PAT

of that, fosse, a

English, Le Jining slope to

Lino 9,—équipages—Crews—applied to soldiers and sailors .on

board a ship.

s’insurgerent—Mutinied.

Line 12,—ose.—The use of the present for the past to give more vigor to the narrative is very common in French, far more 80 than in English. D, F, 547, In translating it is generally to use the past tense.

« espérer.— There are a number of verbs which in French take no preposition, while the corresponding English verbs require one ; such as payer, approuver, attendre, demander, &c.

Line 13.—n’occupe encore &c—Still occupied in the army, according to rank, only a subordinate position.

Line 18.—ladjoint du ministre.—The Deputy Minister (of war).

Line 20.—de nous forcer—To compel us—1.e., to surrender the place.

Line 21.—doît s’attendre— Must expect.

Line 23.—i1 la fait passer—He communicated. . This use of both noun and pronoun is quite common, In translating omit the pronoun. ;

Line 26.—mène.— Most verbs in efer and eler double the consonant before the e mute, but other verbs of the first conjugation whose stem ends in a single consonant preceded hy e mute, take a grave accent instead of doubling the consonant, as mener, lever.

Line 28.—casser—He cashiered—1, e., deprived of his office. “To break ” is used in English in the same sense. “I see a great general broken.” —Suwift,

Line 29—avee mollesse—Teniently—1.e., with criminal leniency.

Line 86.—tarderaient-ils—even should they delay.

se à force de travail By dint of bard work.

Line 1—on peut les attendre, —We can wait for them.

Line 4.--accourait Was advancing rapidly.

Line 5.—Houchurd.—A famous French general, who gâined the battle of Hondschotte in 1793. Being accused of not having implicitly obeyed the commands of the Committee of Safety, he was guillotined.

LL Jourdan.—A celebrated general, who in 1798 defeated the allies at Fleurus, drove them across the Rhine and gained possession of Belgium. He was afterwards made a Marshal by Napoleon, and haû an important command in Spain during the Peninsular War,

Line 7.—Furnes.—[n the province of W. Flanders, Belgium.

Line 10.—murs,.— Mur is the general word for wall, Muraille refers to the defences of a city, &c. Distinguish mur—wall, from mûr—ripe. These words come respectively from Latin murus and maturus.

Line 12,—de venir en aide &c.—fr m coming to the assistance of Marshal Freytag in an effective manner. More freely— from giving any effective assistance to Marshal Freytag.

Line 16.—-hate.The circumflex accent over à vowel generally marks the elision of the letter s after it—e.g., fête, étre, côte, maître, Were originally written feste, estre, coste, maistre. Sometimes, however, it indicates a contraction of another kind, for example—4ge, ori’;inally written aages

Line 17,—en face de—Opposite.

Line 22.—a fait passer—]Tmparted, T ‘ne 925, —délk ‘rrée—Dilapidated, (s resister à.—See Note, p. 15, L 89 Line 27.—be'le—Splendid, Line 83.—brumaire.—The second month of autumn in the Repub-

lican calendar. The convention which met in 1792 in their desire for change, adopted new nrmes for the

months, as follows :—Inautumn, VENDEMIAIRE (Vindemia #c

grape-gathering); BrRuMAIRE (Bruma, fog); FRIMAIRE (Frimas, hoar-frost). In winter, Nivose (Nivosus,snowy); PLuviose (Pluviosus, rainy); VEBNTOSE (Ventosus, windy). In spring, GirmiNiL (Germen, germ) ; FLOREAL (Flores, flowers) ; PratrraL (Prairie, meadow). In summer, Messrpon (Messis, harvest, and dôron, gift); THsR-

M1DOR (Therma, heat); Fructinor (Fructus, fruit.) de 4/7

The month was divided into three decades of ten days each, called prianidi, duodi, tridi, quartidi, &e. Five complementary days were added at the end of each year, which were set apart for Republican festivals, The year I. of this calendar commenced the midnight before the autumnal equinox of 1792, and was in use until January 1st, 1806. For x rule to convert dates of this calendar into the old style, see Carlyle’s Fr. Rev., Vol. III., Book IV., Chap. IV. Note.

Line 84.—Moseute.—A river rising in the Vosges Mountains, flowing north-east through France and Prugaia into the Khine

at Coblenz,

: refers — wall, y from

ance of reely— reytag.

nerall y e, étre, , coste, ontracwritten

Repub- 1792 in for the ndemia #t RIMAIRE snowy); mtosus, LOREAL [n sum- , T'HgRit.) dk Dr en days . Five of each estivals, idnight ; in use dates of ‘r. Rev.,

Line 88,—Mayence—(German, Mainz). A fortified town on the left bank of the Rhine, taken by the French in 1792,

Pacr 24,

Line 1—Frunefort—Frankfort. An ancient city of Germany, on the Main, about twenty miles from its junction with the Rhine, It was the place of meeting of the Diet of the Germanic Confederation.

