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Landau, a fortified city on the river Queich, in Rhenish Bavaria, 18 m. N.W. Carlsruhe ; belonged to the French from 1680 to 1815.

La Rochejaquelein (Henri de), Commander-in-Chief of the Royalists in Vendée; displayed great talent and valour ; was killed near Nouaillé March 4, 1794.

Lauter, a river in Rhenish Bavaria, joins the Rhine at Neuburg.

Lauterbourg (Lauterburg), fortified city of Elsass-Lothringen in Germany, 34m. N.E. S’rassburg ; the French took it, 1793, by forcing the famous ‘lines of Lauterburg” (see Wissembourg).

Le Bas, a supporter of Robespierre, whom he defended on the ‘9 thermidor,” July 27, 1791; shot himself, and thus escaped the guillotine.

Lecointre, an extreme Republican member of the Legislative Assembly and of the Convention.

Le Fèvre or Lefebvre, Duke of Dantzig: assisted Bonaparte in seizing the supreme power on the ‘18 brumaire an VIII ”— November ©, 1799; took Dantzig, 1807; fought at Eckmübl, Wagram, and in Russia ; died in 1820.

Le Mans, a French town, cap. dep. Sarthe (prov. Maine), witnessed the last struggles of the Vendean and Republican forces in 1793,

Leoben, an Austrian town, prov. Styria on the Mur ; a peace between France and Austria wag concluded there, April 18, 1797.

Le Quesnoy, à fortified city, dep. Nord, France; 9 m. $S.E. Valenne taken by the Austrians 1792; retaken by the French

Lescure (the Marquis of), a Royalist chief in Vendée; died 1798.

Le Veneur (Count of); De Bonnechose gives an account of him, pages 59) to 35.

Liége (Dutch, Luyk; German, Lüttich}, a fortified town of Belgium, cap. of the prov. Liége, on the river Maas (in French Meuse); from 1793 to 1814 was cap. of ‘he French dep. Ourthe.

Lille (formerly L'Isle; Lat., Insula; Flemish, Ryssel), a manufacturing town of France, cap. dep. Nord; was unsuccessfully bombarded by the Austrians in 1792.

Loire, a river in France, length 530 m.; rises x tha dep. Ardèche (prov. Languedoc) and in the der. î -Inférieure ; flows into the Atlantic.

Longwy, a fortiñed town in the dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Belgian frontier, 33 m. N.N.W. Metz; was taken by the Prussians in 1792, and by the Allies in 1815.

Lorient, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany).

Louis XV., great grandson of Louis XIV.; was only five when be succeeded to the throne in 1715; the Regent, Philip of Orléans, tbe Duke of Bourbon, the Cardinal Fleury, Madame de Pompadour, the King's favourite, the Minister Choiseul, and Madame Dubarry reigned successively instead of the weak and dissolute Prince ; the English ruined the French commerce at sea; Canada and nearly all the French colonies were given up to them; the King died in 1744, despised and hated.

Louis XVI,, graudson of Louis XV., married an Austrian Princess, Marie-Antoinette in 1770; ascended the throne in 1774; the Revolution broke out 1789 ; the King was made à prisoner in his owu palace in 1790 ; condemned to death and beheaded on the 21st of January, 1793.

Louis XVIL,, the second son of Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette; was born 1785 and died 1795; became heir to the throne by the death of his eidest brother, but never reigned; after the death of Louis XVI. he was entrusted to a shoemaker named Simon, who is said to have brutally ill-treated him.

Louvain (Dutch, Leuwen; German, Lüwen),a town in Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the river Dyle, 16 m. E.N.E. Brussels; under the French it was in the dep. Dyle,

Mabilais (la), a village near Rennes, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (old prov. Brittany).

Maëstricht (Dutch, Maastricht), a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap. Duchy of Limburg, on the left bank of the Maas (Meuse) ; taken by the French in 1794; was the cap. of the French dep. Meuse-Inférieure till 1814.

Maine, an old prov. W. of France ; its cap. was Le Mans; forms now the departments Sarthe and Mayenne.

Malesherbes (Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes), born at Paris 1721; a great French statesman; he claimed and obtained the dangerous honour of pleading the cause of his Sovereign, Louis XVI.; he was guillotined in 1794.

Mans (see Le Mans).

Mantoue (Mantua; Italian, Mantova), a fortified town of Venetia, North Italy, 22 m. S.S.W. Verona.

