— A town of Ehenish Prussia, on the Ehine twenty miles below Cologne.

" BTewwied — A town on the Rhine, a few miles below

Coolenz.

Line 18. — ayant en face — Having opposed to him.

Line 19. — Rivoli — A town in northern Italy, not far from Turin.

Line 27. — s'était opéré — Had taken place.

Line 30. — mûri avant l'âge — Grown old before his time — mûrir means literally to ripen — from mûr^ ripe.

Line 31. — à la fougne — Dépends on avait succédé, 1. 33.

Line 34. — laconique — Laconic — brief — curt. Derived from Laconicus, Spartan. The ancient Spartans were uoted for their economy of words.

Line 35. — plus anciens &c — Senior to himself — his seniors.

Line 36. — tlevenus — Who had now become.

Line 37- — et ne s'épanchait &c. — And he no longer opened hi^ heai-t except to his intimate friends.

Page 105.

Line 1. — bourg «'oisie — The class of citizens — civilians.

Line 6. — s'affaiblir — Grow weak.

Line 8. — peu propres &c. — Little calculated to inspire him with

other thoughts — i.e., to change his opinion. Line 10. — commissaires — Commissioners — Commiss&ries. Line 11. — administrées — Governed.

Line 12. — obtint que &c. — Induced the Directory to put itself

above the law.

Line 13. — sans le secours — ^Without the concurrence — Itwascon-

trary to the constitution for the Directory to deprive

thèse officers of their positions without the consent of

the two Législative Councils.

Line 14. — prévaricateurs — Dishonest — This word used as a noun

means properly — one who betrays his trust. Line 16. — rendit — Restored.

Line 18. — baill-s — Magistrales — mayors — Compare the Scotch word

Bailie, which is équivalent to the English Alderman. " chapitres diocésains — Diocesan chapters — A chapter is

the body of clergynen belonging to a cathedral. In the

cities of Rhenish Prussia, thèse chapters exerci^d ex-

tensive civil authority.

Line 19. — pour les sui-veiUer — To superintend them, Line 21. — inamovibles — ^L-removable.

" et il afferma ^c. — And he farmed out the taxes — i.e., he

sold the taxes of a certain district for a definite sum,

and allowed the buj^er to make what he could out of

them. See Note, p. 40, 1. 3.

" dont — Dépends on recouvrement, 1. 22.

Line 25. — remonta &c. — Provided his cavalry and artillery with

fresh horses — remounted his cavalry, and rehorsed his

artillery.

Line 30. — effectif— Effective force — or, simpiy — force. Line 34. — les armes — Arms — the weapons with which they were

armed, Line 36. — dragons — Dragoous.

Page 106,

Line 1 — hussards — Hussars.

Line 12. — équipage de pont — Pontoon train — Pontoons, or as the word is now more commonly written, " pontons," are light frame-works covered with waterproof material

nsed in making a bridge quickly for the passage of

troops. A pontoon train consists of the carria^es of

the pontoons with the material they carry. " le fit avei-tir — Notined him — See Note, p. 1, 1. 14.

Line 17. — Mayence — (In German Mainz) — An important city on

the Ehine, nearly opposite the mouth of the River

Main.

" tête du pont — The same term is used in EngUsh; it

signifies the fortifications at the end of the bridge near-

est to the enemy.

Line IS. — lierissée — BristUng.

Line 19. — crénelées — Crenelated — pierced for musketry — Crénelles

are dépressions in a parapet through whieh soldiers

may fire without exposing themselves. In this passage

the term crénelées means that openings were made in

the walls of the houses to serve a similar purpose. Line 20. — de distance &c. — At iutervals. Line 22. — se disposait — Was preparing.

Line 24. — la-Sieg — A tributary of the Ehine flowing in on the east

side, nearly opposite Bonn.

Line 26. — Dierdorf — A town about fif Deen miles north-east of

Coblenz.

Line 29. — IJe gros — The main body.

Line 30. — Andernacli — A town on the left bank of the Ehine about

twenty miles below Coblenz.

Line 32. — parlemente — Parleyed — sent a flag of trace. Line 33. — amnistie — Truce — armistice — The word "amnesty"in

English has a différent meaning. It signifies an act of

obUvion, or gênerai pardon to those who hâve been

guilty of offences committed in time of v/ar or rébellion. " exige — Demanded.

Line 34. — Elii-enbreitstein — One of the most famous fortresses of

Europe, sometimes called the " Gibraltar of the Ehine," • built on a lofty rock 500 feet high, opposite Coblenz,

with which the town at the base of the rock is connect-

ed by a bridge.

Line 35. — la Ijalin — An affluent of the Ehine on the right, about

three miles above Coblenz.

