THE REPUBLICAN CALENDAR

Directory takes place (Barras, Siéyès, Rogers-Ducos, Moulin, Gohier), which will bring about and justify the ‘* coup d’État ” of the 18 brumaire,

The rer Prairial, An III, and the above are known as ‘‘ Les Journées de Prairial ;” they both eventually turned to the advantage of the more moderate party.

18 Brumaire, An VIII (November 9, 1799), Napoleon Bonaparte, by à ‘* coup d’État,” upsets the two Assemblies called “Conseil des Cinq-Cents’”’ and ‘Conseil des Anciens,” together with the ‘“ Directoire,” and is elected Consul, with Siéyès and Roger-Ducos,

Achille, the great hero of the Iliad: he wounded and slew numbers of Trojans, and at length met Hector, whom he killed after chasing him thrice around the walls of the city.

Alpes, a range of mountains nearly 600 mn. long; the Alps form a crescent-shaped chain, extending from the Mediterranean (the Gulf of Genoa) on the W., to the plains of Hungary on the E.

Altenkirchen, a town in Rhenish Prussia, 22 m. N. Coblenz.

Alvinzi, or Alvinczy (Joseph, Baron of), an Austrian Field-Marshal ; fought against Frâance at Neerwinden, Hondschoote, Arcole, and Rivoli; died i810.

Andernach, a town in Rhenish Prussia, on left bank of the Rüine, 70 im. N.W. of Coblenz.

Andreossy (Antcine François, Count of) served with distinction in early all the campaigns of the French Revolution ; was Ambassador at London, Vienna, and Constantinople, and one of the Commissioners sent to Wellington after Waterloo ; died 182P.

Angers, à French fortified town, cap. dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the river Mayenne (prov. Anjou).

Anjou, an old prov. of France ; its cap. was Angers; forms now the dep. of Maine-et-Loire.

Antilles, in English West Indies, an archipelago of islands in the Atlantic, between North and South America.

Arcole (Arcola), a village of Northern Italy, 15 m. E.S.E. Verona ; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians there, November, 1796.

Ardennes, a system of heights and forests, embracing part of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the north of France, extending W. to the sources of the Somme, and E. to the Moselle,

Arras, a fortified city, cap. dep. Pas-de-Calais, France, on the river Scarpe ; fortified by Vauban, under Louis XIV.

Artois (Count of), brother of Louis XVI. and of Louis XVIIT.; was very unpopular on account of his opposition to reform; reigned from 1824 to 1830, fled to England, and went to Güritz (Gürz), a town in Austria, N.N.W. Trieste, where he died in 1836.

Augereau, Duke of Castiglione and Marshal of France, distinguished himself through all the campaigns of Napoleon from 1796 to 1813; offered his services too readily to the Bourbons, and then again to Napoleon on his return from Elba.

Auray, a small French town on the river Auray, dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany).

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Bailly (Jean Sylvain), a French astronomer ; was the first President of the Assembly at the States-General, 1789, and called upon his colleagues to take the famous oath of the Tennis-Court (Serment du Jeu de Paume), June, 1789; was Mayor of Paris; declared the charges against Marie-Antoinette to be unfounded, and was executed November 10, 1798.

Bantry (baie de), a fine bay, S. Ireland, County of Cork.

Barnave, an eloquent deputy of the States-General in 1789; sometimes rivalled Mirabeau in eloquence ; presided at the Constituent Assembly ; after the arrest of the Royal Family at Varennes he accompanied them back to Paris, and was won over to their cause ; he was arrested and guillotined in 1793.

Barrère, or Barère (de Vieuzac), at first a mocerate Royalist, then an extreme and bloodthirsty Kepublican ; generally sided with the strongest party ; was also a literary man ; died in 1841.

Beauharnais (Joséphine de); her maiden name was Tascher de Ia Pagerie; she marrried in 1779 the Viscount Alexandre de Peauharnais, and had two children, Eugène and Hortense: De Beauharnais was guillotined 1794; Madame de Beauharnais married General Bonaparte in 1796 ; was crowned Empress of the French December, 1804; was divorced 1809 ; died in 1814.

Bernier (l'Abbé), a curate of Angers (old prov. Anjou); the soul of the Vende 2 insurrection ; was made Bishop of Orleans, 1802.

Eeurnonville (Pierre Riel de), Minister of War 1793 ; was made by Napoleon 1. Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, Senator, and Count; afterwards attached himself to Louis XVIIL., who made him a Marshal in 1816; he was born in Champagne in 1752, and died in 1821.

