OF ITALY TO PARIS— FRIGHTFUL "EELINGS— ‘ERRORISTS - GOES TO

ue has the

he Gulf of

celebrated t the doc- )lutely for- no doubt,

dgment in of a delibve council,

use of à,

Line 14.—en état d’arrestation— Under arrest.

Line 15.—Collot d’Herbois—Notorious as one of the most cruel and blood-thirsty of the revolutionary leaders, Lyons was the principal scene of his massacres, He was transported and died in exile,

Line 17.—eette leetiue—The reading of this decree.

Line 18,—contenue—Restrained.

‘6 Pardon—Fxcuse me.

Line 19,—j'ignorais &c.—I was-not aware that you were & policeman—Fussiez is subjunctive after ignorais. The following verbs usually require the subjunctive :—appré. hender, commander, douter, empêcher, s'étorner, ignorer, nier, urdonner, permettre, se réjouir, souhaiter, soupçonner, anà others ot similar meaning, The Gendarmes constitute a military police, comprising both cavalry and infantry. The force consists chiefly of soldiers taken from the army, generaily on ac-ount of intelligence and good conduct.

« me mettre au lit—To go to bed—Distinguish the noun from verb Lit,

Line 25.—supérieurs—Not of higher rank than Hoche, but the highest in rank among his subordinates,.

Line 26.—-venaient saluer—venir with de means, to have just, as Je viens de le voir; with à, to happen, as si vous ventez à le voir; without à preposition it is used like the English come before an infinitive of purpose, as in this passage.

Line 27.—frent éclater—Manifested — burst forth in — literally, caused to burst forth.

Line 28.—se soustraire à—To escape from. See Note, p. 19, L 93.

Line 80.—tout prévenu—Every one summoncd.

Line 81.—s’y refusa—se refuser takes à after it—hence the use of Y.

Line 33.—pâût sexvir—Micht serve—Subjunctive because contingency is expressed, Line 85.--ne se démentirent pas—Did not falter,

Pace 88.

Line 1.—exposé—Explained.

Line 2.—allait étre Would be,

Line 3.—de nouveaw—Apain.

Line 4.—injustices__Acts of injustice, Line 6.—toujours funeste— Which always proved fatal,

164 NOTES, Line 7.—Ilui—The pronouns mo, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles, are sonetimes called Disjunctive personal pronouns, 1

because they are used apart from the verb. They are

employed (1) after c'est, ce sont &c., (2) alone, (8) after

que, ou, comme, ni, (4) after a preposition, (5) when

there is more than one subject, (6) for the sake of :

emphasis. In the last case one of the conjunctive pro-

nouns, je, tu, il, elle, &ec., is usually inserted as the sub-

ject of the verb; but sometimes, as here, when it is

intended to mark a distinction, the disjunctive pronoun

is itself the subject of the verb. D, F,. 468. « Iine 9.—on eût dit—One would buve said it was—1.e. He ap-

peared like.

Li Socrate—Socrates, the celebrated Athenian philosopher, ! who was put to death as the enemy of religion. He ixet

his fate with the greatest cheerfulness and composure. à

Line 11.—qu’il lui fât-Subjunctive after demanda. ]

Line 13.—mandé—Summoned, Line 14—tout en lui cachant—While concealing from her—

cacher takes à—lui is used for both genders when it is the indirect object of a verb; but is masculine only when governed by à preposition. The following table shows the use of the personal pronouns of the third person : ] ] SINGULAR, | PLURAL.

Use oF PRONOUN. a ] Masc, Fem. | Mast. | Fem 1 man __ Subject of verb.,.,......,.,,,..,.. il elle ils | elles ] | | Direct object of verb ......,,.... | le | la les | les Indirect object of verb .......... | lui lui | leur leur Disjunctive (Note p. 88,1. 7)...... | lui | elle | eux elles Line 16.—apprit—Informed—Anpprendre merns either to learn or teach—{earn is often used incorrectly for {each in J English. ] Line 17.—sans reproche—Being without reproach—having nothing ]

to reproach myself with.