Liue 36. — qu'une armée &c. — Which only a conquered army

could accept.

Line 37. — ordonne le fou — Gave the command to fire. Line 40. — culbutée — Utterly routed — destroyed. See Note, p. 29,

2o6 NOTES.

Page 107.

Line 1. — à la baionette — At the point of thc bayonet.

Liue ô. — Ukerath &c. — Thèse places are some distance north of Coblenz.

Line 9. — enfonçait reiiiiemi — Was driving the enemy before him. " l'épêe &c. — At the point of the sword — literally, sword in

back.

Line 10. — Montabauer — Eight miles north of Nassau.

Line 20.— il se sentait &c.— He felt himself strong enough— Compare "il se sentait la force" p. 9, 1. 17, and Note.

Line 23.— livré— Fought.

" prenait &c. — Was taking the necessary steps — was mak-

ing the necessary arrangements.

Line 24.— poav iu» couper &c.— To eut off his retreat.

Line 26. — Fiancfoi-t — Frankfort, a very old German city on the Main, about fiventy miles above its jonction with the Ehine. It was the place of meeting of the German Diet.

Line 27. — la ^'idda — A small stream joining the Main a little aboTe Frankfort.

Line 28. — porteur de— Bringing— literally, bearer of.

Line 30. — Iieoben — A town in the Austrian province of Styria.

Line 32. — la gloire &c. — The almost certain glory.

Line 33. — il ne laissa &c. — He permitted himself to feel only.

Line 87,— ^«tailles, combats — It is difficult tofind Enghsh words to express clearly the distinction between thèse two nonns; bataille is a gênerai engagement for which préparations are made; combat is an action which may be nnexpected, and in which only a part of the armies are engaged. The terms "pitched battle" and " skirmish " give the idea, although the latter is too weak for combat.

Page 108.

Line 3. — "»» bonne amie — Sweetheart — my darling. Mon ami and mon amie are usual terms of address between husband and wife, équivalent to the English "my dear."

Line 4. — se porte bien — Is weU — In the same way Comment vons portez-vous ? Howdoyoudo?

Line 7. — reporta Szc. — Again turned towards Ireland.

Jjine 10. — d'accord avec — In conjunction with.

Line 13. — IJcs travaux &c. — The opérations in the harbour of Brest were urged on — referring to the work in the dork-yards.

Line 17. — l«'s épargnes &c. — What he bad been able to save from

tbe taxes of the conquered countries — See p. 105, 1. 21,

and p. 114, 1. 12. Line 19. — batave — Batevian — equal to Dutch. From Batavi tbe

name of tbe tiùbe inbabiting Hollaud wben tbe Romans

fii-st iuvaded iî.

Line 20. — alors alliée de — At tbat time in alliance witb. Line 21. — les principaux &c. — Tbe principal military and naval

officers.

Line 27.— U fant le dire— It must be said. Line 30. — conp d'Etat — There is no term in Englisb which exactly

expresses the meaing of tbis pbrase ; use tbe Frencb.

Tbis alludes to tbe attack on tbe Législative Councils

by tbree members of tbe Directory. See foot-note,

page 116.

CHAPTE-R YTTl.

HISTORICAL BETROSPECT — THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS — STATE OF P.tR- TIES — THE DIRECTOBY — HOCHE'S OPINIONS AND SYMPATHIES — VISITS

paris — scsimoned befobe- the dikectoby — failuee of his schemes to assist the dieect0r3 — accus.i.tions in the couxcil of the five hun"dred — his illness — the coup d'état of fructidor— hoche commander of the united armies of the sailere and meuse and the ehine — his death — his fuxeral — review of his ch-œacter.

Page 109.

Line 6. — en butte à la baine — Exposed to the batred.

Line 10. — dont les historien? &c. — ^Whicb bistorians bave not

snfficiently taken into account. ' See Note, p. 32. 1. 22. Line 15. — debout — In power — Uterally, standing. Line 22. — en déclarant — By declaring.

Line 24.— nonveanx conseils &c.— Eeferring to tbe Council of tbe

Ancients and tbe Council of tbe Five Hundred. Line 27. — mitrailla — Sbot down — mitrailler is properly, to fire

grape-sbot at, from mitraille, grape.

Line 30. — formé* pour &c. — Two tbirds of which consieted of.

Page 110.

Line 7. — mietir compose — Constituted on a better systenu " qu'il ne l'a — For this use of ne, see D. F., 609.

Line 8. — a deux degrés — ^By two stages — The foUownng extract from Thiers' History of the French Révolution will explain what thèse two stages were : — "Ail the citizens of the âge of twenty-one met of right in primary assembly on ever^,- first day of the month of Prairial, and nominated électoral assemhlies. Thèse électoral assemblies met every •20th of Prairial, and nominated the two Councils ; and the two Councils nominated the Directory." The nomination of the électoral assemblies was the first of the deux degrés ; the nomination of the Councils by thèse assemblies was the second.

