acte, m. ; — d'accusation, charge (against a prisoner at the bar
actuel, présent, of.the présent time; — lement, at présent.
administration,/!, management, government, department.
adossé à, leaning the back against.
advenir, to corne, resuit.
aérostat, m., balloon.
aifadissement, m^ insipidity, inability to enjoy anything.
affaire, /*., affair, business, engagement, fight.
ailaissé, sluggish.
affaissement, m., collapse.
affamé, famished.
affecter, to impair.
afOLche,/., bill, play-bill; poster.
afficher, to bill, proclaim, déclare, set up, show plainly.
affliger, to distress, afflict.
GLOSSARY
afiBLuer, to flow in, crowd in.
afffié, maddened, crazy.
affranchir, to f rank {a letUr).
affronter, to brave, affût, m., watch, gun-carriage; à
1' — , on the watch, stalking the
quarry.
agacement, m., irritation {of the
nerves), agacer, to irritate, exasperate aggraver, to make worse.
agir, to act, work ; s' — de, to be
a question of , about.
agiter, to stir, shake, wave» dis-
cuss (a question), agrégé, assigned.
agronome, m., scientific f armer, aguerrir, to inure to war.
ah pà I but see hère I ahuri, bewildered.
aie I ouch I aigre, sour, bitter.
aigrette, /., crest, tuft; à — ,
crested.
aigu, aiguë, sharp, pointed.
aiguillon, m., goad.
ail, nt.^ garlic.
aile, /, wing. [over, indeed.
ailleurs, elsevrhere; d' — , moreailé, winged. ainsi, thus, for instance ; — que,
as, as well as.
air, avoir V — , to look, aisance, y.) comfortable circum-
stances.
aisé, well-to-do.
aisément, easily, readily.
ajourner, to adjourn.
ajouter, to add.
alentour, around.
aliment, m., food, anything to
feed on.
alimentation,/, feeding.
alléché, excited.
allée,/, walk.
allègrement, cheerfully.
allégresse,/, mirth, joy.
Allemagne,/, Germany.
aller, to go ; s'en — ... ant, to go on . . .ing; y —, to go ahead.
allier, to combine.
allonger, s' — , to stretch, extend, wane.
allumé, alight.
allure,/, carnage (pfbody\ motion ; — s, attitude.
alors, then, at the time.
alternatives, / //., fluctuations»
ups and downs.
amande,/, almond.
amasser, s' — , tu gather. [pital.
ambulance, /, (temporary) hos-
âme,/, soûl.
amener, to bring.
amer, bitter.
amertume, /, bittemess.
ameuter, to gather together.
amollissement, m., softening, relaxation.'
amour-propre, m., pride.
amuser, to amuse; s' — de, to get fun out of.
an, 0f., year.
ancien, old.
âne, m., donkey, jackass.
anéantir, to bring to naught, sweep away, do away with.
angoisse,/, anguish.
année, /, year, long year, year's "work.
annonce,/, announcement.
août, m., august.
apercevoir, to perceive ; s' — de, to be awate of .
apocryphe, apocryphal, false.
appareil, m., device, apparatus, display.
apparenté, connected {by relations hip),
appartement, m., flat.
appartenir, to belong.
appel, m., roll call.
appeler, to call ; en — à, to call in évidence, appeal to.
apprendre, to learn, hear; teach.
GLOSSARY
appris, see apprendre.
approYisioniiementy m,, victualling, supply.
approyisionner, to victual.
appui, m., support
Apre, bitter.
arc-en-ciel, m, y rainbow.
arceau, m.| arch.
arche, /., ark (in the Oîd Testament),
argent, m., money, cash.
arôme, m., aroma, flavor.
arracher, to snatch, tear, draw ; •' — , to snatch from one another, fight for.
arrêté, m., decree.
arrêter, to arrest, stop, delay, décide, détermine ; s' — à, to détermine upon.
arrière, en — , back, backwards.
arrirage, m., consignmenf.
arriver, to arrive, happen ; — à, to succeed in.
arroser, to water, wash doym.
artichaut, m,^ artichoke.
artisan, m., worker; — de, fomenter of.
ascendant, m., ascendency, control.
aspirer, to breathe in.
assaut, m., 8torming,storm (m$/.).
assentiment, m,, assent, consent.
assez, enough, rather, pretty.
assiéger, to besiege.
assiette,/, plate.
assiettée,/., pkiteful.
assimilation,/, comparison.
assister à, to witness.
assommer, to (knock down and) kill.
assurer, to assure; s' — , to ascertain.
astreindre, to compel.
astucieux, craf ty.
atelier, m., workshop, studio.
attache,/, connection, [(music),
attaquer, to attack, to strike up.
atteindre, to reach, hit
atteinte,/, blow.
atteler, to hamess, yoke.
attendre, to wait for, expect
(persons)\ s' — a, to expect
(tkings), attendrissement, m., émotion, attentat, m., crime, attente,/, waiting.
atterré, dumfounded, aghast attirer, to attract, entice, decoy.
attraper, to catch, get hold of.
attrister, to sadden.
attrouper, to collect (a crcwd), auberge,/, inn, saloon.
aucun, any ; ne . . . — , no, none.
audace, /, audacity, boldness.
auditeur, m., listener.
aumône,/, silms.
auparavant, before (that), pre-
viously, first.
aussi, and consequently, thus,so.
atissi bien, and indeea.
aussitôt, at once; — que, as
soon as.
autant, so much, as much.
authentique, genuine, real.
autour (de), around.
autre, other, différent; nous — s,
we {emphatic), autrefois, formerly; d' — , of yore.
autruche,/, ostrich.
avaler, to swallow, draw in.
avance, /, advantage; d' — , in
advance ; — s, stock, store on
hand.
avancée, /, post at the front, avancement, m., promotion, avant, before, forward ; en — de,
in front of ; marche en — , advance.
avant-poste, m., outpost.
avant-scène,/, proscenium-box.
avenant, engaging.
avenir, m., future, aventurer (s*), to venture.
avertir, to wam, acquaint, reavengle, blind. [mind.
avide, eager, greedy.
ayiné, in liquor, Intoxicated.
ayis, m,f opinion, notice, ayiséy shrewd.
ayiser, to spy ; s' — de, to take
it into one's head to.
ayocaty m., barrister {lawyer who
pracHces'in court).
ayorter, to miscanr.