Marat (Jean Paul), born in 1744 in the prov. of Neufchâtel, in Switzerland ; when the Revolution be;: n headopted the most extreme and violent views ; from Septemb. : 12, 1789, to July 14, 1793, he published a daily paper called ‘ L’Ami du Peuple,” ‘ Le Journal,” &c., in which he denounced aristocrats and preached massacre, asking for 270,00) heads; he was foremust in advocating every sanguinary measure and contributed, with Robespierre, to the fall of the Girondists (see Vergniaud); he was stabbed by Charlotte Corday, July 15, 1793, François Ponsard has written a drama called ‘ Charlotte Corday.”

Mesrceau (des Graviers), a brave, patriotic, and humane Republican General; distinguished himself at Fleurus and in the campaigns of 1795 and 1796; was shot in 1796.

Marie-Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of tk: Emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa, born at Vienne 1755; married to Louis XVI. 1770; she had great influence over the King, and became very unpopular for constantly opposing the measures of reform proposed ; she was condemned to denth by the Revolutionary tribunal, and executed October 16, 1793,

Marius, the celebrated Roman; having been sent over to Africa a Legate of the Consul Q. Metellus, he isgratiated himself with the soldiers, and became so popular that he went to Rome to stand 2, à candidate to the Consulship, and was elected ; he died 8.c. 86.

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Mayence (German, Mainz), a fortified town of W. Germany, cap. prov. Rhenish Hessen on left bank of the Rhine; lat. 50.0 N., long. 8.13 E. ; taken in 1797 by the French; it was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1815.

Meaux, a town of France on the river Marne, dep. Seine-et-Marne: 25 m. E.N.E. Paris.

Mein (le), in German Main, a German river which joins the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Mayence (Mainz).

Mercier, surnamed ‘La Vendée,” a Royalist chief; fought in the tt war at the head of the Chouans (see Cottereau); died in j

Meuse (Dutch Maas, ancient Mosa), a river which rises in France at the village of Meuse, dep. Haute-Marne ; in the dep. Vosges it disappears underground for a distance of 4 m.,it passes Sedan, Nanur, Liége, Maestricht, &c., and enters the North Sea by three principal mouths.

Miranda (Don Francisco), born in Venezuela, South America; had at heart the emancipation of the Spanish American Colonies ; came to France; served as General under Dumouriez ; took : efuge in England in 1793; went back to Venezuela and tried to rLcse the re died in the dungeons of the Inquisition at Cadiz,

Monck, or more correctly Monk (George), Duke of Albemarle ; à distinguished military commander, and the great promoter of the restoration of Charles Il.; died in 1670.

Montabauer or Montabaur, a town of W. Prussia, prov. Nassau, Government of Wiesbaden, 8 m. N. Nassau.

Morbihan, a maritime dep. in the W. of France, part of old prov. Brittany,

Moreau (Jean Victor), a celebrated French General; fought in Holland ; made the memorable retreat of 1796 ; helped Bonaparte on the (18 brumaire an VIII. ; ” commanded the armies of the Danube and of the Rhine ; was implicated in the Royalist plot of Pichegru and G. Cadoudal, and exiled ; took arms against France with the Allies, and was killed at the battle of Dresden in 1813.

Mortagne-sur-Sèvre, a town, dep. Vendée, prov. Poitou.

Moselle, a river which rises in the dep. Vosges, France; passes Metz, Trèves, and Cobleuz in Rhenish Prussia, where it joins the Khine on the left.

Nantes, a town in France, cap. dep. Loire-Inférieure, prov. Brittany; resisted the army of the Vendéens (Royalists) in 1795.

Naples (in Italian Napoli), a city of South Italy; the French General Championnet took it in 1799; Joseph Bonapar'® and Murat were made Kings of Naples; the latter was drivez ‘rom it by the Auñtrians in 1814.

Nerwinde or Neerwinden, a village in Belgium, prov. Liége; memorable by the victory of the Allies, under the Prince of Coburg, over Durnouriez, March 18, 1795.

Neuwied, a town in Khenish Prussia, 8 m. N.N.W. Cobienz.

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Nice (Îtalian, Nizza), a town and seaport of France, dep. Alpes- Maritimes on the Mediterranean.

Nidda (la), a German river which joins the Main at Hochst, 6 m. W. Frankfort.

Normandie, an old prov. of France, N.W.; its cap. was Rouen.

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Oneille (in Italian Oneglia), a city of North Italy, 31 m. E.N.E. Nice.

Ouessant (Latin, Uxantis; English, Ushant), the most westerly of the ct islands off the coast of Brittany, opposite the dep. finistère.

Paul-Emile (Æmilir Paulus, surnamed Macedonicus), a Roman General of noble and blameless character.