Line 9. — l'autorité du nombre fec. — See Note, 1. 8. As the électoral assemblies were appointed by the whole body of the citizens, thèse élections had the "authority of numbers ; " and as the members of thèse assemblies were naturally selected from the ablest and most experienced men of the country, the final nomination by thèse of the Législative Councils had the " authority of ' presumed ability."

Line 15. — ami des principes — Favorable to the principles. et qui &c.— See Xote, p. 5,1. 33.

Line 21. — avec la paix — Along with peace — in addition to peace.

Line 23. — l'épuration &c.— The graduai and légal reformation of a Directory which was the heir of the Convention — i.e., which had inherited the extrême opinions as weU as authority and executive power of the Convention. They desired that the method of changing the membership established by the new Constitution should hâve its due effect, so that the Executive as weU as the Législative power sùould truly represent the sentiments of the electors.

Line 25. — étaient sortis — Had issued — i.e., several royalists had been elected members of the Législative Councils.

Line 28. — l'opposition — Viz., to the Directory, which was now Bupported by only a minority of the two councils.

Page 111.

Line 1. — en cela — In that i.e., in attracting attention.

" Trop bien — Too well — because by the support which the Royalists gave to the opposition, they put it in the

po^er of the Directors nauied to accuse the majority iu the Législative Councils of being at heart opposed to the Republic, and anxious to restore the Bourbons and the exiled aristoçrats.

Line 7.— que c'en Sec. — That it was ail over withthe Eevoiution.

Line 15. — nous l'avons dit — As we bave said.

Line 16. — Parvenu — Having risen.

Line 18. — il i-isquait — He was in danger.

Line 21. — le réginic détruit — The System which had been destroved — i.e., the monarchy.

Line 25. — les privilégiés — The privileged classes. See foot-not€s pp. 5 and 11.

Line 26. — gentilshommes — Nobles — In rhis \î-ord the l is silent.

Line 32. — sous son véritable jour — In its true light.

Line 35. — fit place — Gave way.

Line 41. — service — "What was this service ?

Line 10. — n© saurait être &c. — Can be truly natural only so far as it is, &e. — For this use of saurait, see D. F. 237.

Line 12. — ne subsiste àc. — Exists only as far as — or in proportion as.

Line 16. — politique — PoUcy.

Line 23.— y substituer — To substitute for them — to replace them by.

Line 24. — pour lui — In his opinion — in his eyes.

Line 25. — à écraser — To be crushed — The English Active Infinitive is frequently usediu the same way as — A river to crosa — a house to let.

Line 26. — fi* paît &c. — Communicated to the Government.

liine 29. — au besoin — If necessary.

" n se concerta — He consulted.

Line 31. — toute entreprise &e. — Every violent attack of the Directors upon &c.

Line 36. — d'Irlande — Irish — against Ireland.

JLine 37. — en deçà Sic. — Within the limits.

Page 113.

Line 3. — remaniement ministériel — ^A change of ministers. The Directory had the power of appointing ministers.

Line 6. — s'en émut — ^Was alarmed at this.

Line 8. — ne rétrogradaient — Did not retire — When si -R-ith the négative occurring in the middle of a compound sentence, has the meaning of U7iless, ne is used vrithoutpas.

Line 9. — «'éleva — Protested.

2JO No ILS.

Line 10. — «n ministre — To lie niinister.

Line 11.— l'âge légal — This was thirty years.

Line 13. — sur — Oî^Sur bas this sensé when the référence is towhat is left over (sur) aiter soraething has been deducted.

Line 16. — tlemeurer &c. — To remain withiu the lavr — i.e., to act in a Icgal manner.

Line 18. — réunis — Assembled.

Line 21. — allégua &c. — Hoche was doubtless correct in this. La Ferté-Alais was eleven leagues f rom Paris, and, therefore only one league within the prescribed limits. There was no object to be-gained by so moderate a transgression of the law, while. on the other hand, the opponents of the Directory had an escusp for their denunciation of Hoche, who owingpartly tothis inadvertence of General Richepanse, was compelled to leave Paris and allow the Directors to carry out their plans without his aid.

Liue 24. — le rayon prohibé — The forbidden radins — i.e., distance from Paris. See Foot-note on page, 113.

Line 26. — fit cesser — Put a stop to.

Line 29. — fit rétrograder — Withdrew.

Line 31. — "IVetzlar — A fortified to^vn on the Lahn, N. E. of Gobiez.

Line 35. — crédit — Réputation.