THE EPISODES OF THE POEM

The épisode of the enchanted bed occurs in :

(1) The Chevalier à VÉpée, W. 453-781.

(2) La Charrette, 11. 459-534 (according to the manuscript published by Prof. Jonckbloet) ; Roman van Lancelot, W. J. A. Jonckbloet. ' 's Gravehage, 2 voK, 4°, vol. I, i 846. vol. 2, 1849 ; vol. II, li Romans de ht Charrette, par Chrétien de Troyes et Godefroy de Leigni, p. 4. Le Roman du Chevalier de la Charrette, par Chrétien de Troyes et Godefroy de Laigny, P. Tarbé, Reims, 1849, 8°, pp. 17-19.

(3) La Charrette in prose; text, Jonckbloet, l. c, vol. II, Introduction, pp. Lxxxvi-Lxxxviri ; analyzed in les Romans de la Table ronde, P. Paris ; 5 vol., 8°, Paris. Vol. Y, 1877, pp. 22-24.

(4) Ferceval; Perceval li Gallois ou le Conte du Graal, Ch. Potvin, Mons, 6 vol., 8°, 1866-1871, vol. II and III, 1866. Vol. II, pp. 302-306, 11. 9054-9190; vol. III, pp. 1-3, 11, 9191-9258. Cf. also 11. 891()-8924, 8945-8966. The incident as given in Perceval is iniitated by Wolfram von Eschenbach; cf.

Wolfram^ s von Eschenbach Parzival und Titurel, liera nsgegeben von K. Bartsch, Leipzig, 1871, 3 parts, 8° (in F. PfeiiFer's deiUsche Classiker des Mittelalters, vol. X). Part 2, pp. 251-255, book 11, 11. 395-511. It is also imitated in Heinrich von dem Tuerlin's Crone ; cf. diu Crone von HeinrHch von dem Tuerlin, herausgegeben von G. H. F. Sclioll. Stuttgart, 1852, 8° {Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, vol.' 27), pp. 252-256, 11. 20433-20798; cf. also p. 75, 11. 6119-6121 where the épisode is mentioned as if it had aiready occurred ; the épisode is analyzed in the introduction,

p. XXXVII.

(5) The prose Lancelot; a summary is given in Romans de la Table ronde, Paulin Paris, 5 vol., 8°, Paris, vol. V, 1877, pp. 259-262.

(6) The prose Arthur; Bibl. Nat. fonds fr. ms. 387, fo. 208 vo. b — 209 vo. b; a summary is given in Beitraege zur Kentnis der ulffranzoejiichen Arfksromane in Prosa, E. Freymond, Z. F. S. L., vol. XVII (1895), pp. 83-84.

(7) Heinrich von dem Tuerlin, in the Crone, L c. (cf. no. 4), pp. 100-106,11. 8116-8631, gives a second imitation of the épisode most closely resembling the form in the Chevalier à Épée.

Analysis of Episodes. La Charrette. At bedtirae the maiden aiready introduce<l conducts Lancelot and Gauvain to three beds,

60 Episodes.

but wai'DS them against lying in the best one, since only he who bas merited it can lie in it. Lancelot, who disdains the prohibition, demands the cause of il and she auswers that it is no aifair of his, for certainly no knight who bas ridden in a cart is worthy to lie in it. He asserts he will do so, and proceeds to make good his Word. At midnight, a lance with a burniug streamer descends swiftly upon hini, sets the bed afire, but only grazes his side. He rises, takes away the lance, puts out the fire, and then goes back to bed and to sleep.

La Charrette in prose. Lancelot, on enter ing the castle, goes ta bed, but is persuaded by Gauvain to get up and eat. He then returns to bed, but rises again to follow a maiden who shows him another bed which she says no knight of Arthur's can lie in without coming to grief. He gets his sword, lies down in this bed, and goes to sleep thinking of the pursuit he is making. At miduight the house begiiis to tremble, and there is a loud noise, accompanied by strong wind and great light. A lance with a red-hot point and a streamer of flame Aies in the window and strikes through the bed into the gronnd. Lancelot seizes his sword and, finding nothing else, cuts the lance in two. He hunts in vain for the thrower, goes back to bed, slceps till day, and is waked by the dwarf.