avoué, «., lawyer (properly * so-
licttor^ who does notpractice in
court), ayouer, to conf ess.
babiller, to prattle.
badaud, m., idler, tounger, loafer.
baigner, to bathe, steep.
bâiller, to yawn.
bain, m, bath ; — s de mer, sea-
side resorts.
baiser, m., kiss.
baisser, to lower, droop, wane;
cast down, hang (tÂt fiead), balayer, to sweep, sweep away.
balle,/., musket bullet.
ballon, m., balloon.
ballotter, to (storm-) toss.
bambin, m., youngster banc. m,y seat.
banlieue,/, suburbs.
baraquement, m., booths.
barbe,/., beard.
barrière, /, gâte.
barrique,/, cask, hogshead.
bas, low ; à — , down ; tout — ,
in a whisper ; fonds, low
places, depths.
bastion, m., bastion {projection
at corner of wall of fortifiée
City), bâtir, to build.
battant, beating, pelting.
batterie/, lock {pfa rifle^ etc), battre, to beat, beat against,
pound; se — , to fight ; — les
murs, to lurch up against the
walls ; — en retraite, to beat
a retreat.
beau, fine, beautiful; ayoir — , to
do (a thing) in vain, bec, m., beak.
bedaine, /, (familiar) paunch,
* corporation.' belliqueux, warlike.
bénir, to bless.
berceau, m., cradle.
berger, m., shepherd.
besogne,/, work.
besoin, m., need ; au — , in case
of need. bestiaux,//, «t/" bétail, m., cattle.
béton, m., cément, beurre, m., butter.
bibliothèque,/, library.
biche,/, deer.
bien, well ; — que, although.
bien, m., possession, blessing.
bien-être, m., comfort.
bientôt, soon.
bienveillance,/, kindness, good-
wiU.
bienvenue,/, welcome.
billet, m.i ticket, bis, brown {ârecui), biscuit, m., cracker, bise, /, keen wind.
bivac, M. y bivouac, camp, bisarre, odd, queer.
blafard, pale (ofligkt), blague,/, chaff, joking, jest.
blaguer, to chaff, jest, *• joUy." blanc m.t space (in type-setting)^ blanc, blanche, white.
blanchir, to grow white.
blé, m.^ wheat.
blesser, to wound.
bleui, made blue, tuming blue.
blocus, m., blockade.
bloquer, to blockade.
bocal, m., jar.
bœuf, m. y ox.
boire, to drink.
bois, m., wood.
boisseau, m., busheL
GLOSSARY
boite,/, box, can.
boiteux, lame, broken down.
bol, m. y bowl.
bombance, /*., f easting.
bon, bonne, good; à quoi — ... ?
what is the use of . . . ?
bondé, loaded (full up), (chock)
fuU.
bondir, to leap; faire — , to
anger (//'/. tnake leap with indication).
bonheur, m., good-fortune, hap-
piness, joy.
bonhomie, /, good-nature, sim-
pUcity.
bonnet, m., (skull-)cap.
bordj^ m, y edge, bank.
bordeaux, m., claret.
borner, to confine, limit.
botte,/!, boot, shoe; bunch {Jof
vegâtablâSf etc.), bottier, m., shoemaker.
bouche,/, mouth; provisions de
— , edibles.
bouchée,/, mouthful.
boucherie,/., butcher*s shop.
boucle,/, loop.
bouclé, curled.
boucler, to buckle, strap.
bouclier, m., shield.
boue,/, mud, mire, bouffonnerie,/, comic opéra, bougeoir, m., candlestick.
bougie,/, candie., bouillant, effervescing.
bouilli, m., boiled beef.
bouillir, to come to boiling point,
boil.
bouillon, m., méat soup.
bouillonner, to seethe, bubble.
boulanger, m., baker.
boulangerie,/, bakery.
boulet, m.j cannon-ball.
boulette,/, pill.
bourde,/, yarn.
bourgeois, of the middle classes.
bourgeois, m., (plain) citizen, ci-
vilian.
bourgeoisie,/, middle class population ; haute — , upper middle class; petite — , lower middle class.
Bourguignon, m., Burgundian (native of the old province of Burgundy).
bousculade,/, shoving.
bousculer, to jostle; se — , to " rough-house."
bout, m., end, tip; à — de, at the end of one's.
boutade,/, sally, epigram.
boutique,/, shop.
boutiquier, m^ shopkeeper.
braconnier, m., poacher.
braillard, brawler.
bras, m., arm; Parme au — , carr^ng arms.
brave, brave, good {^n civilian conte xi),
bravoure,/, bravcry.
brèche,/, breach.
bref, brève, short; in short.
breton, of, from, Brittany.
brin, m.^ scrap.
briser, to break.
broche,/, spit; à la — , roasted.
brouillard, m.y fog.
brouter, to nibble.
bruit, m., noise, rumor.
brûler, to bum ; — la cervelle, to blow the brains out.
brume,/, mist.
bruyant, noisy.
bu, see boire.
bûcheron, m.^ wood-cutter.
bureau, m., office.
but, m.^ goal, object.
butte,/, height.
buveur, m. y drinker.
cabinet, m., study, library.
cabriolet, m., hack {cab), cacher, to hide.
GLOSSARY
cachette,/, hiding-place ; en — ,
on the sly.
cadavre, m., corpse.
cadeau, m., présent, gift.
cadran, m., dial, face. [<f^')' cadre, m.^ frame, roll {of names, calèche,/., grand carriage.
calorifère, m., heater.
campagne,/, country {as opposed
to " city ") ; campaign.
campement, m., encampment.
camper, to encamp.
canard, m., duck {JiU ' drake ').
canon, — de fusil, gun-barrel.
canonner, to cannonade.
canotier, m., oarsman.
cantonner, to canton, confine
(within definite limtts).
caoutchouc, m., mbber.
capacité,/, ability.
capiteux, he^dy, intoxicating.
capote,/, mUitary cloak. caractère, m., character, char-
acteristic.
carré, /»., square, quadrilatéral.
carreau, «»., ground (to which any
one is struck dawn).
carrière,/, career; quarry.
carriole,/, cart.
carte,/, map, bill of f are, visiting
card.
caserne,/, barracks.
casque, m. y helmet.
casquette,/, cap.
cassant, abrupt, short {in speech'), casser, to break.
causer, to converse, chat, cave,/, cellar.
céder, to yield, make concessions, ceignîmes, see ceindre, ceindre, to gird.
