THE REPUBLICAN CALENDAR
Direcirry takes place (Barras, S'éyès, Rogers-Ducos, Moulin, Gohier), which will bring about and justify the ‘* coup d'Érat ” of the 18 brumaire.
The 1er Prairial, An III, and the above are known as ‘‘ Les Jou:r ées de Prairial ;” they both eventually turned to the advantage of the more moderate party.
18 Brumaire, 4n 57 {IT (November 9, 1799), Napoleon Bonaparte, by a ‘‘ coup d'État," rpsets the wo Assemblies called ‘Conseil des Cinq-Cents’”’ and ‘Canseil des Anciens,” together with the ‘ Directoire,” an] ‘# ske l'ivuan with Siéyès and Roger-Duco
&chille, the great hero of the Iliad: he wounded and slew numbers of Trojans, and at length met Hector, whom he killed after chasing him thrice around the walls of the city.
Alpes, a range of mountaius uearly 600 an. long ; the Alps form a crescent-shaped chain, extending from the Mediterranean (the Gulf of Genoa) on the W., to the plains of Hungary on the E.
Altenkirchen, a town in Rhenish Prussia, 22 m. N. Cobleuz.
Alvinzi, or Alvinezy (Joseph, Baron of), an Au-trian Field-Marshal ; fought against France at Neerwinden, Hondschoote, Arcole, an Rivoli; died 1810.
Andernach, a towu in Rhenish Prussia, on left bank of the Rhine, 70 m. N.W. of Coblenz.
Andreossy pie François, Count of) served with distinction in uearly all the campaigus of the French Revolution ; was Ambassador at London, Vienna, and Constantinople, and one of the Commissioners sent to Wellington after Waterloo ; died 1828,
Augers, a French fortified town, cap. dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the river Mayenne (prov. Anjou).
Axjou, an old prov. of Frauce; its cap. was Angers; forms now the dep. of Maine-et-Loire.
Antilles, in Euglish West Indies, an archipelago of islands in the Atlantic, between North and South America.
Arcole CApOex a village of Northern Italy, 15 m. E.S.E. Verona ; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians there, November, 1796.
Ardennes, a system of heights and forests, embracing part of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the north of France, extending W. to the sources of the Somme, and E. to the Moselle,
Arras, a fortified city, cap. dep. Pas-de-Calais, France, on the river Scarpe ; fortified by Vauban, under Louis XIV.
Artois (Count of), brother of Louis XVL. and of Louis XVIII.; was very unpopular on account of his opposition to reform; r-igned from 1824 to 1830, fled to England, and weut to Güritz (Gü:z), a town in Austria, N N.W. Trieste, where he died in 1836.
Augereau, Duke of Castiglione and Marshal of France, distiuguished himself through all the campaigus of Napoleon from 1796 to 1813; offered his services too readily to the Bourbons, and then agaiu to Napoleon on his return from Elba.
Auray, a small French towu on the river Auray, dep. Morbihan (pro. Brittany).
Bailly (Jean Sylvain), a Freuch astronomer'; was the first President of the Assembly at the States-General, 1739, and called upon his colleagues to take the famous oath of the Tennis-Court (Serment du Jeu de Paume), June, 1789; was Mayor of Paris; de= clared the charges agaiust Marie-Antoinette to be unfounded, and was executed November 10, 1793,
Bantry (baie de), a fine bay, S. Ireland, County of Cork.
Barnave. an eloquent deputy of the States-General in 1789; sometimes rivalled Mirabeau iu eloquence ; presided at the Constituent Assembly ; after the arrest of the Royal Family at Vareunes he accompanied them back to Paris, and vas won over to their cause; he was arrested and guillotined in 1/98.
Barrère, or Barère (de VER at first a moderate Royalist, theu an extreme and bloodthirsty KRepublican; generally sited with the strongest party ; was also a literary man; died in 1841.
Beauharnais (Joséphine de); her maiden name was Tascher de la Pagerie; she marrried in 1779 the Viscount Alexandre de Beauharuais, and had two children, Eugène and Hortense; De Beauha'nnis was guillotined 1794; Madame de Beauharnais married General Bonaparte in 1796; was crowned Empress of the French December, 1804; was divorced 1809 ; died in 1814.
Bernier (l'Abbé), a curate of Angers (old prov. Anjou); the soul of the Veudean insurrection ; was made Bishop of Orleans, 1802.
Beurnonville (Pierre Riel de), Minister of War 1793; was made by Napoleon 1. Grand Officer of the Legion of IE nour, Senator, and Count; afterwards attached himseli to Louis XVIII, who made him a Marshal in 1816; he was Lorn in Champagne iu 1752, and died in 1821.
Billaud Varennes, one of the most violent and sanguinary characters of the Freuch Revolution; died in 1819.
Biron (Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of), at first known as the ‘“ Duc de Lauzun ; ” fought in America for the Independence ; became the confidant and the secret agent of the Duke of Orleans; served the Republic in Corsica, Savoie, and Vendée; was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary tribunal, and executed in
Bitche (German, Bitsch), a German town and furtress in Elsass- Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraiue), in à Pass of the Vosges.
Bohème, Bohemir (German, Bü4men; Bohemian, Czeck), a division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Bonaparte (Napoléon), born August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio in Corsica ; is called Bonaparte or Buonaparte till he assumes the title of Emperor under the name of Napoleon I; died at St. Helena 1821. (For more infurmation see Freuch History.)