Perceval. Gauvain bas been warned that none but a brave and pure knight can break the spell of the enchanted castle or escape alive. In traversing the palace, he sees a beautiful couch hung with bells and tells his host he wishes to take a seat on it and rest. The host warns him on his life not to do it and adjures him ta redeem his promise by going back home. Gauvain protests that this would be to his shame, and tinally says that at îeast he will first sit on the bed. The other says it is the lis de la mervelle where no knight bas sat without dying, and leaves him, as he does not wish to be présent at his death. Gauvain, in sitting down, shakes the bells and they ring. Immediately the windows fly open, multitudes of darts and urrows dash in and strike his shield, without his being able to discover their source. The Windows close, Gauvain removes the darts that bave struck him, and those in his shield. He is now attacked by a lion, which he kills. His host relurns and announiîes that Qliuvain has broken the spell of enchantments.

Lancelot in prose. Gauvain, in undergoing adventures in an enchanted ca^tîe, })asses into a room where he sees a beautiful bed, and proposes to sleep in it. A girl's voice warns him to put on his arms. When he has done so and retires, a cry resounds and a lance from the next room wounds him. He remains in bed with the lance fixed in his shoulder, sees strange sights, combats a

Episodes. 61

lînight who disputes lus right to the bed, and sees the Graal. Then the storm abates, the windows close them.selves, ail becomes quiet, and Gauvaiu arises healed of his wounds.

Arthur in pi'ose. Gauvain conquers a knight in Helaes' palace, and she is supposedly to be the prize of the victoiy. They retire together, but vvhen Gauvain\s advances become too bold, she rings the bells attached to the bed, and a dwarf blows a horn. The third tirae this occurs, Helaes' cousin, the dame with the harp, appears, and claiming fulfilment of the promise he has made to follow her wheuever she summons him, leads him away.

Crone. Gauvain arrives at Almurfina's castle and is ushered into the présence of the queen, who cornes to raeet him and kisses him (^' as I hâve read it in French "). Her wonderful beauty is minutely described. She is sitting on a beautiful bed, which is enchanted in such fashion that no one can sit on it without being disgraced. They are both stricken with love and after supper they retire. So soon, however, as he approaches her, the sword Aies fmm its sheath, fixes itself around him like a girdle, and loosens itself only when he promises to wed her.

The épisode of the enchanted bed, both in la Charrette^ and in Perceval,^ occurs in the part composed by Chrétien de Troyes. The earlier of his forras of the épisode (that in la Charrette) is simpler and nearer the central idea of the story. It subjects the knight only to the test of a single weapon, and extraneous disturbances and tests are not raixed with it, as in the Perceval. In compensation, howev^er. Chrétien has added the idea in the Perceval that the successful completion of the adventure breaks the spell, which is no doubt part of the original conception.

The version of the Chari^ette in prose is simply that of the Charrette in verse with added padding. The prose Lancelot form, on its face, dérives from one of the Charrette forms, more probably the prose, since it adds the élément of a storm opening the windows.

The author of the Chevalier à l^Épée not improbably knew both of Chrétien's épisodes, but he follows the simpler thread of the earlier, one. The only noteworthy resemblance in phraseology is also to it. Compare the foUowing lines :

Charrette :^ Et li fers de la lance passe Au chevalier lez le costé, Si qu^ il li a del cuir osté Un po, mes n'est mie bleciez.^

^ Cf. Rom. XII, p. 463. » cf. Hisl. lit de la France, vol. XXX, p. 27.

' Edition of Jonckbloet, l. c, 11. 524-527.

62 Episodes,

Chevalier :^ Et li brans do fuerre sailli, Sel fiert res a res do costé Si qu'il li a do cuir osté.

Mes ne l'a pas granment blecié.^

This passage leaves no doubt that tlie Charrette was the source of this épisode. We should, raoreover, naturally expect it to be drawn from Chrétien, as he is mentioned, 1. 18, in a way that indicates faniiliarity with bis writings.