ceinture,/, bclt, girdle.
célèbre, celebrated, famous.
cellulaire, cell-like; prison — ,
solitary confinement, centaine,/, hundred.
centime, m., tenth partof a * sou '
or cent.
cerise,/, cherry, cerner, to surround.
certitude,/, certainty.
cerveau, «»., brain.
cervelle,/, brain.
chacun, each, each one.
chagrin, m., grief, pain, chair,/, flesh.
chaise,/, chair, chaleur, /, heat, warmth . chambrée,/, room (m//.) ; camarade de — , room-mate.
champ, m., field ; sur-le , on
the spot, instantly.
champignon, m., mushroom.
chanter, to sing, simmer.
chapeau, m., hat.
chaque, each.
charbon, #»., coal; — de bois,
charcoal.
charcuterie, /., pork-butcher*s
méat, charcutier, #»., pork-butcher.
chargé, loaded; — de, covered
with, entrusted with, heavy
with.
chargement, m.^ load, goods.
charger, to entrust; se — de,
undertake.
chariot, /»., wagon, charpie,/, lin t.
charretier, m.^ carter, teamster.
charrette,/, cart.
charrier, to cart, drift.
charroi, m., cart.
chasser, to chase, drive, cast out.
châtiment, tn.^ punishment.
chaud, warm.
chaudron, m.^ kettle.
chaussé, shod.
chaussée, /,* causeway.
chauffage, m.^ heating.
chef d'école, m. founder of a
school {ofpaintingypoetry^ etc.).
chef-d'œuvre, m., masterpiece.
cheminée, /, chimney, mantle-
piece.
chemise,/, shirt.
GLOSSARY
cher, dear.
chercher, to seek.
chère,/., fare.
cherté,/, deamess.
cheval, m,^ horse.
cheyrenil, m.^ roebuck.
chez, at the house of , to the house
of , among, in (a person), chiffre, m.^ figure, chiffrer, to write in figures; se
— à, to mean in figures, chimère,/, fancy, unreality, chi-
merical thing.
chœur, #»., chorus.
choisir, to choose. * chou, tn,^ cabbage.
chou-fleur. «»., cauliflower.
chut {sound the " / '% hush I chute,/, fall, surrender.
ciel, cieux, m., sky.
cinquante, fif ty.
circonscrit, circumscribed, lim-
ited.
circonstance, de — , (written) for
the occasion, circônyallation, /, circumvalla-
tion (digging a trench ail
round), ciré, shiny black.
cirer, to black {shoes), citadin, m., civilian.
civisme, m ., dévotion to the state
{lit, ^*'good ciHzenship ").
clairon, m., bugle.
clairvoyant, clearsighted.
claquer, to chat ter (^/>4^ teeth), clarté,/, light, splendor.
clef,/, key.
clientèle, /, customers.
climatérique, critical, significant ;
moment — , crisis.
clocher, «., belfry.
clôture,/, enclosure.
clou, m., nail.
cochon, m., pig.
cœur, m., hêart ; stomach ; de
bon — ) heartily, sincerely, en- COiffer, to top. [thusiastically.
coin, I»., corner.
col. tn,^ collar.
colère,/, anger.
colis, m., pièce of baggage, package, bundle. [nalist.
collaborateur, m., brother-jour-
coUet, m., (coat-)collar.
collier, m.^ necklace, horse-collar ; coup de — , {fig-") eiïort.
colombe,/, dove.
colombier,x».,pigeonhouse,dovecot.
colonne,/, column {of an army),
combattre, to fight.
combinaison, /., combination, plan.
comble, m., top ; — s, attic (of a house) ; pour — de, as a crowning . . .
combler, to load.
combustible, m., fuel.
comestibles, m, pLy edibles.
comme, like, as it were.
commerçant, m., merchant.
commère,/, gossip,goodwoman.
commettre, to commit, perpetrate.
commode, convenient.
compagnon, m.,companion; bon — , sociable fellow.
complaisamment, complacently, kindly.
complaisance, /, accommodation, convenience.
compliquer, to complicate.
composé, m.^ compound.
compromettre, to jeopardize.
compte, m. y account; en fin de — , after ail; sur le — de, about; tenir — de, to take notice of ; se rendre — de, to investigate.
compter, to count fstand.
concevoir, to conceive, under-
concierge, m., janitor.
conciliant, conciliatoiy.
conçu, drawn up {of articles in a papert etc.).
GLOSSARY
conduire, to drive, confiance,/, confidence, confier, to entnist.
confiture,/, jam.
confondre, to unité. conforme à, in accordance with,
in agreement vnth.
congé, m., leave.
connaître, to be acquainted with,
know.
conquérir, to conquer, acquire by
conquest.
conquis, sfg conquérir, consacre, stereotyped (/if.)* consacrer, to dévote, conseil, m.^ ad vice, conseiller, to advise, counsel, re-
commend.
conservé, preserved, canned.
conserver, to keep, retain, conserves,///., preserved méats, consigne,/, ordera {milit).
consommateur, m,^ patron, cos-
tomer {of coffee-housesy etc^, consommation,/, consumption.
consommer, to consume, eat;
consummate.
conspuer, to spit upon.
constater, to verify, ascertain.
consterné, prostrated.
contenir, to contain, keep down.
content, glad.
contentement, m., satisfaction, conter, to relate, contester, to call in question, continu, continuous.
contrainte, /., compulsion.
contrarier, to thwart. [in.
contrebande, par — , smuggled contre, against.
contribuer, to contributef'help. contrôle, m., checking, criticism.
convaincre, to convince.
convaincu, earnest.
convenir, to agrée (de, on), be
right.
conversion, / (wiV/V.), flanking
movemçnt.
convive, m., guest.
convoi, m.r, train, cara«
coquet, dainty, "^
corde,/, cord, string.
corvée, /, fatigue-duty, (hard) work, task.
côte,/, rib, side, coast.
côté, m., side ; du — de, in the direction of ; mettre de — , to lay aside, put by.
coter, to quote {in priée),
cou, m.^ neck.
couche, /, layer.
coucher, to lay down ; se — , to go to bed ; — en joue, to level
coudre, to sew. [a gun at.
couler, to flow.
couloir, m., passage, lobby.
coup, m., stroke, blow, time ; — sur — , time after time, one after the other, repeatedly; tout à — , suddenly ; tout d'un — , at one sweep ; du — , at this blow; — de tête, headstrong act, dash; — d'œil, glance, compréhension ; — de feu, shot ; faire le — de feu, to skirmish.
coupable, guilty.
couper, to eut, eut off .
couplet, m., verse (ofa songy aie.).
cour,/, yard.
couramment, as a current price, regularly.
courant, 1»., stream, current, course ; au — de, acquainted, familiar with.
courber, to bend, bow down.
courrier, m., mail.
courir, to run.
court, short, short-lived.
cousant, see coudre.
coûter, to cost ; coûte que coûte, at an y cost.
couvert, w., cover, place {at table) ; à — , sheltered, covered.
couverture,/, blanket.
couvrir, to cover.