Bonchamp (the Marquis of) a Royuiist Chief in Vendée; brave and humaue ; saved 5000 Republican prisoners from the fury of the Royalists; was mortally wounded at Cholet (dep. Maine-et-Loire) October 27, 1798
Bourdon de l'Oise, first a violent and extreme Republican, member of the National Couveution ; became a Reactiouist after the excesses committed in Veudée; was transported and died in 1797,
Braunfels, a town in Rhenish Prussia, 87 m. E.N.E Coblens.
Brest, a fortified French town and seaport, dep. Fiuistère (prow Biittauy).
Bretagne, an old province N.W. of France, called in English Brite tan y.
Brissot, one of ths chiefs of the Girondist Party (see Vergniaud}); was executed in 1793.
Bristol, a city and seaport of England, in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire, on the Avon.
Brunswick (Frederick William, Duke of) took an active part in the war against France, 1809; came to En land with his troops, which were taken into the Biitish service; in 1813 raised a large body of troops to fight again against France; fell a Ligny at the head of his ‘ Brunswickers."
Canclaux, commanded in 1798 the army of the West against the Royualists (Vendéens); was Peer of France under Louis XVILL.; died in 1817.
sure . à French village, dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany), 17 m. S.E,
vrient,
Carnot (Lazare Nicolas Marguerite), a I ‘ench mathematician and Minister of War ; beat the Austrians at Wattignies, Uctobar, 1793 ; merber of the Convention andof the ‘Comité de Salut Public ; ”? Iuspector of the Army of the North; exiled iu 17973 reculled by Bunaparte and made Minister of War; Napoleon's Minister of the luterior during the Hundred Days; settled at Magdeburg, and spent the last years of his life iu the pursuit of science; diei
Cathelineau (Jacques) was the son of a weaver; at the head of the Veniéens (Royulists) gained several victories against the Republican treops ; died at the attack of Nantes in 1793.
Cadoudal (George), the son of a miller and a notorious Chouan chief (see Cottereau) ; escaped to England; came afterwards to Paris with Pichegru to assassinate the First Cousul Bonaparte; was arrested aud executed June 25, 1804.
Cayenne, a seaport town, cap. of French Guiana, South America.
Championnet (Jean Etienne), fought at Fleurus, 1793; was sent in 1:98 to help the Roman Republic attacked by the Lazzaroni of Naples, and occupied that town; died 1800.
Charette (de la Contri-), a nobleman; one of the Vendean chiefs;s wa often successful against the Republican troops; was shot in
Charles (l’Archiduc, third son of Loonold II., Emperor of Germany ; fought under Coburg; defeated Moreau at Rastadt; took Kehl ; was Governor of Bohemia ; fought against Napoleon at Essling, Eckmühl, and Wagram ; died in 1847,
Châtillon, a village, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany), where the Vendeans (Royalists) and Republican troops had several encounters.
Chénier (André), a French poet; guillotined in 1794; his odes, idylls, and elegiacs were published twenty-five years after his death,
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Cherbourg, a seaport, dep. Manche, in the English Channel, at the N. extremity of the peniusula of Cotentiu; Napoleon IIT, completed in 1864 the great breakwater commenced by Louis XVL. in 1:84.
Chérin, a French Republican General; fought under Hoche in + Vendée,” 1795.
Chollet or Cholet, a town, dep. Maine-et-Loire (prov. Anjou), the sceue of several battles between the Vendéeus (Koyalists), and the Republicans.
| a celebrated Athenian General; wise and liberal; died B.c.
Cincinnatus (Lucius Quintus), one of the greatest characters of aucient Rome; after his consulate he had retired to his farm, whence he was entreated (BC. 458) to come and defend Rome A er the Æqui; he defeated the enemy and returned to his plough.
Coblentz or Coblens, a fortifid town of Rhenish Prussia, on left bauk of the Rhine at the influx of the Moselle.
Cobourg (Friedrich-Josias Coburg, Duke of Saxe-Cburg), an Austiiau Field Marshal; in 1792 c mmanded the Ailies in the Netherlands ; beat Dumouitz at Neerwinden, aud voccupied Holland ; in 1793 was beaten s Moreau at T'ourcuiug, by Jourdan at Er al and in 1794 at Fleurus ; resigned his commaud ; died
Collot d'Herbois, one of the most sanguiuary leaders of the French Revolution ; in 1792, at Lyens, he had over 16,000 persuns put to death; he contributed to the fall of Robespierre, was traurported, and died in 1796.
Condé (Louis Joseph de Bourbou, Prince of), emigrated after the fal] vf the Bastille; organised a body of troops, and invaded the Freuch territory with the Prussians and Austrians ; came back with Louis XVIIL.; died 1818.
Confédération germanique, same as ‘ Allemagne; ” in English, Germany ; in Geimuu, Deutschland, aucieut Germania.
Cottereau; there were four brothers of that name, smugglers, whose rnilying cry was that of the ‘“chat-huaut ” (corrupted into chouan), rcreech-owl; hence the name of Chouans given to the bands of adveuturers which they raised agaiust the Kepublicans.
Couthon (Geurges), formed with Saint-Just and Robespierre the T'riumvirate of the l'error; fell with his colleagues on the ‘9 thermidor an 11 ”—<5.e., July 27, 1794.