«6 Custine.—$Seo Note, p. 12, 1, 20.

Line 2,—Valenciennes.—A fortified town in the north of France, on the Scheldt, noted for its lace manufacture.

Line 3,—Vosges.—A mountain range in the north-enst of France, extending across the boundary nearly to Mayence on the Rhine,

Lauter.—A river of Prussia, flowing from the eastern slope of the Vosges into the Rhine at Neuberg,.

Line 6.—étaient tombé.s. The verbs which take étre as an auxiliary, are chiefly intransitive verbs denoting motion or rest.

Line 8.—@uesnoy.—A fortified town near Valenciennes.

Line 10.—Scarpe.—A tributary of the Scheldt from the West LL Arras.—A fortified town on the Scarpe, famous for its tapestry. In this word the s is sounded.

Line 11.—sans consistance Without organization. Line 12.—lisière—Line,

Line 16.—lignes de Wissembourg—Lines of Wissembourg. These consisted of a series of fortifications extending along the Lauter. Weissenbourg was on the right bañk of that river. Pronounce w as v.

“ Landau.—A strongly fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Queich.

Line 17.—-Kayserslautern.-—A town near the Lauter.

Line 18.—Sarre—(German, Saar). A tributary of the Moselle, rising in the Vosges,

Line 22.--pieds nus.—When nu precedes its noun, it is invariable, and is joined to the noun by ahyphen; when it follows the noun it agrees with it. D. F. 428.

Line 24.—moral— Tone. Distinguish moral, mind, from morale,

ethics. In English we use morale to express what is here meant by moral.

Line 27.— Wattignies.— A village in the north of France, nesr Lille, Under instructions from Carnot, Jourdan le à his army by rapid marches from the frontiers of the Rhine and defeat: d the Austrians at Wattignies in 1798. This victory opened the way for the French into the Low Countries.

Line 99.11 faut la faire aîmer.—We must maie jt loved.

Line 24.—votre partage—Your portion,

Line 35.—pour ne la plus quitter—Never to leave it again.

Pace 95.

Line 1.—xéchanffent—Pckindled,

Line 6.—l'impériense,,,.mort.—This clunss is the subject of the verb pouvait—que is the object of rentre.

Line 8.—sans tenir compte de—Witbout taking iuto account; without regard either to noble birth or to rights of seniority.

Line 11—tiennent lieu de—Took the place ‘i.

Line 17.—l’exnltation—Excitement.

Line 18.—s'en ressent—Lore the marks of it—breathed it,

Line 20.—nce” :.«6es—Jimphasized.

6 enflure—Bombastic style.

Line 21.—cnchet—Stamp—literally, seal.

Line 25.—Pichegru.—A celebrated French general, who conquered Holland in 17945, He afterwards entered into negotiations with the Prince of Condé for the restoration of the Bourbons, but becoming suspected, he was arrested and

prison,

Line 27.—si j'en croîs—TfT can trust.

Line 31.—qaqu'il batte son arrière-ban—Tet them ca: their last reserves. The bar was à prociamation calling on all who held lands cf the crowr to serve the king in his wars. The arrière-ban was the portion of the reserves composed of the oldest men, who were called out only

in cases of extreme necessity. The proclamation was

generally made by beat of drum, hence batte is used.

Line $2.—coup de grnece—Death-blow—literally merc y-stroke— alluding to the final blow which put an end to t}: st Ter-

Lisnt

= v ê x Sant ac Lrnbes on th rxhose!l «vhose 3s ings oi criminais DrOoken OH UC WEËL, WHUBC LS

were broken one by one by the executioner.

pe

Lir

Lin Lin Lin

Lille.

army e and 8 viC-

Low

of the

‘ount; hts of

quered egotia- \ofthe ed and went to formed

They led in

calling king in eserves ut only ion was s used.

troke—

Line 84.— eprise—Re-capture.

Line 85.—boulevard--QRulywark -defence. The boulevards of Paris

were pnblic promenades on the top of the walls which surrounded the city,hence -“use of tt word, which is simply the French form of “ bu:wark.” For derivations see Webster’s or Worcester’s Dictionary.

Line 89.—4.oite—Feminine to agree with main, understood,

à vers—Distinguish from vers—verse, also from plural of ver Worm. These tl'-ee words come from Latin versus (prep.), versus (noun), nd vermis.

Pacs 26, .