GLOSSARY
cracher, to spit.
crainte,/, fear.
cramponner (se), to cling.
crénelé, battlemented.
crêpe, m,, crape.
creuser, to hollow, dig.
crever, to die {Hke a beasf),
cri, m.t shout.
crier, to shout.
crinière,/, mane.
croire, to believe ; — à, to believe
in.
croiser, to cross ; se — , to move
about {in Cill directions) ; cruise.
croissant, see croître, croître, to increase.
crosse,/, butt eue {pfa muskei), croupi, corrupt, sodden.
cueillir, to gather, pick up.
cuirassier, /»., cuirassier {caval-
ryman wearing a breastplate).
cuire, to cook. cuisant, smarting, cruel, cuisine,/, kitchen.
cuisinière,/, cook.
cuit, ready cooked.
cuivre, m., brass.
culbuter, to upset, carry before
one.
cygne, m., swan.
dame 1 why of course I davantage, more.
dé, m,^ thimble.
déballer, to unpack.
débandé, straggling.
débander, se — , to break ranks,
fall into confusion, débarquer, to land.
débiter, to retail, dispose of.
débiteur, m., debtor.
débloquement, m., raising of the
blockade.
déboucher, to pour in {or out).
debout, standing ; — I stand up 1
déborder, to overflow.
débrouiller, to disentangle.
débusquer, to dislodge.
début, m., outset, beginnine, first débuter, to begin. X^tep.
décacheter, to open (letters).
déception,/, disappointment.
décerner, to award.
déchaîne, let loose.
déchaînement, m., inveighing.
déchanter, to sing anoth^ tune, décharge,// à la — de, in exonération, défense, of. décharger, to relieve.
déchirer, to tear, rend, déchu, fallen.
décombres, m,pl^ ruins, rubbish.
déconcerter, to disconcert, upset.
décor, m., (stage) scenery.
décorer, to give the military medal
to.
découvert ; à — , ezposed, quite
unprotected.
décrier, to cry down, decry.
décroître, to decrease, shrink.
dédale, m., labyrinth, maze.
déduire, to deduce, unfold.
défaillance,/, weakness.
défaillir, to collapse. [lack of.
défaut, m., defect ; à — de, for défendre, to défend ; f orbid.
défi, m.y challenge, défier, to challenge, defy ; se —
de to mistnist.
défiler, to file past.
défoncer, to break down, stave
in.
dégager, to free, set free.
dégarni, stripped of, without.
dégarnir, to uncover.
dégoût, tn.^ disgust, loathing.
dégoûtant, disgusting.
dégoûter (se) dé, to lose one's
taste for.
dehors, outside; en — de, in
addition to.
déjà, already.
déjeuner, m., breakfast, lunch.
GLOSSARY
délaisser, to abandon.
déléguer, to delegate, send on a délégation.
délicat, of refined feeling.
délire, m.» delirium, mac&iess.
déloger, to clear out.
demain, to-morrow.
demande,/, request, question.
demander, to ask.
démarche, /., endeavor; faire une — près de, to seek an interview with.
démasquer, to unmask.
démêler, to disentangle, discem, make out.
déménagement, m., moving.
déménager, to remove, move out.
démener (se), to writhe.
démenti, m., contiadiction.
démentir, to belie ; se — , to flag.
demeure, f. dwelling, abode, home.
demeurer, to stay, remain.
demi-, half.
démolir, to knock down.
démolisseur, m., workman {^ho demolishes^ tears down).
démonter, to dismantle, unseat.
démontrer, to prove.
démordre de, to swerve f rom {lit, " loosen the jaws closed for a bite ").
dénombrer, to count up.
dénouement, m., issue.
*> denrée,/., goods.
dent, /, tooth; à belles — s, heartily.
département, m., department \name of the 8g political units into which the territory of France was then divided ; noiv there are but 86) ; — s, the provinces (1. e, ail France save Paris),
dépecer, to dismerober, eut up.
dépêche,/, despatch.
dépens, m.pl,^ expense.
déplaisant, distastefuL
déplO]rer, to unfold, unpack, un-
f url, fly, display.
dépôt, #»., storehouse.
dépounru; prendre au — , to
take by surprise, catch una-
wares, unprepared.
depuis, from, since, for.
députer, to despatch {as a rep- . resentativé).
déranger, to disturb, interfère
with.
dernier, last.
dérober à, to hide from ; se — à,
to escape from, be impervious déroute,/, rout. ^ [to.
derrière, behind.
derrières, m. pi,, rear.
dès, as early as, (the) very ... ;
— lors, from that time, hence.
désarmé, unloaded.
descendre, to come down.
désespéré, desperate, despairîng.
désespoir, m., despair, déshabitué, unaccustomed.
désintéressement, m,, disinter-
estedness.
désintéresser ; se — de, to take . no interest in, stand aloof from.
désinvolture,/, f reedom, lack of désormais, henceforth. [restraint.
dessin, m., drawing, figure, dessous, m,, basement.
dessous, beneath; au , un-
demeath, below.
dessus, on, on top.
destituer, to break in command,
dismiss.
détaler, to make off.
détendre, to unbend.
détente,/, loosening, relaxing.
détenteur, m., holder, possesson détenu, m., prisoner.
détour, m., circuit, détourner, to avert.
détraquement, m,^ disarray, dis-
order, rottenness.
détritus, m., sweepings, offscour*
ings.