Custine (Adam Philippe, Count of), born at Metz, 1740 ; held a commission in one of the French regiments serving in America against the Euglish ; had the command of the Army f the Rhine
in 1792; was coudemr.ed to death by the Revolutivnury Tribunal,
and executed August 28, 1793.
Danton (Georges Jacqne-), one of the most active among the leaders of the French Revolution ; was well qualified for the pusition he assumed by his colussal figure, stenturian voice, and ficrce demeauour; after the tuking of Longwy aud the siege of Verdun
148 BIOGR'PHIEÉ DE LAZARE HOCITE,
by the Prussians, he uttered in the Conveutiou thse celebrated words, ‘“ Pour vaincre nos ennemis, que faut-il? de l'audace, encore l'audace, et toujours de l'audace.” In a strugyle for supre- Éd with Robespierre he was vanquisbed, and beheaded April 6,
Daunou (Pierre Claude François), a French statesman, a moderate Liberal, a literary man, and a professor ; died in 184),
Desaix (or de Veygoux des Aix), a great French General; fought at Weissenburg aud Lauterburg; defended Kehl; followed Bonaparte to Egypt; died at Marergo in a charge which greatly contributed to the victory, June 14, 1800.
Deux-Ponts (German, Zweibrücken, two bridges), a city in Rhenisu Bavaria, Germany.
Dierdorf, à town in Kheuish Pru:sia, 14 m. N.N.E. Coblenz, Dieu (l'île) or d'Yeu, au island, W. France, opposite the dep. Vendée.
Pole VA Pas town, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany), 18 m. S.E, Malo.
Douai. a fortified town, dep. Nord, France.
Dumouries (Charles François Duperrier), French General; born at Cambrai, 1789; commanded the Army of the Moselle, and gained over the Prussians, with Kellermann, at Valmy, dep. Marne, «a colebrated victory, which stopped the progress of A invasion; being suspected and accused by ihe Directory, he touk refuge in tba Austrian camp; went to Hamburg, and in 1804 accepted an asylum in Englaud; he died at Turville Park, near Heuley-upon- T'hames, in 1823.
Dunkerque (English, Dunkir”), à fortified seaport town, dep. Nord, on the Strait of Dover; was bought by Louis XIV. of Charles II. of England for £200,000, and fortified by Vauban; the English besieged it in 1793.
Düsseldorf, a town of Rhenish Prussia on the right bank of the Rüine, 21 m. N.N.W. Cologne (Küln).
Dyle (la), a river io Belgium ; rises in Brabant, flows into the Nethe to form the KRupel, which joins the Scheldt (Escaut); passes
through Louvain.
Ebhronbreitstein, a town in Rhenish Prussia, connected to Coblenz by a bridge ; has a fortress, Ehrenbreitstein (Broad Stone of Honour).
Elbe, a river of Austria and Germany, which flows into the North Sea at Cuxhaven.
Elbée (Gigot d'), a Royalist chief in Vendée; fought with Bonchamp, 4 La Rochejaquelein, Cathelineau, and Stofllet; was shot in 1794. J'
Estaing (the Count d”), a French Admiral, guillotined in 1798.
Fleurus, a village of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, famous by a vietory of the French General Jourdan over the Prince of Saxe-Cuburg and the Austrians, 1794, and elso by # victory of Napoleon IL. over
Biücher and the Allies, 1816.
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Fonteney (Madame de) was divorced from her first husband, Darin da Fontenay, and married Jean Lamb rt Tallien, from whom she was also divorced in 1802 ; her maiden name was Cabarrus.
Francfort (German, Frankfurt-am-Main), formerly a free city of Gers many, incorporated with Prussia in 186; latitude 50.0 N., longitude 8.87 E.; the river Main divides it iito two unequal parts; the poet Goethe was born there in 1749; Napoleon I. made itthe cap. of a Grand Duchy.
Freischwiller, a village and a fortress opposié Reischoffen (which sem),
Frotte (the Count Lovis), a Royalist officer ; emigrated in 1792 ; tried in vain to excite the Norimans to rebellion, and was put to flight by Hoche; died 1800.
Furnes, the westernmost town of Belgium, prov. West Flanders.
Gensonné, one of the most eloquent of the Girondist Party (soe Verge uiaud); guillotined October 31, 1793,
Grandes-Indes or Indes Orientales, the common appellation for the two peuinsulas of South Asia separated by the Ganges, t l'Hindoustan” (Hindustan), and ‘“l'Indo-Chine” (Burma, Siam, Maulay, &o.).
Granville, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Manche ; the army of the Veudéens (Royalists) attacked it in vain in 1798.
Grasse (the Count de), a French Admiral; died 1788.
Grouchy (Emanuel, Marquis of), was of a noble Norman family; “dopted the Republican ideas ; fought at the battles of Ulm (1805), Friedland (1807), Wagram (1809), la Moskowa (1812), Ligny (1815); not getting instructions in time, he did not take part in the Battle of Waterloo; died 1847,
cut, a distinguished Girondist (see Vergniaud); guillotined July,
Guesclin (Bertrand du), a renowned French warrior of the fourteenth century; drove the English from Normandy, Guyenne, aud Poitou; was twice made prisoner by them; he died at the siege of Château Neuf-de-Randon, dep. Lozère, 12 m. N.E. Mende.
