Toi, mon ami, tu seras. — You, my dear, will be

It will be observed that the grandfather and the children say " tu," " thou," in addressing each other, instead of "tous" or "you." This form of expression is used only between near relations, in which case it expresses affection ; in addressing the Deity, — to indicate dependence, like that of a child on his father ; between children ; by a raaster to his servant, — to express superiority ; by very intimate friends, who hâve grown up together and retained their early intimacy ; between lovers, — and finally, for the expression of pity or scorn.

Those who habitually use " tu " in addressing each other may, from any transient émotion, — as sudden anger or displeasure, — make use of " vous." For example : the grandfather, at page 58, line 7, marks his displeasure at the uncleanliness of Jules, by addressing him in the second person plural ; and at page 77, line 15, he shows his disapprobation of Léon by using " vous" and addressing him as " monsieur." Other instances will be noted as they occur.