Billaud Varennes, one of the most violent and sanguinary characters of the French Revolution; died in 1819.

Biron (Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of), at first known as the “ Duc de Lauzun;” fought in America for the Independence ; became the confidant and the secret agent of the Duke of Orleans ; served the Republic in Corsica, Savoie, and Vendée; was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary tribunal, and executed in

Bitche (German, Bitsch), a German town and fortress in Elsass- Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraine), in a Pass of the Vosges.

Bohême, Bohemia (German, Bükmen; Bohemian, Czech), a division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Bonaparte (Napoléon), born August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio in Corsica :; is called Bonaparte or Buonaparte till he assumes the title of Emperor under the name of Napoleon I ; died at St. Helena 1821. (For more information see French History.)

Bonchamp (the Marquis of), a Royalist Chief in Vendée; brave and humane ; saved 5000 Republican prisoners from the fury of the Royalists ; was mortally wounded at Cholet (dep. Maine-et-Loire) October 27, 1793.

Bourdon de l'Oise, first a violent and extreme Republicar, member of the National Convention ; became a Reactionist after the exCesses committed in Vendée; was transported and died in 1797.

Braunfels, a town in Rhenish Prussia, 57 m, E.N.E. Cobi:nz.

Brest, a fortified French town aud seaport, dep. Finistère (prov Brittany).

Bretagne, a: old province N.W. of France, called in English Brit tany.

Brissot, one of the chiefs of the Girondist Party (see Vergniaud) ; was executed in 1798.

Bristoï, a city and seaport of England, in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire, on the Avon.

Brunswick (Frederick William, Duke of) took an active part in the war against France, 1809; cameto England with his troops, which were taken into the British service; in 1813 raised a large body of troops to fight again against France; fell at Ligny at the head of his ‘“ Brunswickers.”?

Canclaux, commanded in 1793 the army of the West against tho Royalists (Vendéens) ; was Peer of France under Louis XVIII. ; died in 1817.

Carnac, a Frenc! village, dep. .orbihan (prov. Brittany), 17 m. S.E. Lorient.

Carnot, (Lazare Nicolas Marguerite), a French mathematician and Minister of War ; beat the Austrians at Wattignies, October, 1793 ; member of the Convention and of the ‘* Comité de Salut Public ; ” Inspector of the Army of the North ; exiled in 1797; recalled by Buonaparte and made Minister of War; Napoleon’s Minister of the Interior during the Hundred Days; settled at Magdeburg, vpn the last years of his life in the pursuit of science; died

Cathelineau (Jacques) was the son of a weaver; at the head of the Vendéens (Royalists) gained several victories against the Republican troops ; died ai the attack of Nantes in 1793.

Cadoudal (George), the son of a miller and a notorious Chouan chicf (see Cottereau) ; escaped to England; came aftcrwarûs to Paris with Pichegru to assassinato the First Consul Bonaparte; was arrested and executed June 25, 1804.

Cayenne, a seaport town, cap. of French Guiana, South America.

Championnet (Jean Etienne), fought at Fleurus, 1793; was sent in 1:98 to help the Roman Republic attacked by the Lazzaroni of Naples, and occupied thut town; died 1800.

Charette (de la Contrie), a nobleman; one of the Vendean chiefs; was often successful against the Republican troops; was shot in

Charles (l'Archiduc), third son of Leopold IT., Emperor of Germany ; fought under Coburg; defeated Moreau at Rastadt; took Kehl ; was Governor of Bohemia ; fought against Napoleon at Essliug, Eckmübl, and Wagram; died in 1847.

Châtillon, a village, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany), where the Vendeans (Royalists) and Republican troops had several encounters.

Chénier (André), a French poet; guillotined in 1794; his odes, idylls, and elegiacs were published twenty-five years after his death.

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Cherbourg, a seaport, dep. Manche, in the English Channel, at the N. extremity of the peniusula of Cotentin; Napoleon IIT, comri in 1864 the great breakwater commenced by Louis XVI. in

Chérin, a French Republican General; fought under Hoche in ‘ Vendée,” 1795,

Chollet or Cholet, a town, dep. Maine-et-Loire (prov. Anjou), the scene of several battles between the Vendéeus (Koyalists), and the Republicans.

Cincinnatus (Lucius Quintus), one of the greatest characters of ancient Rome; after his consulate he had retired to his farm, whence be was entreated (n.0. 458) to come and defend Rome against the Æqui; he defeated the enemy and returned to his plough.