Hautpoul (Jean -Joseph-Ange d'Hautpoul-Salette) took part in pose all the impo tant battles vf the Republic; distinguished himself at Austerlitz; was killed at Eylau, 1807.
Hercule, Hercules, the celebrated hero of antiquity ; Deïanira, his wife, gave him a garment steeped in the blood ‘of the Centaur Nestus, thinking to preserve her husband's love; the blood had been poisoned (by the arrow with which Hercules had shot Nessus), aud the hero died in fearful agony.
Hervilly (the Count d'}, a French Royalist General ; fought in America; went to England ; was one of the chiefs of the Royalist expedition against Quiberon ; died in London, 1795.
Hondschotte or Hondschoote, a village on the frontier of France,
dep. Noid, 10 m. S.E, Duukerque; the French General Houchard
gained there a victory against Freytag, September 8, 1798.
Hôpital (Michel de 1”), Chancellor nf France ; endeavoured to secure teleration for the Protestants ; died in 1578,
Houchard (Jean Nicolas), a French Geueral; gained a victory at Hvuudschoote, 1793; accused of not having punctually carried out the commands of the Cominittee of Public Safety; he was guillutiued November 17, 1798.
Jaunaye (la), a castle in dep. Loire-Inférieure, S.W. Nantes.
Jemmapes, a town in Belgium, prov. Hainaut, W. of Mons; Dumouriez defeated the Austrians there, November 6, 1792, and brought about thereby the first conquest of Belgium.
Jersey, an island belonging to Great Britain in the Euglish Channel, 1 m. W. of the coast of France.
Jourdan (Jean Baptiste, Count of), a French General, born 1762; became master of Belgium by the victory of Fleurus, June 26, 1794, re the Allies beyond the Rhinue ; in 1804 was made Marshal of France by re eon ; 1: st the battle of Vittoria, Juae 21, 1813; declared for Louis XVI1IL., and was made Peer of France; died 1838.
Kayserlautern, a town in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, near the river Lauter; the Duke of Brunswick defeated General Hoche there in 1:93, aud the French beat the Prussians in 1794.
Kellermann (Français Christophe), born at Strassburg, 1725; commanted the Army of the Moselle, and gained over the Prussians iu 1:92, with Dumouriez, at Menus © dep. Marne, a celebrate victory which stopped the progress of foreign invasion; Napoleon
L. made him Senator, Marshal of Frauce, and Duke of Valmy; he was favourable to tle Bourbons, who made him Peer of Frauce; Le died in 1820.
Kleber (Jean Buytiste), a celebrated French General; fought in the Veudée, at Fleurus, on the Rhine, 1795-6, where he was very successfui ; distiuguished himself in Egypt, aud was assassinated by au Arab iu 18.0,
La Fayette (Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de), born in 1757 at Chavagnac, near Bii ude, in Auvergne; went to America in 1777, and took part iu the War of Independence ; was made Commander-in-Chief of the Natioual Guard, 1789 ; sided with the Revolution, but protected the Koyal Family from the outrages of the mob; opposed the extreme Party, the ‘Jacobins ;” escaped from France; was impiisoned by the Austrians; was again made Cemmander-in- Cuief of the National Guard in 1880, aud accepted the Citizen- Kiog, Louis Philippe ; when he died, in 1884, the American Congress went into mourning for thirty days, and iuvited the citizeus to do the same.
La Ferté-Alais (or Aleps), a town in the dep. Seine-et-Oise, E.N.E. Etampes.
Lahn (la). a German river, which joins the Rhine 4 m. S.E. Coblens.
Lamar.ine (Alphonse Prat de), a great French poet and statesman died Much 21, 1869.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 155 Landau, a fartifimd city on the river Queich, iu Rhenish Bavaria, 18 m. N.W. Curisruhe ; belonged to the French from 1680 to 1815,
La Rochejaquelein (!enri de), Commander-in- Chief of the Royalists in Ven 6e; displayed great talent aud valour; was killed near Nouaillé March 4, 1794,
Lauter. a river in Rhenish Bavaria, joins the Rhine at Neuburg.
Lauterbourg (Luuterburg), fortifiled city of Elkass- Lothringen in Ger- LEAoÿ, 84 m. N.E, Strassburg ; the French touk it, 1793, by forcing the famous ‘ lines of Lauterburg" (-ee Wissembourg).
Le Bas, a supporter of Robespierre, wliom he defended on the ‘9 thermilor,” July 27, 1794; shot himself, and thus escaped the gui lotiue,
Lecointre, an extreme Republican member of the Legislative Assembly and of the Cunvention.
Le Fôvre or Lefebvre, Duke of Dantzig: assisted Bonaparte in seizing the supremue power on the ‘18 brumnaire an VIIL"— November 9, 1799; took Dantzig, 1807; fought at Eckmühl, Wagram, and in Russia ; died in 1520.
Le Mans, a French town, cap. dep. Sarthe (prov. Maine), witnessed the last struggles of the Vendean and Republican furces in 1793,
Leoben, an Austrian town, prov. Styria on the Mur ; a peace between France and Austria was concluded there, April 18, 1797.