Penthièvre (the fort of), a stronghold in the Peninsula Quiberon (whicn sec).

Ferche (le), an old division of France, now distributed among the deps. Eure, Orne, and Eure-et-Loir.

Phocion, a celebrated Athenian general and statesman, a disciple of Plato; died B.c, 317.

Pichegru (Charles), à celebrated French General; conquered Holland 1794-95; entered into negotiations with the Prince of Condé for the restoration of the Bourbons; was suspected and transported; escaped to England; plotted with Georges Cadoudal against Bonaparte ; the plot was discovered in Paris, and both were apprehended ; Pichegru was found strangled in his prison, April 6, 1804.

Pirmasens, a town in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, 13 m. E.S.E. Zweibrücken.

Pitt (William), Prime Minister of England; after the execution of Louis XVI. he dismissed the French Ambassador. and manifested till his death the greatest hostility against France ; from 1793 to 1800 he waged war against her; he died January 23, 1806.

Plutarque (Plut. :ch), the celebrated Greek biographer and moralist ; he died at the beginning of the second century A.D.

Poitou, an old prov. of W. France, the cap. of which was Poitiers; forms now the departments Vendée, Deux-Sèvres, Vienne.

Portsmouth, an English fortified seaport, S.W. extremity of Portsea Island, lat. 50.48 N., long. 1.5 W.

Provence (le Comte de), grandson of Louis XV. and eldest brother of Louis XVI.; he reigned under the name of Louis XVIII. from 1814 to 1824.

Puisaye (Count Joseph de), a French Royalist chief; organised a formidable body of Chouans (see OCottereau) in Brittany, and obtained help from England ; died in 1827.

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Pythagore, the celebrated Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who taught the uE of metempsychosis ; he was born in Samos about B.0. 580.

Queich, a river in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany; flows through Landau.

Quesnoy (see Le Quesnoy).

Quiberon, a peninsula and a town in the dep. Morbihan (old prov. Brittany), lat 47.28 N., long. 3‘4 W.

Quimper or Quimper-Corentin, a French towu, cap. dep. Finistère (prov. Brittany).

Reischoffen (German, Reichshofen), a town in Eslass-Lothringen, 14 m. S.W. Weissenburg.

Rennes, a French town, cap. dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany).

Richepanse (Antoine), a French General; distinguished himself in several of the battles of the Republic, and particularly at Hohenlinden, 1800; died in 1802.

Rivoli, a town in North Italy, 8 m. W. Turin; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians there, January 14, 1797.

Robespierre, born at Arras, cap. dep. Pas-de-Calais, 1759 ; one of the most violent of the French Revolutionists; after the fall of the Girondists (see Vergniaud), he had virtually the power of 2 dictator, for he was supreme in the Convention, in the Commune of Paris, in the Committee of Public Safety, and in the Jacobin Club; he tried to establish a species of deism; decreed the existence of the ‘ Supreme Being ; ” tried in vain to obtain a kind of consecration for his autocracy in the “ Feast of tne Supreme Being ;” was accused by Tallien and others, and was guillotincd, July 28, 1794 (10 thermidor au IL.).

Rocroi, a French fortified town, dep. Ardennes, 15 m. N.W. Mézières.

Roland (Madame), wife of Roland de la Platière, a statesmau of the- French Revolution ; she had great influence over the moderate Republican Party, the Girondists (see Vergniaud); after their fall she favoured the flight of her husband, was put into prison, ue she wrote her celebrated ‘ Memoirs,” and guillotined in

Rouget de l'Isle, a French Republican officer, who composed at Strasburg a patriotic song, which he called “Chant de guerre,” and which became famous under the name of ‘La Marseillaise; ? he died in 1836.

Rousseau (Jean-Jacques), the celebrated French writer and philosopher, born at Geneva in 1712; his writings exercised à great influence over the opinions of his time; he died in 1778, the same year as Voltaire. The following are some of his principal works :— Emile ou de l'Education,” ‘Le Contrat Social,” ‘La. Nouvelle Héloïse,” &c.

Saint-Brieuc, a French town, cap. dep. Côtes-du-Nord (prov. Brittany),

Saint-Germain en Laye, a town of the dep. Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. W.N.W. Paris. Laye (Lat. Ledia) is the old name of the forest now called Forêt de Saint-Germain and comprising 8900 acres. James IL. of England died in the ‘ château,” 1701.

Saint-Ildephonse, San Ildefonso, or La Granja, a town of Spain, 6 m. S.E. Segovia, prov. Old Castile; La Granja is a celebrated palace; in 1796 a Treaty was signed there between Spain and France.