GLOSSARY
détruire, to destroy, crush.
deuil, m.t mourning.
deyant, before.
développer, to unfold; se — , to
stretch, run.
deyiner, to guess.
devise,/., motto.
deviser, to converse, devoir, to owe^have to, be [about]
to.
dévorer, to swallow greedily ; —
ses larmes, to gulp down, hide,
tears. •
dévouement, m.y dévotion, diable, m., aemon, fiend, fellow ;
— de, deuce of a (/. 7<9, =
"everlasting").
diane,/., reveille.
diantre 1 the deuce I Dieu, God; mon — 1 dear mel digne, worthy, dignified, proud.
dimanche, m., Sunday.
dinde,/, turkey.
discernement, m., judgment.
discours, m., speech.
disparate, incongruous, hetero-
geneoas.
disperser, to scatter.
disponible, available.
dissimuler, to conceal, cloak.
distance; de — en — , atregular
intervais.
distraction, /, entertainment,
amusement.
division,/., (anny) division.
dix, ten.
doctement, leamedly.
doigt, m. y finger.
domestique, m, andf.j man-ser-
vant, maia-servant.
dominer, to predominate.
dommage, m., damage, pity.
donné, granted, permitted.
données, / //., data, doré, golden, dorer, to gild.
dormir, to sleep.
dos, m., back.
doucement, gently, gradually. douloureusement, painfully.
douloureux, painful.
douter, to doubt ; se — de, to
suspect, douzaine,/, dozen.
douze, twelve.
drap, m., sheet.
drapeau, m., flag.
dresser, to erect, rear.
droit, right, straight.
drôle, funny.
dru, thick.
durcir, to harden.
durement, hard, heavily.
durer, to last.
dusse see devoir.
eau,/, water; — douce, fresh
water.
ébats, m.pl,y sport, play.
ébranler, to shake.
ébréché, chipped.
écarté, separate.
écarter, to put aside, do away
"with ; s' — , to keep away.
échancrure, /, jagged edge.
échanger, to exchange, échantillon, m., sample.
échapper, s' — , to escape.
écharpe,/, sling.
échauffé, heated, excited.
échauffer, to warra, kindle.
échauffourée,/, skirmish, scuffle.
échec, m., check, reverse, échelle,/, ladder.
éclairage, m., lighting. éclairck, to clear up, détermine;
s' — , to be thinned.
éclairer, to light up.
éclaireur, m., scout. [ment.
éclat, m.j burst, brilliancy; fragéclatant, brilliant.
éclater, to burst, burst forth.
Ecosse,/, Scotland.
GLOSSARY
écoulé, elapsed.
écouler (s'), to flow, disappear.
écouter, to listen to.
écraser, to crash.
écrire, to write.
écrouler (s'), to crumble.
écu, m.i crown (o/d coin varying
in valut from 3 to ^ francs).
écureuil, m., squirrel.
éditeur, m., publisher.
effaré, wild with excitement, wild
(-eyed).
effarement, m., scare.
effet, m\, effect ; faire V — de, to
seem Ûke, remind one of , strike
one as being.
effrayer, to frighten, scare.
effroi, m,^ terror.
effroyable, frightful, awful, terrine.
également, equally.
égard, 1»., respect.
égayer, to enliven, adom.
église,/., church.
égosiller (s'), to crow one's self
hoarse.
eh quoil what!
éhonté, shameless.
élan, m., outburst, impulse, on-
ward dash.
élancer (s'), to jump forward.
électriser, to electrify.
élite,/., picked members; d' — ,
superior.
éloigné, distant, far.
emlMirras, m., fuss.
embaumé, fragrant.
embrasser, to embrace, kiss.
embrumer, to darken.
émeute, /, rising, sédition.
émeutier, m., noter, émigrer, to migrate, move.
emmener, to take away, carry
away.
émoi, m, y flurry.
émousser (s'), to get blunt.
émoUYOir, to move, excite ; s' — ,
to be moved.
empaillé, stuffed.
emparer (s') de, to take, capture.
emphase,/., roagniloquence.
empiler, to pile up.
emplir, to fill.
employer, to use.
emporté, impulsive.
emportement, m., transport.
emporter, to carry away, remove, blow off, sweep onward; — — d'assaut, to carry {a city^etc,) by storm; 1' — , to win the day.
empourprer, to make purple; s* — , to tum purple.
empressement, m., eagemess.
empresser (s') de, to hasten to.
emprunter, to borrow.
en, as a.
encadrer, toframe. [cuit, city line.
enceinte, /, inclositig wall, cir-
enchante, delighted.
enclin, prone.
encombrant, in the way.
encqmbré, crowded.
encombrer, to encumber, choke.
encombrement, m.^ confusion.
encore, still, also, further, yet, indeed.
endroit, m., place ; à son — , conceming him.
enduire, to coat.
énergique, energetic.
énergumène, m^ (violent) madman.
enfant, m., child ; bon — , goodnatured.
enfermer, to shut up, enclose.
enfilade ; en — , sideways.
enfin, lastly, at last, anyhow.
enfoncer, to plunge, drive, sink ; s' — , to sink.
engagé dans, implicated in, pledged to.
engager, to advise, induce, engage ; s* — , to enlist.
engloutir, to engulf, swamp, eat greedily, swallow up.
engoué, infatuated.
GLOSSARY
engouement, m., enthusiasm, in-
fatuation.
engou£hrer(s'), to disappear(</i(w;f
a chasm).
enivré, intoxicated.
enlever, to remove, (mil.) carry,
carry ofî, inspire {troops).
ennui, m., weariness, dulness.
ennuyer (s'), to be duU.
enragé pour, keen on.
enregis&er, to check.
enseigne,/, signboard, flag, en-
sign, standard, enseignement, m,^ lesson.
ensemble, m., aggregate.
ensemble, together ; tout — , at
the same time.
enserrer, to hem in.
ensevelir, to bu.ry.
ensuite, next, then.
entamer, to damage, begin.
entasser, to heap up.
entendre, to hear, understand,
mean ; bien entendu, of course ;
V — ainsi, to see it in that light ;
s' — , to corne to an understand-
ing; laisser — , to hint.
entier, en tire ; tout — , in its en-
tirety, ail.
entonner, to start to sing.
entourer, to surround, entrailles,/'.//., bowels, stomach.
entrain, m., go, dash; spirit.
entraînement, m.^ impulse, entre, between, among, in.
entrée, /I, entrance, access.
entrefilet, m., paragraph (//i a
newspaper).
entreprenant, enterprising.
entreprendre, to undertake.
entretenir, to keep going, keep
up.
entretien, m.^ conversation.
entrevoir, to catch sight of.
entrevue,/., interview.
entr'ouvrir, to half-open; s' — ,
to yawn.
envahir, to invade.
enti ; à 1' — , vieing with one an-
other.
envie,/., désire.
environ, about, . . . or so.
envisager, to view.
envoler (s*), to fly away.
envoyer, to send.