Le Quesnoy, a fortifid city, dep. Nord, Fiance; 9 m. S.E. Valenciennes ; taken by the Austrians 1792; retuken by the French 1794,
Lescure (the Marquis of), a Royalist chief in Vendée; died 1793.
Le Veneur (Count of); Ds Bonnechose gives an account cf him, pages 80 to 35.
Liège (Dutch, Luyÿk; German, Lüttich}, a fortified town of B-lgium, cap. of the prov. Liége, on the river Maas (in French Meuse); from 1793 to 1814 was cap. of tle French dep. Ourthe.
Lille (formerly L'Isle; Lat., Insula; Flemish, Ryssel), a manufacturing town of France, cap. dep. Nord; was unsucceesfully bombarded by the Austriaus iu 1792.
Loire, a river in Frauce, length 580 m.; rises in the dep. Ardèche (prov. Langueduc) and in the dep. Loire-Iuférieure ; flows iuto the Atlantic.
Longwy, a fortified town in the dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Belgian frontier, 83 m. N.N.W. Metz; was taken by the Prussians in 1792, and by the Allics in 1815.
Lorient, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Morbihan (prove Brittany).
Louis XV., great grandson of Louis XIV.; was only five wh:n he succeeded to the throne in 1715; the Reg-nt, Philip of Orléans, the Duke of Bourbon, the Cardinal Fleury, Madame de Pompadour, the King's favourite, the Minister Chuiseul, and Madame Dubarry reigned successively instead of the weak and dissulute Prince ; the Enxlixh ruined the French commerce at sea ; Canada aud uearly all the French colonies were given up to them; the
Kiug died in 1744, despised and hated.
Louis XVI,, graudson of Louis XV., married an Austrian Princess, Marie-Autoiuette in 1770; ascended the throne in 1774; the KRevulution broke out 1789 ; the King was made a prisoner in his owu palace in 1790 ; condemned to death and beheaded on the 21st of January, 1793.
Louis XVII, the sccond son of Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette; was born 1785 and died 1795; became heir to the throne by tie deatb of his eldest brother, ut never reigned; after the death of Louis XV. he was entrustsd to a shoemaker named Simon, who is said to have brutally ill-;reated him.
Louvain (Dutch, Leuwen ; German, Lüwen),a town in Belgium, prov. Biubaut, on the river Dyle, 16 m. E.N.E. Brussels; under the Freu:h it was in the dep. Dyle.
bia (la), a village near Rennes, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (old prov.
jrittany
Maëstricht (Dutch, Maastricht), & fortified city of the Netherlands, cap. Duchy of Limburg, ru the left banïi: of the Mans (Meuse) ; taken by the French in 1794; was the cap. of the French dep. Meuse-Inférieure till 1814.
Maine, an old prov. W. of France ; its cap. was Le Mans; forms now the departments Sarthe and Mayenne.
Malesherbes (Chréti-n-Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes), burn at Paris 1721; à great French statesman; he claimed and vbtained the EL houour of pleadiug the cause of his Sovereign, Louis ÀVL. ; he was guillotined in 1794.
Mans (see Le Mans).
Mantoue (Mantua ; Italian, Mantova), & fortificd town of Venetia, North Italy, 22 m. S.S.W. Verona.
Marat (Jean Paul), born in 1744 in the prov. of Neufchâtel, in Switzerland ; when the Revolution began he adopted the mcst extreme and violent views ; from Sepisember 12, 1789, to July 14, 1793, he published a daily paper called ‘ L'Ami du Peuple,” ‘ Le Journal," &c., in which he denounced aristocrats and preached massacre, asking for 270,000 heads; he was foremost iu advocating every sanguinary measure and contributed, with Robespierre, to the fall of the Girondis:s (see Vergniaud); he was stabbed by Charlotte Corday, July 16, 1798, François Ponsard has written a drama called “ Charlotte Corday.”
Marc.:au (des Graviers), a brave, patriotic, and humane Republican General; MT es ed himself at Fleurus and in the campaigns of 1795 and 1796; was shot in 1796.
Marie Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Francis L. and Maria Theresa, born at Vienna 1755; married to Louis XVI. 1770; she had great influence over the Kiug, and became very unpopular for constantly opposing the measures of reform proposed ; she was condemned to death by the Revolutionary tribunal, and executed October 16, 1798.
Marius,the celebrated Roman; having been sent over to Africa as Legate of the Consul Q. Metellus, he iugratiated himself with the soldiers, and became 80 popular that he weut to Rome to stand as a caudidate to the Consulship, and was elected; he died 8.0. 86,
Ld
BIOGRAPHICAL AND GcOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 153
Mayence (German, Mairz), a fortified town of W. Germany, ca rov. Rhenish Hessen on left bauk of the Rhine; lat. 60.0 N., og. 8.18 E. ; taken in 1797 by the French; it was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1815.
Meaux, a town of France on the river Marne, dep. Seine-et-Marne: 25 m. E.N.E. Paris.
Mein (le), in German Main, a German river which joins the right bank of the Rline, opposite Mayence (Mainz).
Mercier, surnamed ‘ La Vendée,” a Royalist chief; fought in the Vers war at the head of the Chouans (see Cottereau); died in ).
Meuse (Dutch Maas, ancient Mosa), a river which rises in France at the village of Meuse, dep. Haute-Marne: in the dep. Vosges it disappears underground for a distance of 4 m.,it passes Sedan, Nawur, Liége, Maestricht, &c., and enters the North Sea by three principal mouthe.