Line 4—Saverne &c.—The student who can procure one of the numerous maps of this part of the continent, published during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1, will be able to obtain ave definite knowledge of the great majority of the localities here mentioned,

Line 7.—faisant fuce—Facing,

Line *‘.—de frunehi:—To cross,

Line 14,—retranchée Wlhich was intrenched. In many such participial clauses it makes better English to insert the relative and verb, It might be translated : “ then intrenched.”

Line 15.—de lonÿger—To skirt,

Line 17.—à revers {n the rear.

Line 18.—devait Was to.

Line 21.—de débloque:—To raise the siege of,

Line 22.—brumaire.—See Note p. 23, 1. 83,

Line 23,—s’ébranle— Advanced,

Line 24,—se replient-Fell back,

Line 25.—les y force-—Assailed them there.

Line 26.—acharné—Dosperate, bloody.

Line 31.—bouches :. feu—Cannons-literally, fire-mouths

“6 sent en présence Were er gaged.

Line 33.—l’élan—The enthusiasm.

Line 35,—en l'air. As à general rule, the preposition en is used before à noun without the article.

Line 36.—s’engage-—Began,

Line 39.—adossés aux Vesges—Resting on the Vosges—or, with the Vosges a .their back: adossé from dos, back.

Pace 27.

Line 1.—décimés—Decimated.literally, e

‘6 mitraiile—Grape-shot. In wor oeil, and ille, the L is generally

Ass 4

Very tenth man kilied.

ds ending if aille, eille, liquid.

Line 2,—1ivrent-Made. -

Line 4.—s’épuisent-Gave out.

Line 5.—lui échapper—/yi because échapper is followed by à

Line 10.—fait preuve—Given evidence—shown.

Line 12 —qu’il avait &c.—Which he had less accepted tlan sule mitted to. Tt would make better English to invert the clause, and say, ‘which he had rather submitted to then accepted.”

Line 15 —6chec-—Ropulse the final e is sounded.

Line 17.—éclatante--Brilliant-signal,

Line 19 —que lui opposaient &c,—Sce Note p. 2, 1. 20,

Line 20 —étrangères. Not only the four adjectives mentioned, l', F. 48, tuk2 ère in the feminine, but all adjectives in e:,

Line 21.—naissante--Rising. : ©

Line 29.--avec répugnance—Unwillingly.

Line 23.—concou: ::—Coüperation,

Line 24.—se répandit-Taunched out.

Line 25,—amères.—See Note p. 27, 1. 20; r is sounded in amer.

« se plaignit.—Distinguish plaindre, to pity, from se plaindre, to complain. Ail verbs in aindre, eindre, and oindre are conjugated in the same way. See D.F, 293, 294.

Line 27.—à l’avenir—Tn future—avenir is derived from à venir, (time) to come.

Line 28,—mettre dans le se-ret—To let into the secret,

Line 30.—Saint Just. —One of the leading Terrorists, and a merber of the Committee of P -blic Safety. He was guillotined with Robespierre in 1794,

«6 L= Bas.—Anotner ardent supporter of Robespierre. He committed suiciGe, and thus escaped the guillotine.

Line 83.—contre eux—Against them—.e,, to defend him:elf against their enmity.

€ il s’appuya de l’assentimont—he relied on the supporte Line 88.—prenant parii pour-—Taking “ides with—waking the part of.

Line 2.—malveillantes—THostile.

Line 8.—à lui faire —Depending on cherchent,

Line 4.—préventions—Drejudices,

Line 7.—chargé des opérations &e.—Carnot was Minister of War, «e né ses 0. Das NTala es EE 1 00 = CE QUI QC, —0ce NOU D. 0, de 00.

Line 8.—4’pnsemble—As à whole.

Line 10,—eut souvent le tort:Often made the mistake,

bed bg he et eng en jus

bd ed

Y àe

An sule vert the ltothen

Dned, 1 es in 6’,

eo

mer.

from se dre,and e D.F,

Denis, a meinas guilre. He ine.

fagainst

SUPPOr*e ing the

rof War.

Line 11.—initiotive Method—that is, of carrying ovt his plans. The author means that while insisting on having his plans carried out as a whole, he should have left to the generuls in command the steps by which the desired results were to bo obtained,

Line 14.—1€r5ber—Conceal. See Note p. 19, L 23.

‘6 m’osa point—Oser generally takes ne only. The use of point here marks a strong negative,

Line 18.—’opérer-To effect

Line 1 .—“oit agi:— Was to act,

Line 27.—vn est en hivcr—-Jt was winter.

Line 30,—alimer tent—Supplied

Line 35.—conjurent—]Implored.

Line 38.—sux ses projets—As to his plans.