épargner, to spare.
épave,/, fragment, wreck.
épée,/, (officer*s) sword.
éperdu, bewildered, beside one's
self.
éperdument, passiônately.
épervier, m., hawk.
épicier, in. y grocer.
épier, to spy, watch.
épineux, thorny.
épingle,/, pin.
épluchure,/, peeling.
époque,/, epoch, period, date, épouvantable, terrifie, appalling.
épouvante,/, terror.
épouvanter, to terrify. épreuve, /, test, trial. [f eel.
éprouver, to expérience, suffer, épuiser, to exhaust.
épurer, to purify, weed out.
équipage, m.^ carnage, plight.
équipée,/, adventure.
équivoque, mistakable.
érafler, to scratch.
errer, to wander.
escalade ; d' — , by scaling.
escalier, #»., stair.
escompter, to discount, enjoy in^
advance.
escouade,/, squad.
espace, m., space.
espagnol, Spanish.
espèce,/, sort, kind.
espérance,/, hope.
espérer, to hope.
espion, m.^ spy.
espionnage, m., spying, s]ûes.
espoir, m.^ hope.
esprit, m., mind, wit.
esquiver (s'), to make one's es'
cax)e, slip out.
GLOSSARY
essayer, to try, attempt.
essoufiBLéy out of breath.
est, m, y east.
estafette,/, {mil,) express, étable, /, stable, shed, bam. étage, m.i story, floor.
étaler, to display ; s' — , to fall.
étang, m. y pool, pond, étape,/!, march, day's march.
état, fft., State, condition, good
repair ; en — de, in a position
to; — major, stati {of a gênerai).
été, m,y summer.
éteindre, to extingidsh; s' — ,
{fig. ) to stop, cease.
éteint, extinguished, fireless.
étendue,/., extent, stretch.
étinceler, to sparkle, glitter.
étiquette,/, label.
éto&e,/,star; à la belle — ,under
the open sky.
étonnement, m., astonishment.
étonner, to astonish, astound,
strike.
étouffer, to choke.
étranger, m.^ foreigner, stranger.
étrangler, to strangle.
être, m,y being, créature, thing.
évacuation, /., évacuation {mil.
moving away), évacuer, to evacuate, leave; —
sur, to send away to.
évaluer, to estimate.
évanoui, vanished.
évanouir (s'), to faint, fade away.
évanouissement, m., swoon.
éveiller, to awaken.
événement, m. y event.
éventrer, to disembowel, break
in.
éventualité,/, contingency.
exaltation,/, excitement exalter, to extol, glorify.
excellence ; le bois par — , the
wood (above ail woods).
excuse,/; — s, apology.
exécuter, to perforai; s' — , to
yield, comply.
exercé, experienced.
exercice, m., practice, drill ; faire
1'—, to drill.
exhortation,/, advice.
exigence,/, requirement.
exiger, to require, demand.
expansif, outward pouring, de-
tnonstrative.
expédier, to despatch, expliquer, to explain,accountfor;
s' — , to hâve it out; account
for, understand.
exploitation, /, working, nin-
ning.
exploiter, to use.
exploiteur, m., sharp, ** crook.'* exposition,/, exhibition.
exprimer, to express, extasier (s'), to go into ecstasies
over.
exterminer, to destroy, eut to
pièces, extravaser (s'), to overflow.
extrême, m, ; a V — , to extrémi-
ties.
fabrique,/, factory.
fabriquer, to manufacture.
face,/, face; en — , face to face ; de — , in front ; en — de, opposite, against.
fâcher, to anger ; se — , get angry.
fâcheux, awkward.
facile, easy, prone.
façon,/, fashion, manner, way ; de la belle — , soundly ; de — à, so as to.
facteur, m., postman.
factice, artificial.
factieux, m.y hothead.
faction, /, sentry-go, sentry duty.
faible, weak, feeble.
faiblesse,/, weakness.
faiblir, to weaken.
fainéantise,/, idleness.
GLOSSARY
faire, to do, make, (of weather)
be ; — bon, to be pleasant {lit
" pleasant weather **).
fait, /«., fact, event; de — , as a
matter of fact.
fait, made ; — pour, calculated
to ; tout — , ready made ; — à,
accustomed, inured, to.
falloir, to be necessary, require,
take.
familier, m. y intima te friend.
fanfaronnade, /., bombast, tall
talk.
fange,/, mire, fantasque, fantastic.
fardeau, m.^ burden.
farine,/., flour.
farouche, tierce, fastueusement, pompously.
fatuité,/, conceit, snobbishness.
faute, /, fault, error, blander ;
— de, for lack of ; ne pas se
faire — de, to never fail to, be
very ready to. v '
fauteur, m.^ instigator.
faux, false.
faveur,/, favor, help ; à la — de,
under cover of.
fébrile, feverish.
feindre, to feign, prétend, félicitation,/, congratulation, féliciter, to congratulate.
fer, m., iron, Steel.
férir, to strike.
ferme,/, farm.
fermer, to close, shut.
fête,/, festivity, f east, (/^.) joy ;
jour de — , holiday.
fêter, to celebrate.
feuillage, m., leaves, branches, feuille, /, leaf , sheet, paper.
feuilletoniste, x»., newspaper-
man.
fiacre, m., cab.
fiancé, betrothed.
fidèle, faithful, accurate.
fier, proud, haughty.
fierté,/, pride.
fiéyreuz, feverish.
figure,/, face.
figurer, to picture ; se — , to con-
ceive.
fil, m. y thread.
fils, m. y son.
fin, sly, f ull of meaning.
finesse,/, subtlety.
fissure,/, fissure, leak.
flair, m. y scent.
flamboyer, to flame, glow.
flâner, to loaf.
flâneur, m., loafer.
flaque,/, puddle.
flèche,/, arrow.
fleuve, /«., river, flocon, m.y flake, puff.
flot, tn.y wave, stream, flood.
flotter, to float, wave, flux, m. y flow. foi,/, faith ; faire — de, to bear
out ; ma — I why I foin, m. y hay.
fois,/, time ; à la — , at a time,
at the same time.
fonctionner, to work (ofmachin-
ery^ eU.), fond, m., bottom, underl3ring trait,
background, foun dation ; —
des choses, facts, substance;
faire — sur, see page 7, note 4.