In the prose Arthur, we find the combination of a maiden guarded from a knight by exterior intervention which cornes at the critical moment. This goes back, in ail probability, to the only other existina; French form of the story with the same idea, the Chevalier à VÉpée. From the épisode of the enchanted bed in the Percevaly however, is added the mention of the bells. The same combination, in a form much nearer to the Chevalier à VÊpée^ occurs in Heinrich von dem Tuerlin's Crone. The Crone is made up almost wholly of épisodes imitated directly from the French cycle of Arthur and Heinrich announces^ concerning the épisode in question that it is from a French source. We hâve hère the exact reproduction of the idea that is in the Chevalier à VÊpée, the chastity of a maiden protected by a sword suspended over an enchanted bed. The German must be imitated either from the Chevalier à VÉpée or else from a lost source or variant of it. We hâve no trace of such additional version, nor is there anything in the Chevalier à VÉpée which demands its existence, so we may conclude with reasonable certainty that Heinrich imitated our poem. Furthermore, the Crone contains a reflect of the Maiden's Choice which seeras to hâve been imitated from the Chevalier à VÉpée.^ Now the Crone was coraposed about 1210* and our poem is therefore anterior to that date.

The bed is but one phase of the many tests recurring in the Arthurian epic for distinguishing the best knight. One of the most closely allied is the chair at Arthur's court in which the knight who would conquer the Graal must sit, and which engulfed ail those who tricd the adventure except Perceval.^

' 11. 598-601. 2 1 8145. ^ cf i^j,.^^ p (55^

* Cf. Otto Warnatsch, der Mantel . . . nebsi einer Ahhandlnng ueber die Sage vom

Trinkhorn and Mantel und die Quelle der Krone. Breslau, 1883, 8°, 136 i)p. Pp.

5-6 and note 1 to p. 6; G. Paris, Bom. XII, p. 461, note; and Hist. lit. de la

France, vol. XXX (1888), p. 69.

^ Perceval, éd. Poivin, /. c, vol. VI, pp. 171-172 (Gerbert's continuation of the

Percerai) ; le Roman en Prose de Tristan, analyse critique par E. Loeseth. Paris^

1891, 8° (J5. E. H. Et., fasc. 82), pp. 242-243, l 311.

Episodes. 63

The épisode of the maiden and the dogs occurs in :

(1) The Chevalier à l'Épée, 11. 861-1191.

(2) The Vengeance de Raguidel ; cf. Messire Gauvain ou la Vengeance de Raguidel, edited by O. Hippeau, Paris, 1862, 8°,

pp. 154-168, 11. 4445-4861. The story, with extracts containing some corrections to the text, by Gaston Paris, Hist. lit. de la France^ vol. XXX, p(). 61-63. It is the Vengeance de Raguidel version that forms the basis of the rather free translation of the épisode in the metrical Dntch Roman van Lancelot ; cf. W. J. A. Jonckbloet, Roman van Lancelot. 'S Gravehage, 2 vol., 4°, vol. I, 1846, vol. 2, 1849; vol. II, derde Boek, pp. 89-90, 11. 13055-13180.

(3) The Tristan in prose; Bibl. Nat., fonds fr., ms. 291ro. b-294r(). b ; cï. le Roman en Prose de Tristan , le Roman de PidamèdCj et la Compilation de Rusticien de Pise. Analyse critiqne par E. Loeseth, Paris, 1891, 8° {B. E. H. Et., fasc. 82), pp. 128-130, §§ 177-178.

(4) Episode suggestive of the first part of the Maiden and the Dogs occur in Heinrich von dem Tuerlin, Crone, l. c.^ pp. 128-155, 11. 10457-12600 (cf. also 11. 4314-5418).

Analysis of Episodes. Vengeance de Raguidel. Gauvain, with his friend Ydein, sets eut from court, he taking with hira two greyhounds, she, a sparrow hawk. As they corne out of a forest, they pass a knight who spurs after them and, seizing Ydein's bridle, demands that she be surrendered to him. Gauvain prépares to attack him, but the knight proposes they leave it to her to choose whom she will accompany. Gauvain consents, and leaving her midway between them, tells her to choose. She tells him that the fact of his consenting to let her make the choice is proof that he loves her no longer, and goes to his rival. Gauvain is in despair for his honor, for he has promised to bring her to Bademagu's court, and curses ail womankind as false. As Ydein départs with the knight, she tells him the greyhounds are hers and urges him to claim them. He does so, Gauvain refuses to relinquish them without a combat, Ydein renews her insistence, and the knight proposes to leave the choice to the dogs. This is refused, they fight, and he is killed. Ydein begs to be forgiven, claiming she had simply wished to test Gauvain's love and prowess. They continue to the tourney ; as had been agreed, Gauvain combats with Druid over Ydein, conquers him, but then gives up Ydein to him, with a warning not to trust her.