Saint-Just formed with Couthon and Robespierre the Triumvirate of the error, and was guillotined, like his associates, July, 1794,

Saint-Malo, a French fortified seaport town, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine (prov. Brittany).

Saint-Mesmin le Vieux, a French village in the dep. Vendée, 25 m. N. l'ontenuy.

Saint-Siège (Le), the Holy See; the dominions belonging to it were called Etats de l'Eglise, or du Pape, Etats Romains or Pontificaux, States of the Church, Pontfical States.

Sambre, a river which rises in France, dep. Aisne, and joins the Maas (Meuse) at Namuï, in Belgium.

Sarre (German, Saar), a river which rises in the Vosges Mountains, France, and joins the Moselle 5 m. S.W. Trèves (Trier).

Sarzeau, a French town, dep. Morbihan, 9 m. S, Vannes (prov. Brittany).

Savenay, a French town, dep. Loire-Inférieure, 20 m. N.W. Nantes.

Saverne (la; in English, Severn), one of the principal rivers of England and Wales ; rises in Montgomeryshire, and flows into the Bristol Channel.

Saverne (German, Zabern), a town of Elsass-Lothringen (Alsace- Lorraine), Germany, 20 m. N.W. Strassburg.

Scarpe, a French river; rises in the dep. Pas-de-Calais, and joins the Scheldt (l'Escaut) in the dep. Nord.

Sedan, a fortified town on the Meuse, dep. Ardennes, 11 m. E.S.E. Mézières ; in its vicinity was fought the battle which resulted in the defeat and capture of Napoleon IIL., September 4, 1870.

Sèvre-Nantaise, a French river which flows into the Loire on the left, opposite Nantes (dep. Loire-Inférieure); it rises in the dep. Deux-Sèvres.

Sèvre Niortaise. a French river which passes Niort, dep. Deux- Sèvres, and flows into the Atlantic; it is from these two rivers that the above dep. takes its name,

Dieg (la), a German river which joins the Rhine 2 m. N. Ponn.

Siéyès (Emmanuel Joseph, # Abbé,” afterwards Count), the celebrated deputy of 1789, who wrote the famous pamphlet “Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat?—Tout.—Qu'a-t-il été jusqu à présent dans l’ordre politique ?—Rien.—Que demande-t-il ?—A devenir quelque chose.” He was subsequently member of the “Comité de Salut Public,” ‘ Conseil des Cinq-Cents,” # Directoire,” and one of the three Consuls after the 18 brumaire (see Calendar),

Socrate (Socrates), the great Athenian philosopher, born B.c. 469; condemned to death as the enemy of religion; he drank the hemlock cup with great composure, B.c. 399.

Stofflet (Nicolas) was the son of a miller and a Vendean (Royalist) General ; fought under d'Elbée, and was shot by the Republicans in 1796.

Soult (Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu), Duke of Dalmatia and Marshal of France ; fought at Kaiïserlautern, at Fleurus, in Switzerland, in Italy, at Austerlitz, at Jena, in Poland, in Spain, in Portugal, and at Waterloo ; he died in 1852.

Suffren (Saint-Tropez, Bailli de), one of the greatest l'rench seamen, born in 1726; served under Admiral d'Estaing; emigrated after

Sully (Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of), a celebrated French statesman and Minister of Henry IV.; died in 1641.

Tacite; Caius Cornelius Tacitus, the celebrated Roman historian, born about A.D. 54.

Tallien (Jean Lambert) was at first an extreme Republican; one of the promoters of the September Massacres and upholder of Marat, but +--ame more moderate after his marriage with Madame de Fc snay (which see); had the courage to accuse Robespierre, and caused his ruin; went to Egypt with Bonaparte; was taken prisoner by the English, and died in 1820.

Tallien (Madame); see Madame de Fontenay.

Théroigne de Méricourt was born in Belgium of obscure parents: she came to Paris, and led there a dissolute life; during the Revolution she went about dressed and armed as an Amazone, much applauded by the mob; once, however, in the Tuilleries Gardens she was whipped publicly; she died in a madhouse in

Thionville (German, Diedenhofen), a town in Elsass-Lothringen, cn the Moselle, N. of Metz.

Toulon, a French town and scaport on the Mediterranean, dep. Var; was given up to the English by the Royalists ; taken by the Republicans December 18, 1793, during a memorable siege, in which Bonaparte greatly distinguished himself.

Toulouse, cap. dep. Haute-Garonne, France, on the river Garonne.

Travot (the Baron Jean-Pierre), a Rej..blican General ; served under Hoche in Vendée in 1796; made the Vendean chief Charette prisoner at La Chabottière ; died in 1836.