fonder, to found, build.
fondre, to melt, cast; faire — ,
to hâve cast. *.
fonds, m., /und, supply.
fonte,/, cast iron.
force, /., strength ; many, copions ; à — de, by dint of ; de
— à, equal to.
forer, to perforate.
fort, strong, fortified.
fort, strongiy, very, much, Icad.
fossé, m., ditch, moat.
fou, folle, mad, insane, crazy*
m. or/,, mad person, madcap.
foudre,/, thunderbolt, lightning.
foudroyer, to batter, destroy {as
by lightning).
fongne,/» impetnosity, fire.
fouiller, to search.
fouillis, m,f medley.
foulard, m., silk handkerchief.
foule,/., crowd.
fouler, to trample under foot.
four, m., oven.
fourmillement, m,, swarming.
fournir, to snpply.
fourrure,/, fur.
foyer, m., hearth, range ; — brûlant (/^.)» glowing fire.
frais, m. pLy expense.
frais, fraîche, fresh, green.
franc, franche, frank,clear,lighthearted.
franc-tiemr, m., volunteer riJUmafiy unenrolUd soldier,
franchir, to cross, pass, go out of .
frappé, daft.
frapper, to strike, visit {^th blâmé),
frayé, beaten (tracÂ).
frayer (se), to force (a passage),
frémissement, m., quiver, thrill.
froid, cold, cool.
froidement, coldly, cooUy.
fromage, m., cheese.
frondeur, carping.
front, m., brow, forehead ; de — , in front.
fumant, smoking, steaming.
fumée, /, smoke, fume, (/. ^) steam.
fumer, to smoke.
fumier, m.^ manure.
funèbre, funeral.
funeste, baleful.
fusée,/, rocket.
fusil, m., gun, rifle. \çutwfC),
fusiller, to shoot {military exe-
fuyard, tn,<t fugitive.
gage, m., pledge, warrant, security, token, sign.
gageure,/, wager, bet. gaieté,/, gayety ; de — de cœur,
gratuitously.
gaillard, m, y fellow.
gaillard, joUy.
gaillardement, cheerfuUy.
galon, m., stripe {on officer^s
sleeve), gamelle,/, kêttle.
gamin, m.<, street-urchin.
gant, m., glove.
garde, /, guard-duty, monnting
guard.
garder, to keep, goard; se — de,
to taJce care not to.
gare,/, railroad station, garel look outl bewarel garnir, to wrap.
gars, m., fellow, lad.
gâter, to spoil.
gauche, left.
gaver, f eed, cram.
gelée,/, frost.
geler, to freeze.
gémir, to moan.
gémissement, m., groan, moan.
gêner, to put to inconvenience ;
ne pas se — pour, to make no
difficulty about.
génie, m., genius ; engineer corps, gens, m, andf. pL, people.
gent,/, {humorous) race, geste, m,, gestnre.
gestion,/, management, gibier, m., game, quarry.
gigot, m., leg of mutton.
gilet, m.y waistcoat, vest.
glace,/, pane of glass.
glaçon, m., block of ice.
gland, m,<, tassel. glisser, to slide, slip, whisper;
se — , to creep.
glousser, to cackle.
gluant, sticky.
gonfler, to inflate ; se — , to swelL gorge,/, throat.
gouaillerle,/, joking(a/^M^rj).
gouailleur, coarsely jesting.
GLOSSARY
goudron^ m.* tar.
goûter, to taste.
gouttière, /, gutter.
gouYemail, m., rudder.
grâce à, thanks to.
grade, m.t rank.
graisse, /., fat.
grandiose, grand, insinring.
grayeur, m., engraver.
gravir, to climb.
gré, m.f will, taste; de son plein
— , of one's own free will.
greffer, to graft. grêle,/, hall, grelotter, to shiver.
gris, gray.
griser, to make drunk,intoxicate.
grognard, m., old vétéran (lit.
** grumoler ").
grogner, to grumble, grunt.
grognon, gmmbling.
grondement, m., rumbling.
gros, big, important ; le — , the
bulk.
grossier, rough.
grossir, to swell, magnify.
grouiller, to swarm.
grumelenz, lumpy.
gruyère, m., (a kind of) cheese.
guère; ne . . . guère, hardly,
scarcely, not much.
guéridon, {light) table.
guérir, to cure.
guerre,/., war.
guerrier, warlike.
guêtre,/, gaiter.
guetter, to watch.
guetteur, m., watchman.
gueule, /, mouth (of animais^
gtéftSt etc.), giSse,/, way, fancy.
habile, skUlful.
habileté,/, skill.
habit, m,<, coat ; — s, clothes.
habitude, /, habit.
habitué, accustomed.
habitué, m., regular patron.
hache,/, ax.
hacher, to eut up.
haie,/, hedge, row.
haine,/, hâte, hatred.
haïr, to hâte.
haleine,/, breath ; tenir en — , to keep up.
halles,///, (public) market.
hanter, to haunt.
harceler, to hantss.
hardes,/ //., clothes.
hardi, bold.
hardiesse,/, boldness.
haricot, m., bean.
haro, m.; — sur, outcr^ against.
hasard, m, chance; nsk; danger ; au — , hap-hazard, pellmell.
hasardeux, untrustworthy, evil.
hâte,/, haste.
hâter, to hasten.
hausse,/, rise {inpricé).
hausser, to lift; go up; shrug (the skoiilders).
haut, high, loud ; far; — en couleur, florid.
hautain, haughty.
hauteur,/, height.
haut-le-cœur, m., nausea.
herbe,/, grass.
hériter, to inhierit.
héritier, m., heir; — présomptif, heir apparent.
heure, /, hour, time ; — militaire, with military promptness; de bonne — , early.
heureux, happy, prosperous, palmy, successful, lucky.
heurter, to knock.
hier, yesterday.
hisser, to holst.
histoire,/, history, story, taie.
hochet, m., (infants) rattle.
honnêteté,/, honesty.
honnir, to shame, disgrâce.