Tristan in prose. Dinas is deserted by a maiden who elopes with another knight, taking with her two brachets descended from

' Cf. supra, p. 59.

64 Episodes.

Tristan's dog Hudent. Dînas pursues them and attacks the knight, who, beginning to be worstecî, says the maiden does not love Dinas, as he will see if she is permitted to choose between them. Dinas consents to this, thinking the SLi})erior prowess he has displayed will make her choose him, but she goes to his rival. Dinas foîlows them and demands the dogs, and on the knight's proving too cowardly to fight to retain them, the maiden wishes to return to Dinas, but he rejects her. She goes oiF with the dogs, but he stops her and demands them. She ])roposes to leave the dogs free to choose, he agrées and they go to him because he has been kinder to them. With a comparison of the dogs to the maiden, he gives her up to the knight, who, however, has had enough of her by this time, so they both leave her, Dinas returning to his castle, where he recounts his expérience.

In no one of its versions can this épisode hâve retained ils original form. As Mr. Gaston Paris suggests,^ they probably came from an old lay. The Chevalier à VEpée keeps closest to the original idea. In the VengeanGe de Maguidel, with the Dutch translation, the real point of the satire is omitted, since the dogs are not put to the test. This change was rendered necessary by the exigencies of the main épisode with which the writer interwove the Maiden and the Dogs. To save his honor, Gauvain must recover the maiden,^ so the demand on liim for the greyhounds is utilized for regaining possession of her, and the unflattering comparison has to be omitted. The only point in which this version is more consistent with the original idea is that it is Gauvain ^ who takes along the dogs, which we may therefore suppose to be his in spite of Ydein's claim.^ In the prose Tristan, the insertion of the choice of the dogs does not compensate for the weakening of the épisode by the flight of the maiden at its beginning. Naturally, in this reworking, the dogs hâve been linked to Tristan\s hrachet,^ Hudent, and are said to be brachets descended from him. This joining is hère fortuitous, but the reflexion of Tristan in the two versions of the Folie over the fidelity of Hudent bears such resemblance to the corresponding reflexions in our épisode that it is not improbable that there is a real relation. Compare the following :

^ Hiat. Ut. de la France, vol. XXX, p. 63.

^ Cf. 1. 4713, which says Gauvain '^veut la querre et het la pes"

=' Cf. 1.4768.

* Cf. prose Tristan, l. c, p.» 44, § 52; la Folie Iristan, Rom. XV, p. 572, 1. 492.

Episodes. 65

Ms. Douce, II. 935-936 :^ 3fult par at en chen grant franchise

E en femme grant feiiitise.

Folie Tristan, II. 526-527 : ^ Molt m^as montré plus bel sanhlant

Que celi cui famoie tant.

Chev. à rÉ.y II. 1108-1109: — nature et amor de chien

Vali miauz que defeme ne fait.

Prose Tristan : ^ mieh vaut de chien la nature et est plus gentile et plus franche et plus loial et plus entérine qe la natm^e defeme.

The central thought of the épisode, the contrast of the dog's fidelity with the woman's lack of it, is perfectiy clear in the passages referring to Hudent. As respects the character of the dogs, Argus"* is of course the prototype.

In Heinrich von dem Tuerlin's Crone^ is a passage paralleling that part of the épisode in which the maiden is required to choose between two knights. A strange knight, Gasozein, who claims to be Guenievre's true love, is to combat Arthur to décide the claim, but suggests that instead the question be îeft to her. She, how- €ver, décides loyally for Arthur. This épisode seems to be suggested by the French Maiden and Dogs. Since the Vengeance de Raguidel, written after Raoul de Houdan's Méraugis de PortlesgueZy^ was in ail probability later than the Crone, written about 1210, it is probable that Heinrich's épisode was iraitated from the Chevalier à VEpêe. The prose Tristan contains a reproduction of the saine élément of the episode.'^ The daughter of King Pharamont loves Tristan, and her advances having been repulsed, she cries ont and accuses him of seeking to do her violence. Tristan's friend. Gouvernai, in order to vindicate him, tells the king of the princess' love. The king, that he may divine the truth, ordains that she shall choose between her cousin Meliant, already condemned to death, and Tristan, threatened with the saaie penalty. At first she chooses Meliant, but when she sees that Tristan is to be killed, reconsiders and names him. This late version, suggested probably by our épisode, has been modified by the story of the two women claiming the infant before Solomon/ or by one of its many variants.^

1 Ti-ùtan, F. Michel. London, 3 vol. ; vol. II, 1835, p. 134.

- Edited by H. Morf, Rom. XV, p. 573.