Line 40.—à la dérobée—Secretly,

Line 1.—les siens His own officers,

Line 3.—connût.The subjunctive is used because doubt is implied in the expression si je pensais. A universal rule for forming the imperfect subjunctive is ‘0 add se to the second pers. sing. pret, def.

Line 8.—aux prises—Engaged,

Line 19 —Reischoffen, Freischwiller.—Ty0 towns in Alsace, not far from Wissembourg,

Line 13.—l’encan—Auction. Old French enquant, from Latin in and quartus.

Line 14.—livres.—This term is now superseded by franc. The word is still used, however, in such expressions as— 10,000 livres de rente—19 041 francs income.

Line 15.—Adjugez!—Kncck lown—equivalent to ‘“Agreed ;” or “I will take it uÿ that price.” A French auctioneer says ‘“Adjugél” when an English one would say ‘Gone |!”

Line 16.—redoutes—Redoubts. A redoubt is à small fort hastily constructed for purposes of temporary defence.

« au pas de charge—At the double-literally, at a charging pace.

Line 21.—16bordé—Outflanked,

Line 28...-de près.-Closely.

Line 26....cuibute.-.Routed—cutbuter means to throw down from a high place.

Line 31.—qui a mis &c.—Who had been very slow in supporting him.

Line 83.—soient—Subjunctive of wish after vœu.

Line 58.—décernerent—Assigned,

Line 40.—ancien-—Senior—i.e., he had occupied the same rank longer than Hoche.

Line 8.—disposa tout—Made every arrangement.

Line 6.—le prince de Condé.—A member of theillustrious house of Condé, a branch of the Bourbon family. He wasthe leader of the emigrés in their invasion of France in conjunction with the Austrians and Prussians.

Line 10.—chateau-fort-Strong redoubt,

a hérissées—Bristling—agreeing with hauteurs. LE et que protégent—And protected by. See Notes, p. 2, 1. 20, and p. 5, 1. 88.

Line 11.—abatis. The same term is used in English, but frequently written abattis—a defence made by cutting down trees, and arranging them so as to present the greatest possible obstruction to an enemy—from abattre.

Line 14.—contenir—To keep in check.

Line 15.—ordonne à.—$See Note p. 15, L. 89.

Line 17.—et il montre &c.—And he pointed out to his soldiers that the deliverance of Landau would be the infallible result of tue rext day’s victory.

Line 21.—respirent —We use breathe in the same sense.

Line 23.—mépris—Scorn.

Line 24.—on sent &c.—There is felt an overpowering force. something indescribably irresistible. =

Line 26.—Le Fèvre &e.—These generals became famous afterwards under Napoleon.

Line 28.—plupart obscurs—obscursis plural to agree with plupart. D. F. 521.

#4 haute illustration—High renown.

Line 29.—et qui font—Who were serving. See Note, p. 5, L 83.

Line 36.—d’epanecher—Of pouring forth.

Line 38.—davantage—Distinguish its use from that of plus. D. F,

Line 40.—homme de Mien—A virtuous man.

Dinar 91 TAUL UL.

Line 2.:+il se recuei'le—Fe collected his thoughts,

»porting

ne rank

us house + was the e in con-

tes, p. 2, equently

wn trees, possible

liers that ble result

ce. somefterwards

plupart.

us. D.F,

Line 6.—snns rompre d’une semelle Without yielding a step. In fencing, rompre la semelle means to draw back the foot.

Line 11.—qu'un des premiers &c.—Which I was one o the first to suppress.

Line 12.—Ti en est peu—There are few.

Foret IT

le vainqueur de Rocroi—The great Condé, who had to be awakened before the battle of Rocroi, in the Netherlands, in which he totally defeated the Spaniarde, in

Line 14.—j'aime mieux-—I would rather.

Line 18.—Oui, mon général This is addressed to Le Veneur.

Line 21.—sans entraves Untrammelled.

Line 22.—je dois—T must.

Lu c’est un alternative—ce is 18ed with étre when followed by a noun ; but when an adjective follows, i/ must be used.

Line 24—tr0p présomptueuse— Because it was made before he had won the victory.

Line 26.—adieux—From à and Dieu—compare English Goodbye,

contracted from God be with you.

plus beau—Most glorious.

Line 29.—debout—Up—on foot,

Line 31.—rencontre, prépzraitThis union of the present and imperfect must not be imitated in English.

Line 33.—0occupé—In translating supply “which was ” to avoid the

concurrencè of participles, which would be inelegant. Line 87.—au pas de charge-See Note, p. 29, 1. 16.

té

Pace 82,

Line 6.—en s’accusant &c.—Blaming each other for their defeats. Line 8.—entière- See Note, p. 27, 1 20.