Truguet (Jean François), a French Admiral ; fought under d'Estaing and de Grasse ; arranged with the General Hoche an expedition against Ireland; served in the Dutch Navy; died in 1839.

Ukerath or Uckerath, a small locality in Rhenish Prussia, Government of Cologne (Küin).

Valenciennes, a fortified city, dep. Nord, France, on the Scheldt (Escaut) ; taken by the English and Austrians after a siege of six weeks ; returned to France in 1518.

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Valmy, a village, dep. Marne, N.E. Chalons-sur-Marne. The Gencerals Dumouriez and Kellermann, September 20, 1792, gained there an important victory over the Prussians.

Vannes, a French seaport town, cap. dep. Morbihan (prov. Brittany).

Varennes (en Argonne), dep. Meuse, 16 m. W.N.W. of Verdun ; here Louis XVI. and his family were detected and seized in their attempted flight, June 20, 1791.

Vauban (the Count of), a French Royalist; was a descendant of tho Marquis of Vauban, the great military engineer under Louis XIV.; took part in the expedition against Quiberon ; died in 1816.

Vendée, formerly a division of the prov. Poitou, in the W., now a maritime dep. on the Atlantic; it was during the Republic the Stronghold of the Royalists.

Verdun, a fortified town, dep. Meuse, 28 m. N. of Bar-le-Duc, on the

Meuse, which here becomes navigable; it was taken by the Prussians in 1792,

Vergniaud, one of the chiefs of the Girondist Party ; a brilliant orator ; with Gensonné and Guadet he opposed the sanguinary violence of Robespierre and the Jacobins ; sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal; was executed October 51, 1795, with Gensonné and twenty other Girondists. 7%e Gircndists (Girondins) Were à moderate Republican Party; they struggled against the Jacobins and Montagnards (Marat and Robespierre), who formed a party of fanatic demagogues ; in spite of their bravery and eloquence, they were overwhelmed by their enemies ; the name “ Girondins ” was given them from the fact that several of their leaders were deputies from the dep. Gironde, cap. Bordeaux.

Vérone (Verona), a fortified city in Venetia, N. Italy, on the river Adige.

Versailles, cap. dep. of Seine-et-Oise, 10 m. S.W. Paris; was but a village till Louis XIV. spent immense sums of money to make it his residence, 1672; Levau, Juies Hardouin-Mansard, Lebrun, Lenôtre, &e., &e., contributed to make it worthy of the wagnifi— cence of their master ; it has been since the « Commune,” 1871, the seat of the Government. In the Place Hoche is to be seen the bronze statue of Lazare Hoche, by Lemaire, with the followiug inscription :— Hoche—né à Versailles le 24 juin, 1768.— soldat à 16 ans, général en chef à 25 ans, mort à 29 ans,— pacificateur de la Vendée.”

Villaret de {ugeuse, a French Seaman ; fought under the Pailli de

Suffren ; was defeated before Brest by Admiral lowe; was at the head of the expedition agaiust San Domingo; died in 1812.

Vosges, a range of mountains N.E. France; commences on the limits of the deps. Haute-S:ône, Haut-Rhine, and Doubs, and ends in Germany on the left bauk of the Khine, near Mainz (Mayence),

Warren (Sir John Borlase), an eminent English naval officer ; captured some French ships which bad been sent by Hoche with

pee land in Ireland; was appointed Admiral in 1510; died in 1822.

Wattignies, a village, dep. Nord France, 3 m. S&.W. Lille; tho French General Jourdan defeated there the Austrians in 1798.

Wert (Weert or Weerdt), a town in Dutch Limburg.

Wetzlar, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 42 m. E.N.E. Coblenz, on the river Lahn.

Wissembourg (German, Weissenburg), a fortified city of Elsass- Lothringen (Alsace-Lorraine), Germany, on the right bank of the Lauter, 84 m. N.N.E. Surassburg; fortified works called the “ Lines of Weissenburg,” extending along the Lauter to Lauterburg, were built by the Austrians in 1702.

Wurmser (Count von), a great Austrian General; invaded Alsace 1798 ; was defeated at Freischweïler ; was unsuccessful against General Bonaparte in Italy 1796; died at Vienna 1797.

York (Frederick, Duke of), second son of George III.; commanded the British Army in Flanders 1793, and after repeated defeats by the French returaed to Englanû, in 1799 was again sent to Holland, and had to sign a disadvantageous Treaty ; died in 1827.

LONDRES : IMPRIMERIE DE RANKEN ET Cie, ST. MARY-LE-STRAND, W.C.