•^ Loeseth, l. c, p. 129.

* Odyssey, book P, 1. 326 ; cf. Paris, Hist. lit de la France, vol. XXX, p. 64.

^ Cf. supra, p. 62.

^ Cf. Paris, HLsl. lit. de la France, vol. XXX, p. 46 ; also supra, p. 63.

■* Bibl, nat., fonds français, ms. 334, fo. 32ro-34ro; Loeseth's summarv, l. c, pp. 18-19, ^^ 24, 26.

n Kinj^s, Ch.3, vv. 16-28.

'■' For the story as it appears in the Jatakas, cf. Buddhist Birth Stories . . . translated by T. W. Rhys Davids, vol. I, Boston, 1880, 8°, pp. 14-16 ; for the

"ff^TT

^^ Episodes.

It seems not improbable that the tenth novel in the second day of the Decamerou, where the wife is left free to choose between her husband and her lover, is based on the Chevalier à VÉpée,

It is uatnral to expect to find in the East a prototype for this satire on women, and the 3-lth vezir's story in the Forty Vezirs ^ furnishes one. A giiest at a wealthy Persian merchant's house sees that his wife eats in the corner ont of the same dish as the dog. The raerchant recounts that his wife, whom he loved dearly, repaid him by making friends with one of his negro slaves, and that they made an attempt to kill him. His dog came to his rescue and saved his life. In conséquence, he does not honor the woman above the dog. Hère we hâve the wife deserting her husband for another and the contrast of her infidelity with the dog's fidelity. Benfey ^ considers the Turkish story as a derivate of the story in the Pantschatantra ^ of the Brahmin who gives up half his life in order to revive his dead wife. The wife, come to life again, attracted by the singing of a cripple, makes love to him and attempts to drown her husband. She then takes the cripple and poses before the king as his devoted wife, but her true husband appears and exposes her perfidy. Benfey cites other Eastern forms of the story/ and also what he considers variants of the 34th vezir's story in later literature.^ They bear no resemblance, however, to the Maiden and the Dogs. In the Forty Vezirs, the sixth vezir's story ^ présents a much doser paraliel to the Pantschatantra form than does the 34th vezir's story. Jésus sees a tailor mourning at the grave of his wife and brings her to life. While the tailor is gone to get her clothes, she goes off with the prince, who happens to pass by and is attracted by her beauty, explaining to him her condition by saying she bas been stripped by a robber. The tailor leanis what bas occurred, and on his complaining to tlie prince she refuses to recogjnize him as her husband, but déclares him to be the robber. He is about to be executed, when Jésus reappears, causes the woman to die again, and the man to be freed. Keller'^ cites this story in his paralîels to

Chinese form, cf. The Folk-Lore of China, by N. B. Dennys, London and Hong^ Kong, 1876, 8°, p. 139 ; for gênerai références for its reappearances and modifications, cf. Populor Taies and Fictions, by W. A. Clouston, 2 vol., Edinburgh, 1887, 8°, vol. I, pp. 14-16.

' The History of the Forty Vezirs, written in Turkish by Sheykh-Zada . . . donc into English by È. J. W. Gibb. London, 1886, 8°, pp. 831-332.

* Pantschatantra . . . aus dem Sanskrit uebersetzt mit Einleituvg und Anmerhingen von Theador Benfey. 2 vol., Leipzig, 1859, 8°, vol. I, p. 443.

3 Idem, vol. II, pp. 303-306, Book 4, taie 5.

* Idem, vol. I, § 186, pp. 436-442.

^ Idem, vol. I, pp. 444-454. « /. c, pp. 82-84.

'' Li Romans des sept Sages, herausgegeben von H. A. Keller. Tubiugen, 1836^

8°, p. CLIX.

Episodes. 67

the Widow of Ephesiis, and it seeras, indeed, that the roscmhlance is more than factitious.

The épisode of tlie imperious host occurs in :

(1) The Chevalier à VÉpée, 11. 154-781.