Miranda (Don Francisco), born in Venezuela, South America; had at heart the emancipation of the Spanish American Colonies ; came to France; served as General under Dumouriez; took refuge in England in 1793; vrent back to Venezuela and tried to rouse the inbabitants ; died in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Cadiz,
Monck, ‘r more correctly Monk (George), Duke of Albemarle; a distiugui-hed military commander, and the great promoter of the restoration of Charles IL; died in 1670,
Montabauer or Montabaur, a town of W. Prussia, prov. Nassau, Government of Wiesbaden, 8 m. N. Nassau.
Morbihan, a maritime dep. in the W. of France, part of old prov. Brittany,
Moreau (Jean Victor), & celebrated French General; fought in Holland ; made the memorable retreat of 1796 ; helped Bonaparte on the “18 brumaire an VIALL. ; ” commauded the armies of the Danube and of the Rhine; was implicated in the Royalist plot of Pichegru and G. Cadoudal, and exiled ; touk arms against France with the Allies, and was killed at the battle of Dresden in 1818.
Mortagne-sur-Sèvre, a town, dep. Vendée, prov. Poitou. Moselle, a river which rises in the dep. Vosges, France; passes Metz,
Trèves, and Coblens in Rhenish Prussia, where it joius the Rhine on the left.
Nantes, a town in France, cap. dep. Loire-!nférieure, prov. Brittany; resisted the army of the Vendéens (Royalists) in 1793.
Naples (in Italian Napoli}, a city of South Italy; the French General Champi muet took it in 1799; Joseph Bonaparte aud Murat were made Kings of Naples; the latter was driven from it by the Austriaus in 1814.
Nerwinde or Neerwinden, a village in Belgium, prov. Liége ; momorable by the victory of the Ailies, under the Prince of Coburg over Dumouriez, March 18, 1798.
Neuwied, a tuwn in Rhenish Prussia, 8 m. N.N.W. Cobienz
Ney prou Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa), Peer and arshal, one of the greatest military heroes of France; was surnamed ‘: l'Infatigable ” and the ‘ Brave des Braves; was condonnes to death and shot during the Restoration, December 7,
Nice (Italian, Nizza), a town and seaport of France, dep. Alpese Maritimes on the Mediterranean.
Nidda (la), a German river which joins the Main at Hochst, 6 m. W. Franktfort.
Normandie, an old prov. of France, N.W.; its cap. was Rouen.
Oneille (in Italian Oneglia), a city of North Italy, 81 m. E.N.E. Nica
QOuessant (Latin, Uxantis; English, Ushant), the most westerly of the DE islands cf the cuast of Brittany, opposite the dep. inistère.
Paul-Emile (Æmilius Paulus, surnamed Muacedonicus), a Roman General of noble and blameless character.
Penthièvre (the fort of), a stronghold in the Peninsula Quiberon (which see).
Perche (le), an old division of France, now distributed among the deps. Eure, Orne, and Eure-et-Loir.
Phocion, a celebrated Athenian general and statesman, a disciple of Plato ; died B.c. 3817.
Pichegru (Charles), a celebrated French General; conquered Hollaud 1794-95; entered into negotiations with the Prince of Condé fur the restoration of the Bourbons; was suspected and trausported; escaped to England; plotted with Georges Cadoudal against Bonaparte; the plot was discovered in Paris, aud both were aprrehended ; Pichegru was found strangled in his prison, April 6, 1804.
Pirmasens, a town in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, 13 m. E.S.E. Zweibrücken,
Pitt CI Prime Minister of England; after the execution of Louis X VI. be dismissed the French Ambas-ador, aud manifested till his death the greatest hostility against Frauce ; from 1798 to 1290 Le waged war against her; he died Jauuury 23, 1806.
Plutarque (Plutarch), the celebrated Geek bivgrapher and moralist ; he ed at the beginning of the second century A.D. j
Poitou, eu old prov. of W. France, the cap. of which was Poitiers; forms Low the departments Vendée, Deux-Sèvres, Vieune.
Portsmouth, an English fortified seaport, S. W. extremity of Portses Island, lat. 50.48 N. long. 1.5 W.
Provence (le Comte de), grandson of Louis XV. and eldest brother of Louis XVL.; ‘ie reigned under the name of Louis XVIIL from 1814 to 1824.
Puisaye (Count Joseph de), a French Royalist chief; organised à fourmi iable body of Chouans (see OCottereau) in Buittauy, end vbtained belp from Englaud ; died in 1827.
Pythagore, the celebrated Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who tsught the RoatrIBe of metempsychosis ; he was born in Samos about B.C. 580,
Queich, a river in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany; flows through Landau.
Quesnoy (see Le Quesnoy}
Quiberon, a peuinsula and a town in the dep. Morbihan (old prov. Brittany). lat 47.28 N., long. 54 W.
Quimper or Quimper-Corer‘in, a French town, cap. dep. Finistère
(pruv. Biittunuy).
Reischoffen (German, “teichshofen), « town in Eslass-Lothringen, 14 m. S.W. Weissenbarg.
Rennes, a French town, cap. dep. sile-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany).
Richepanse (Antoine), a French General; distinguished himself in several of the baïtles of the Republic, and particularly at Hohenlinden, 1800 ; diei in 1802.