Coblentz or Coblenz, a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on left bank of the Rhine at the influx of the Moselle.

Cobourg (Friedrich-Josias Coburg, Duke of Saxe-Coburg), an Austrian Field Maïshal; in 1792 commanded the Allies in the Netherlands ; beat Dumouriez at Neerwinden, and occupied Holland ; in 1793 was beaten by Moreau at Tourcoing, by Jourdan at does, and in 1794 at Fleurus ; resigned his command ; died

Collot d'Herbois, one of the most sanguinary leaders of the French Revolution ; in 1792, at Lyons, he had over 16,000 persons put to death; he contributed to the fall of Robespierre, was transported, and died in 1796.

Condé (Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of), emigrated after the fall of the Bastille; organised a body of troops, and invaded the French territory with the Prussians and Austrians ; came back with Louis XVIII.; died 1818.

Confédération germanique, samo as * Allemagne; ” in English, Germany ; in German, Deutschland, ancient Germania.

Cottereau; there were four brothers of that name, smugglers, whose rallying cry was that of the ‘chat-huant” (corrupted into caouan), screech-owl; hence the name of Chouuns given to the bands of adventurers which they raised against the Republicans.

Couthon (Georges), formed with Saint-Just and Robespierre the Triumvirate of the Terror; fell with his colleagues on the ‘9 thermidor an II ”—+4.e., July 27, 1794.

Custine (Adam Philippe, Count of), born at Metz, 1740 ; held a commission in one of the French regiments serving in America against the English ; had the command of the Army of the Rhine in 1792 ; was condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and executed August 28, 1793.

Danton (Georges Jacques), one of the most active among the leaders of the French Revolution; was well qualified for the position he assumed by his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and fierce demeanour; after the taking of Longwy and the siege of Verdun

by the Prussians, he uttered in the Convention these celebrated words, ‘“ Pour vaincre nos ennemis, que faut-il? de l'audace, encore l'audace, et toujours de l'audace.” In a struggle for suprend with Robespierre he was vanquished, and beheaded April 5, gt, Daunou (Pierre Claude François), a French states:aan, à moderate Liberal, a literary man, and a professor ; died in 1840.

Desaix (or de Veygoux des Aix), à great French General; fougit at Weissenburg and Lauterburg; defended Kehl; followed l'onaparte to Egypt; died at Marengo in a charge which greatly :ontributed to the victory, June 14, 1800.

Deux-Ponts (German, Zweibrücken, two bridges), a city in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany.

Dierdorf, a town in Rhenish Prussia, 14 m. N.N.E. Coblenz. Dieu (l'île) or d'Yeu, an island, W. France, opposite the dep. Vendée.

Dol, a French town, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. brittany), 13 m. S.E. St.-Malo.

Douai, a fortified town, dep. Nord, France.

Dumouriez (Charles François Duperrier), French General; born at Cambrai, 1739; commanded the Army of the Moselle, and gained over the Prussians, with T”-Uormann, at Valmy, dep. Marne, a celebrated victory, which stopped the progress of foreign invasion; being suspected and accused by the Directory, he took refuge in the Austrian camp; went to Hamburg, and in 1804 accepted an asylum in England; he died at Turville Park, near Henley-upon- Thames, in 1825.

Dunkerque (English, Dunkirk), a fortified seaport town, dep. Nord, on the Strait of Dover; was bought by Louis XIV. of Charles II. of England for £200,000, and fortitied by Vauban; the English bes:: ed it in 1798.

Düsseldorf, a town of Rhenish Prussia on tho right bauk of the Rhine, 21 m. N.N.W. Cologne (Küln).

Dyle (la), a river in Belgium; rises in Brabant, fiows into the Nethe to form the Rupel, which joins the Scheldt (Escaut); passes through Louvain.

Ehrenbreitstein, a town in Rhenish Prussia, connected to Coblenz by a bridge; has a fortress, Ehrenbreitstein (Broad Stone of Honour).

Elbe, a river of Austria and Germany, which flows inte the Nortb Sea at Cuxhaven.

Elbée (Gigot d’}, a Royalist chief in Vendée; fought with Bonchamp, La Rochejaquelein, Cathelineau, and Stofllet ; was shot in 1794.

Estaing (the Count d'), à French Admiral, guilictined in 1798.

Fleurus, à village of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, famous by a victory of the French General Jourdan over the Prince of Saxe-Uoburg and the Austrians, 1794, and also by a victory of Napolcon I. over Blücher and the Allies, 1815.