(2) A canzone of Antonio Pucci, published in (1) VEtruria, Studi di Filologia, anno 2, Firenze 1852, pp. 124-127; (2) Rime di M, Cino da Pisioia e d^Altri del secolo XIV, ordinate da G. Carducci, Firenze, 1862, 32°, pp. 460-463; (3) the Rivista di Filologia romanza, vol. II (1875), pp. 225-226.

(3) An anomymous Italian canzone, published by Prof. Pio Kajna in the Z, R. P., vol. I (1877), pp. 382-384.

(4) Syre Gawayne and, the Carie of Carelyle ; in 8yr Gawayne, a collection of ancient romance poeras, edited bv Sir Frederick Madden, London, 1839, 4°, pp. 187-206.

(5) The Caiie of Carlile ; in Bishop Percy^s Folio Manuscript, edited bv John W. Haies and Frederick J. Furnivall. 3 vol., 8°, London,' 1867-1868; vol. III (1868), pp. 277-294; also in Syr Gawayne, INIadden, /. c. (cf. 4), pp. 256-274.

(6) Gauvain et Humhaut ; Bibliothèque de Chantilly, ras. 626, fo. 122-133.^ This épisode is on fo. 123vo.— 125ro.

(7) A Russian folk-tale, given by a Wesselofski, Rivista di Fdologia romanza, vol. II (1875), pp. 226-227, who draws it from Afanasief, Race, popol. 7^ussi, nuova éd., III, pp. 521-522.

Analysis of Episodes. PuccVs canzone. A Roman sets ont at random. At evening he reaches a town and inquires of a youth where he can find an inn. He is told there is none, for the lord of the domain entertains ail strangers who corne, treating them royal ly during their stay, but having them beaten at their departure. The traveler does not on this account hesitate to seek quarters there. The lord comes to meet him, aids him to dismount, and treats him most courteously. The stranger accepts everything offered him and does everything suggested to him. At bedtime the host leads him to a handsome bed, where lies his wife, and bids him get in. He does so and the host lies down between them. The next morning he leaves without being disturbed, but turns back to ask why he has not been beaten. He is told it is because he has followed the bidding of his host in everything,

The anomymous canzone. In the times of the Round Table, " Messer Chalvano," who is on a journey, sees a castle. Ile asks a peasant about it and learns it belongs to a knight who entertains strangers well but has them beaten at their departure. The

' Not 112-123 as given in Hist. lit. de la France, vol. XXX, pp. 68, 69.

68 Episodes.

remainder of the story coincides with that told in the other canzone except that the wife is not mentioned.

Syre Gawayne and the Carie of Carelyle, During a hunt, Gauvaiu, Keu, and the Bishop of Bawdevvyne become separated from the rest of the court and seek shelter with the Carie of Carlisle. The porter, when he cornes to answer the knock, warns them they will fare badJy. The Carie is uncouth and powerful, and gives them a rough greeting. The Bishop and Keu each get a buffet from him for maltreating his foal, while Gauvain's kindly treatment wins the Carle's approval. In response to the Carle's bidding, Gauvain throws a spear at his head, enters the bed wliere his wife lies, leaves it again, and sleeps with his daughter. In the morning the Carie tells Gauvain he has taken an oatli that no guest who refused to do his bidding should escape alive, but that now he will abandon the custom. The knights leave, Gauvain taking the Carle's daughter with him. The next day they return with Arthur, the Carie is knighted, and Gauvain weds the daughter.

The Carie of Carlile corresponds very closely to the above, but there is the important addition that, in the morning, Gauvain, in response to the Carle's request, strikes off his head and thus frees him from the enchantment under which he has been.

Gauvain et Humbaut. Humbaut proposes to Gauvain on the road that they pass the night at a neighboring castle, but warns him to observe minutely ail orders of the proprietor. They are courteously received and Gauvain at the evening meal sits next the daughter of the house. As they separate the host bids his daughter kiss Gauvain good-night a single time. Instead of this, Gauvain gives her four kisses. Her father, in a rage, wishes to put out the eyes of his guest and to throw him into prison, but at the protest of the knights présent consents to pardon the offense. The girl comes secretly and spends the night with Gauvain.

In the Russian folk-tale, a certain Damiano invites a neighbor to dine, and whenever he hésitâtes to take what is offered him or do what is told him, Damiano gives him a buffet, saying: "In another man's house you should obey the host." A stranger arrives and does not hesitate to do just as he is told. Damiano, hoping to catch him in the end, makes him varions gifts and finally offers him a good horse and bids him go away. The stranger mounts and spurs the steed saying as he goes : " Blâme yourself, Damiano; the Devil can play a shrewd game."