Rivoli. « town in North Ital, 8 m. W. Turin; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians there, January 4, 1797.
Robespierre, born at Arras, c\p. dep. Pas-de-Calais, 1759 ; one of the most violent of the French Revolntionists; after the fall of the Girondists (see Vergniawl), he had virtually the power of a dictator, for he was supreme in th« Convention, in the Commune of l'aris, in the Committee of Public Safety, and in the Jacobin Club; he tried to establish a species of deism ; decreed the ex'stence of the ‘ Supreme Being; ” tried in vain to obtain a kiud of consecration for his autocracy in the ‘ Feast of the Supren:e Being; was accused F7 T'allien and others, and was guillotined, July 23, 1794 (10 thermidor au Il.)
Rocroi, a French furtified town, dep. Ardennes, 15 m. N.W. Mézières
Roland (Madame), wife of Roland de la Platière, a statesmau of the French Revolution ; she had great influence over the moderate Kepublican Party, the Girondists (see Vergniaud); after their fall she favoured the flight of her husband, was put into p'i-on, ie” che wrote her celebrated ‘* Memoirs,” and guillotined in
Rouget de l'Isle, a French Republican officer, who composed at Strasburg a patriotic song, which he called “Chant de yuerre,' and which became famous under the name of ‘La Marseillaise ; ” he died in 1856.
Rousseau (Jean-Ju ques), the celebrated French writer and philo= sopher, born at Geneva in 1712; his writings exerrised a great influence over tie opinions of his time; he died in 1778, the rame year as Voltuire. The following are sume of his Eve works :-—t Einile ou de l'Education,” ‘* Le Contrat Social,” ‘ La
Nouvelle Héluïse,” &c.
Saint-Brieuc, a French town, cap. dep. Côtes-du-Nord (prom Britteny)}.
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Saint-Germain en Laye, a town of the dep. Seine-et-Oise, 0 m. W.N.W. Paris Laye (Lat. Ledia) is the old name of the forest now called Forêt de Saint-Germain and comprising 8900 acres. Jumes IL. oi England died in the ‘ château,” 1701.
Saint-Ildephonse, San Ildefonso, or La Granja, a town of Spain, 6 m. SE. Segovia, prov. Old Castile; La Granja is a celebrated palace; in 1796 a Treaty was signed there between Spain and France.
Saint-Just formed with Couthon and Robespierre the Triumvirate of the l'érror, and was guillotined, like his associates, July, 1794.
Saint-Malo, a French fortified seaport tuwn, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany).
Saint-Mesmin le Vieux, «a French village in the dep. Vendée, 25 m. N. Fontenay.
Saint-Siège (Le), the Holy See; the dominions belonging to it were called Etats de l'Eglise, or du Pape, Etats Romaius or Pontificaux, States of the Church, Puntfical States.
Sambre, a river which rises in France, dep. Aisne, and joins the Maas (Meuse) at Namur, iu Belgium.
Sarre (German, Saar), a river which rises in the Vosges Mountins, France, and joins the Moselle 56 m. S.W. Trèves (Trier).
Sarzeau, a French town, dep. Morbihan, 9 m. 8. Vaunes (prov. Brittauy).
Savenay, a French town, dep. Loiro-Inférieure, 20 m. N.W. Nantes.
Saverne (la; in English, Severn), one of the principal rivers of Eugland and Wales ; rises in Montgomer)sbire, and flows into the Bristol Channel.
Saverne (German, Zabern), a town of Elsass-Lothringen (Alsace- Lorreine), Germany, 20 m. N.W. Strassburg.
Svarpe, a French river; rises in the dep. Pas-de-Culais, and joins the Scheldt (l'Escaut) in the dep. Nord.
Sedan, a fortified town on the Meuse, dep. Ardennes, 11 m. E.S.E, Mézières ; in its viciuity was fought the battle which resulted in the defeat and capture of Napoleon IIL., September 4, 1870.
Sèvre-Nantaise, a French river which flows iuto the Loire on the left, opposite Nantes (dep. Loire-Inférieure); it rises iv the dep, Deux-Sèvres.
Sèvre Niortaise. « French river which passes Niort, dep. Deux- Sèvres, aud fluws into the Atlantic; it is from these two rivers that the above dep. takes its name.
Sieg (la), a German river which joins the Rhine 2 in. !\. Bonn.
Sieyès (Emmanuel Joseph, ‘ Abbé,” afterwards Count), the celebrated deputy of 1789, who wrote the famous pamphlet ‘ Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat?—Tout.—Qu'a-t-il été jusquà présent dans l'ordre politique ?—Rien. - Que demande-t-il ? —A devenir qu-ique chose.” He was subsequently member of the ‘ Comité de Salut Public,” ‘“ Conseil des Ciuq-Cents,” ‘ Directoire,” and one of the three Consuls after the 18 brumaire (see Caluudar).
Socrate (Socrates). the great Athenian philosopher, born B.0. 469; condemned to death as the enemy of religion; he drank the hemlock cup with great composure, B.c. 899.
Stofflet (Nicolas) was the sor of a miller and a Vendean (Royaiist) General ; fought un:ler d'Elbée, aud was shot by the Republicans in 1796,
Soult (Nicolas Jean-d-Dieu), Duke of Dalmatia and Marshal of Fiance ; fought at Kaiserlautern, at Fleurus, in Switzerland, in Italy, at Austerlitz, at Jena,in Poland, iu Spain, in Portugal, and at Waterloo ; he died in 1852.