Line 19.—je ne me plains pas—The d'ffersnce in meaning of sa | plaindre and plaindre is well illustrated in this sentence,

x, elles,

onouns, hey are (3) after 5) when sake of ive prothe suben it is )ronoun

He ap-

sopher, He ixet \posure,

n her— nen it is ne only ag table 1e third

Fem.

elles les leur

elles

learn ox »ach in

nothing

1g of sa ntence,

Line ‘5.—mot—$See Note p. 38, 1. 7 (6).

Line 96.—griefs—Causes of complaint—grievances. Grief in English had once the same meaning as— “What private griofs they have, alas! I know not That made them do it. —Shakspeare, “ Julius Cvsar.” Line 80.—1a chose publique—The public good—the common welfare, or commonwealth—a literal translation of the Latin respublica,.

Cincinnatus—A celebrated consul of ancient Rome When the empire was in extreme danger, at the urgent « solicitation of his countrymen he allowed himself to be elected consul; but when, by his efforts, the danger had been averted, he returned at once to his farm, Line 81.—labourer—To cultivate—Compare English, “to work a farm.” Line 33.—abaissement —D-7radation, Line 85.—n’ont fait sortir —Have withdrawn me,

Pace 89.

Line 1.—qu’on dirait &c.—que l'on, if the rule had been observed. The use of l’on or on is à mere question of euphony. Here lettre que l’on would not sound well on account of the repetition of the . See Note, p. 38, 1. 9,

Line 2.—benaux—{(Glorious,

Line 3.—0on s’étonne- Because it was generally ünderstood that when a man was arrested, he would inevitably be condemned to death. ss

Line 7.—arrivait aux armées-Reached the armies

Line 14.—un vous fera &c.—You will soon get the justice which you deserve,

Line 17.—Carmes—A monaswæry of Carmelite Friars in P as à prison during the Revolution.

Line 19.—Conciergerie— Part of the Palais de Justice, originallw the residence of the Judge, who in olden times was called ‘ Concierge du Palais de Justice ?—Concierge now means à porter, and Conciergerie, à porter’s lodge,

d’où on ne sortait—From which no one issued,

Line 25.—on charriait Were carted,

Lane 27.—la progression-—The continual increase.

Line °9,—charrettes meurtrières—Slaughter carts—The carts in

aris, useû

which the condemned were taken to the guillotine, Line 82,—-aqueduc—AÀ covered drain—rather à misnomer in this case.

Line 34.--vers les trois heures About three o’clock. Line 87.—voûtes—Arches, from Latin volutum. English, vault,

Pacz 40,

Line 8.—fermiers généraux-—Farmers generai—{.e., those whc paid a definite sum to the government /c* the taxes of certain district, and then collected them from the people,

Line 5.—Sedan-—A town in the no-th of l'rance, on the Meuse. {t was the scene of the downfall of the Second Empire à 1370, It also gives its name to Sed 1» chair.

Line 11.—fournées—Batches, from four oven.- The tsrmination ée forms a noun meaning the full of, as poignée, brassée, &e.

Line 14.—plus de—ylus and moins take de, not que, before numbers.

Line 16.—Brienne—Pro)er names do not take the sign of the plurai. D.}F. 409. (1).

Line 18.—ce que la nature &c—Whatever was most lovely in nature. (The most lovely of nature's children. Perret).

Line 19.—candeur sans example—Unequalled purity.

Line 22,—moissonnées-—Cut down—literally, reaped.

Line 23.—1n cour des femmes—The court-yarc for women (in the prison).

Line 25.—Poitou—A province of France, on the Bay of Biscay

Line 28.—nuls—Of no consequence--obscure.

Line 31.—pour un aristocrate &c. — For one aristocrat there were ten patriots. Patriotes was the name “ven to those who favored the Revolution,

Line 82.—loi des suspects—Carlyle says of this law: ‘“ Deputy Merlin.. comes with his worlä-famous Law of the Suspects, ordering all Sections by their Committees, instantly to arr, :t all Persons Suspect, and explaining withal who the Arrestable and Suspect especially are. “Are suspect, says be, ‘all who by their actions, by their connexions, speakings, writings have, —in short become Suspect.... If Suspect of nothing else, you may grow, as came to be à saying, ‘ Suspect of being Suspect'!"

PAGr 41.

Line 8.—#fût-ce— When the conjunction is omitted, the subject comes after the verb—as in English, were if, meaning if it were

Line 7—vpour lui appartenir &c.—For being too nearly related ta him.

“ se lança—Rushed,