This épisode, as seen above, occurs in early English in two poems. The earlier is preserved in a manuscript of about 1470,^

^ Madden, /. c, p. 344.

Episodes. 6^

while the second is a later reworking of tlie same thème, giving, however, the original dénouemeut/ From thèse two poems we can constnict the complète story, whieh has been abridged in the Chevalier à PÉpée. The two Italian versions hâve direct relations with each other, and each is also independently liuked to their ap[>arent source,^ the Chevalier à rÉpée. Hence, probably, they are both, as Prof. Rajna thinks,^ the work of Antonio Pucci, whom we know to be the author of one of them, or else go back to an intermediate rédaction.

The Rnssian story has the same idea at bottom as our épisode and is not improbably in some way connected with it. The incident as given in Gauvain et Humbaut is also clearly a weakened member of the group.

In the Chevalier à PÉpée the épisode of the iraperious host is interwoven with that of the enchanted bed.^ The warning of the shepherds to Gauvain iiiight be developed ont of the warning given in both of Chrétian's bed épisodes, but as in the Chevalier à rÉpée Gauvain is warned, not against the bed, but against bis host, and as the warning is given in the English versions of the imperious host, no doubt it is a part of this épisode. The language of the warning, however, seems to be modeled after that of the regret expressed for Eric as he sets ont for the ^'joie de la cort,^ Compare the following passages :

Eric et Enide, 11. 5716-5721 : ^^ TTai! hai! Tant mar i fus,

Biaus chevaliers^ janz et adroiz!

Certes ne serait mie droiz Que la. vie si tost fenist.

Ne qu,e nufi enniz Paveriist, Don bleciez fusses et leidiz.^^

Chev. à l'Épée, 11. 160-163 : ''Ahi/' Jet H uns, " tant mar fus,

Bidvs chevaliers, genz et adrois !

Certes il ne fu mie drois Que fussiez bleciez ne laidizj^

^Cf. Paris, HisL lit. de la France, vol. XXX, pp. 68, 78.

^ Idem, p. 68; Rivida di Filologia romanza, vol. II, pp. 221-224; Z. R. P., vol. I, pp. 385-387.

3 Cf. Z. R. P., I, pp. 385-387.

* In this comliined form it recalls the myth in wliich Venus (or ^ome one else) interfères to prevent the consnramation of a marriage (cf. Landan, L., 'das Heiratsversprechen,' Zeit. f. verg. Lit, F, pp. 13-.S3 ; Old French version, 'de celui qui esposa rymage de pierre,' Méon, Nouv. R^c, II, p[). 293-313). The motif oï this interférence is however qiiite différent — the claiui to fulfilment of a promise voluntarily or involuntarily made.

70 Bibliography,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Apfelstedt, F. Lothringischer Psalter, Heilbronn, 1881. 12°. Altfrz. BibL, vol. IV.

Bartsch, K. Chrestomathie de VauGien français, Leipzig, 1884, r. 8°.

Bartsch, K. and Horning, A. La Langue et la Littérature françaises. Paris, 1887, r. 8°.

BeiireDs, A. Die JEndung der zweiten Person Plural des altfrz. Verbums. Greifswald, 1890. Dissertation.

Benoit de Sainte-More ; see Joly, H.

Chrétien de Troyes; see Foerster, W.

Deschamps, Eustache. Oeuvres. Paris, 1878-1880. 2 vol, 8°. S. A. T. F.

Doutrepont, A. La Clef d'Amors. Halle, 1890, 8°. Bib. narra., vol. V.

Foerster, W. Christian von Troyes. Saemmtliche Werke. Halle. 8°. Vol. I (1884), Cligès; vol. II (1887), Yvain ; vol. III (1890), Eric et Enide.

Foerster, W. Eomanische Bibliothek Halle, 1888ff. 8°. Vol. I (1888), Cligès; vol. V, (1891) Yvain; vol. XIII (1896), Eric et Enide.

Foerster, W. Aiol et Mirabel. Heiibronn, 1876-1882, 8°.

Foerster, W. Le Chevalier as d.eus Espees. Halle, 1877, S°.