Suffren (Saint-Tropez, Bailli de), one of the greatest French seamen, born in 1726; served under Admniral d'Estaing; emigrated after
Sully (Maximilien de Béthune, Duke c‘}, a celebrated French states man and Minister of Henry IV.; died in 1641.
ere nti- Tacite; Caius Cornelius Tacitus, the celebrated Roman bistorian, born about A.D. 54.
ans Tallien (Jean Lambert) was at first an extreme Republican: one of the a Mig of the September Massacres and upholder of Marat, but became more moderate after his marriage with Madame de Ds, Fontenay (wñich see); had the courage to accuse Robespierre, and caused his ruin; went to Egypt with Bonaparte ; was taken ov. prisouer by the English, and died in 1820. Tallien (Madame); see Madame de Fontenay.
s. Thiroigne de Méricourt was born in Belzium of obscure parents; of she came tu Paris, an! led there a dissolute life; duriug the nto Rævolution she went about dressed aud armed as an Amazone, much applauded by the mob; once, however, in the Tuilleries Gardens she was whipped publicly; she died in a madhouse in it 1817.
b Thionville (German, Diedenhofen), a town in Elsass-Lothringen, on he the Moselle, N, of Metz.
Toulon, a Fench town and seaport on the Mediterranean, dep. Var: E, was yiven up to the English by the Royalists ; taken by the in livpublicans December 18, 1793, during a memorable siege, in which Bonaparte greatly distinguished himself. he Toulouse, cap. dep. Haute-Garonne, France, on the river Garonne. 3 Travot (the Baron Jean-Pierre), a Republican General ; served under Hoche in Vendée in 1796; made the Venduan chief Charette z- prisoner at La Chabottière ; died in 1836. rs Truguet (Jean François), a French Admiral ; fomght under d'Estaing aud de Grasse ; arranged with the General Hoche an expedition against Ireland; served in the Dutoh Navy ; died in 1839. à Ukerath or Uckerath, a small locality in Rhenish Prussia, Governe . ment of Cologne (Küin).
e nt Valenciennes, a fortified ciry, dep. Nord, France, on the Scheldt 18 (Éscaut) ; taken by the English and Austrians after a siege of six
weeks ; returned to France in 1818.
Valmy, a village, den. Marne, N.E. Chalons-sur-Marne. The Generals Dumouriez aud Kelleumann, September 20, 1792, gained there an important victory over the Prussians.
Vannes, a French seaport town, cap. dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany).
Varennes (en Argonne), dep. Meuse, 16 m. W.M.W. of Verdun; here Louis XVI. and his family were detected and seized in their attempted flight, June 20, 1791.
Vauban (the Count of), a French Royalist; was a descendant of the Marquis of Vauban, the great military engineer under Louis XIV. took part in the expedition against Quiberon ; died in 1416.
Vendée, formerly a division of the prov. Poitou, in the W., nowa« maritime dep. on the Atlantic; it was during the Republic the stronghold of the Royalists.
Verdun. a fortified town, dep. Meuse, 28 m. N. of Bar-le-Duc, on the Meuse, which here Lecomes navigable; :t was taken by the Prussians in 1792.
Vergniaud. one of the chiefs of the Girondist Party ; a brilliant ovator with Gensonué and Guadet he opposed the sanguinary violence o! Robespierre and the Jacobins ; sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal; was executed October 81, 1793, with Gensonné and tweuty other Girondists. The Gérondists (Girondins) were a moderate Republican Party; they struggled against the Jacobins and Montaguards (Marat and Robespierre), who formed a party of fanatic demagogues ; in spite of their bravery and eloquence, they were overwhelmed by their enemies ; the name & Girondins ” was given them from the fact that several of their leaders were deputies from the dep. Gironde, cap. Bordeaux.
Vérone (Verona), « fortified city in Venetia, N. Italy, on the river
Adige.
Versailles, cap. dep. of Feine-et-Oise, 10 m. S.W. Paris; was but « village till Louis XIV. spent immense sums of money to make it his residence, 1672; Levau, Jules Har‘ouin-Mansard, Lebrun, Lenôtre, &c., &o., contributed to make it worthy of the magnificence of their master ; it has been since the ‘“ Commune," 1871, the seat of the Government. In the Place Hoche is to be seen the bronze statue of Lazare Hoche, by Lemaire, with the following inscription :—-“ Hoche—né à Versuilles le 24 juin, 1768— soldat à 16 ans, général en chef à 25 ans, mort à ° ans,— pacificateur de la Vendée.”
Villaret de Joyeuse, a French seaman ; fonght under the Bailli de Suffren ; was defeated before Brest by Aïmiral Howe; was at the heud of the expedition agaiust San Domingo; died in 1812.
Vosges, a range of mountaius N.E. France; commences on the limits of the deps. Ilaute-S.ôue, Haut-Rhine, and Doubs, and ends in Germany on the left bauk of the Khine, near Mains (Mayence).
Warren (Sir John Borlase), an eminent English naval officer ; captured some French ships which bad been sent by Hoche with
Des Lg laud in Irelaud; wus appointed Admiral in 1810; died
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