GLOSSARY
hors, out, ont of, ezcept
hdte, m., host» guest.
houille,/, coal.
houspiller, to berate.
huile,/, oil.
huit, eight
humeur, /, disposition, mood,
temper ; bonne — , spirits.
humus, m.f rich soil.
hygiène,/, health ; comité d' — ,
board of health.
idée, /m idea, passing thought.
ignoble, a dirty crick.
illusion,/, delusion, illusion ; se
faire — , to deiude one's self.
imbécile, m., fooL imberbe, beardless.
immeuble, m^ property {reai
estaté), immondices,///., refuse, filth.
imperméable, waterproof .
impie, impious. importe (n'), never mind, no
matter.
importer, to matter.
imprécation,/, imprécation, ap-
peal to heaven, curse.
imprenable, impossible to cap- . ture, impiegnable.
impréroyance, /, improvidence, imprévu, unforeseen.
imprimer à, to imprint upon,
give.
imprimés, m.pl.<, printed matter.
improviste ; à V — , unexpected-
ly, suddenly.
inabordable, unapproachable,
out of reach.
inattendu, unexpected.
incontestable, undeniable.
inconrenance,/, unseemliness.
incroyable, incredible.
indice, m., sign.
indiquer, to indicate, name.
indomptable, indomitable.
industrie, /., manufactures ; —
prirée, private enterprise.
industriel, «f ., {coal) operator.
industrieux, sl^illful, ingenious.
inébranlable, unshakable, izn-
movable.
inépuisable, inexhaustible.
inexprimable, inexpressible, in-
describable.
infatigable, indefatigable.
infect, foui. infiniment, infinitely; — de,
great.
ingénier (s') à, to be ingenious
in, rack one*s brains to.
ingéniosité,/, ingenuity.
ingénuité,/, ingenuousness, can-
dor, directness.
initié, m., person known, having
regular business, in a place.
injonction,/, order, command.
injure,/, insuit.
injurier, to insuit.
innocemment, innocently.
innombrable, countless.
innommé, nameless.
inondation,/, flood.
inouï, unheard of.
inquiet, anxious.
inquiétant, disquieting, alarm-
ing.
inquiéter, to make uneasy, mo>
lest ; s' — de, to concern one*s
self about.
inquiétude,/, anxiety.
insaisissable,im possible tocatch.
inscription, /, enrolment.
inscrit, registered {p. 97 ; on the
books of charitahU organiza-
insensé, insane.
insérer, to insert {in a newspa'
per), insinuant, insinuating.
insouciamment, carelessly.
insouciance,/, carelessness, reck
lessness.
GLOSSARY
insoucienz, careless.
instructeur; officier — , drill-ser-
geant.
instruire, to teach, instruct.
instruit» well-educated, well-in-
formed, learned.
intendance,/, commissariat de-
partment.
interdire, to forbid.
intérim ; par — , àd intérim^ tem-
porarily.
interligne, m.,paragraph(-space) .
interroger, to question, interrompre, to internipt.
intervenir, to interpose, intime, inner.
intraitable, untractable, fierce.
inutile, useless.
invectiver (s'), to hurl invectives
at one another.
investir, to surround, girdle^ be-
siège, inveâissement, m,^ closing of
the circle (round tke city), invincible, inconquerable, op-
pressive.
invinciblement, irrepressibly.
invraisemblable, unlikely, in-
credible, improbable, irréfragable, unanswerable.
irrespectueux, disrespectful.
issue, y*) issue, outcome.
ivre, intoxicated.
ivresse,/., intoxication.
ivrognerie, /.| drink, drunken-
ness.
jabot, m., shirt-front (hère =
chest).
jadis, formerly.
jaillir, to spring, spring forth.
jaloux de, eager to.
jamais, ever; ne . • . jamais,
never.
jambe,/, leg.
Jambon, m^ ham.
jeter, to throw, throw down.
jeun ; à — , f asting, f amished.
joaillier, m., jeweler.
joindre, to clasp.
joli, pretty.
jonction,/, (m/7.), j unction ; opérer une — , to join forces with.
joue, /, cheek ; coucher en — , to level a gun at.
jouer, to play; faire — , to spring {a îock^ etc.).
jouir de, to enjoy.
jouissance,/, enjoy ment.
joujou, m., plaything.
jour, m., day, aaylight, light ; an petit — , at daybreak ; de — , in the day-time; se faire ^-, to corne to light; le — de l'an, New Year's day.
journal, m., newspaper.
journée,/, day, day's work; battle, aâair.
jucher, to perch, stick up.
juillet, /«., July.
jurer, to swear.
juron, m., oath.
jus, m., juice, gravy.
jusque, as far as, even ; jusqu' à, as far as, down to.
juste, correct, sound, précise, close (Jiguré).
justicier-démolisseur, destroyer and avenger, {i. e. p. 77, they ^* desiroyed" thèse initiais to "avenge" the wrong done France by Napoléon).
képi, m., (military) cap.
kilo = kilogramme {=2 Ibs.j os.),
kiosque, m.y news-stall.
là, there ; ^bas, out there.
lÂche, coward, cowardly.
GLOSSARY
lâchement, cowardly, with cowardice.
lâcher, to let go.
lâcheté,/, cowardice.
laisser, to leave, let ; ne pas — de, not to fail to.
lampion, m., lantem {/or purposes of illumination and rejoicing),
lancé yers, started in the direction of .
lancer, to hurl.
langnissamment, languidly.
lanterne, /, lamp, lantern ; — à réflecteur, head-light.
lapider, to stone.
lapin, m. y rabbit.
lard, m.» bacon.
larder, to stick, rnn tlirough.
large, broad.
larme,/.» tear.
laurier, m., laurel.
layer, to wash.
lecteur, m.^ reader.
léger, light, slight. [lessly.
légèrement, ligbtly, slightly, reck-
léguer, to bequeath.
légume, m., vegetable.
lendemain, m., next day, morrow.
lentement, slowly.
lèpre,/, leprosy, canker.
lestement, briskly, quickly.
lester, to ballast.
lettre, letter ; à la — , literally.
leurrer, to deceive, beguile.
levée, /, rising; — en masse, mass-rising.
lever, to lift, raise ; se — , to get up, stand, rise.
lèvre,/, lip.
libre, free; ballon — , balloon without aeronauts in it.
lie,/, dregs.
lien, m. y tie» bond.
lier, to bind, bind up.
lien, m. y place ; avoir — , to take place; au — de, in place of, instead of.
lieue,/, league. [regular.
lignard, m., soldier of the Une, ligne,/. Une, regulars.
linge, m,y linen.
liseré, m., piping (narrow bands
ofcoloredmaterial in the séants).
lisible, legible.
lit, m., bed.
litre, »».,(= il pin f).