Gautier de Coinsy. Les Mirades de la Sainte Vierge, pub. par M. TAbbé Poquet. Paris, 1857, 4to.

Goerlich, E. "Der bur.<yiiudische Diaîect im XIII und XIV Jahrh." Frz. Stud., VII, Heft 1. Heiibronn, 1889.

Goerlich, E. '^ Die suedwestliche Dialecte der Langue d'Oïl." F. 8., III, Heft 2. Heiibronn, 1882; 'Mie nordwestliche Dialecte der Langue d'Oïl." F. S., V, Pleft 3. Heiibronn, 1886.

Gottschalk, A. Lie Sprache von Provins im XIIL Jahrh. Halle, 1893. Dissertation.

Guiot de Provins ; see Wolfart.

Hagen, H. Catalogus Codicmn Bernensium. Bern, 1875. r. 8°.

Joly, H. Benoit de Saint-More et le Roman de Troie. Paris, 1870, 4to.

Jordan, L. ^'Zur Metrik und Sprache Rustebeuf.'' F. G., vol. V (1888), pp. 213-228, 255-296, 331-345. The study of the language is based on the rhymes of Rustebeuf.

Jubinaî, A. Lettre au Directeur de F Artiste, Paris, 1838. Reprinted from V Artiste of Dec. 10, 1737.

BibUography. 71

Grave, Jacques Salverda de. Eneas, Halle, 1891, 8°. Blh. norm.j vol. IV.

Jubinal, A. Rapport à M. le Ministi^e de rinstruclion publique, Paris, 1838, 8°.

Le Grand d'Aussy. Fabliaux ou Contes. 3rd éd. Paris, 1829, 5 vol. 8°. The revision and additions in this édition are hy Renonard.

Lorris, Guillaume de, and Meun, Jean de. Le Roman de la Rose, edited by Marteau. Paris, 1878-1880. 5 vol. 12°. Bibliothèque elziv.

Marie de France ; see Warnke, K.

Matzke, J. E. Dialedische FJlgenthuemliehJceiten in der Entwichlung des inouillierten L im AUfranzezischen. Reprinted frora the Publications of the Modem Language Association of America, vol. V (1890), no. 2.

Méon, D. M. Nouveau Recueil de Fabliaux et Contes. Paris, 1823. 2 vol., 8°.

Metzke, E. '' Der Dialect vom Ile-de-France im XIII und XIV Jahrhundert." A. N. 8. L., vol. LXIV (1880), pp. 385-412, and vol. LXV (1881), pp. 57-96. The documents which form the basis of this study are for the period 1272-1325.^

Meun, Jean de ; see Lorris, Guillaume de,

Meyer, P. and Longnon, A. Raoul de Cambrai. Paris, 1882. 8. A. T. F.

Meyer-Luebke, W. and Paris, G. '^ La première Personne du Pluriel en français.'' Rom. XXI (1892), pp. 337 ff.

Michel, F. Tristan. London, 1835-1839. 3 vol. 8°.

Paris, G. and Paunier, L. La Vie de 8t. Alexis. Paris, 1872. 8°. B. E. H. Et., fasc. 7.

Paris, G. " Romans en Vers du Cycle de la Table Ronde." Histoire littéraire de la France, vol. XXX. Paris, 1888, 4to.

Raoul de Cambrai ; see Meyer, P. and Lorngnon, A.

Rustebeuf. Gedichte, edited by A. Kressner. Wolfenbuettel, 1885, 8°.

Schulze, A. Der Consonantismus des Francischeyi im XILI Jahrh. Halle, 1890. Dissertation.

Schwan, E. Grammatik des Alffranzoesischen. 2nd éd. Leipzig, 1893, 8°.

Settegast, F. ^' Die Bildung der ersten Plural Person." Z.R.P., vol. XIX (1895), pp. 266-270.

Sinuer, J. R. Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bernensis. Bern, 1760, 1770, 1772. 3 vol. 8°.

Suchier, H. Aucassi7i und Nicolete. 3rd éd. Paderborn, 1889, 8°.

^ Cf. A. N. S. L., vol. LXIV, p. 388.

iiUDil

■la

J Ci C,J i \

UkJ

PQ l^Ul .c6

PONTIFICAL INSTITUTS OF M EDI Al" VAL STUDIES

5 9 O'JEEN'3 PARK

.Toronto 5, Canaoa