THE MIS8ISSOURI INDIANS
“ T wish you had not been so merciful, my son,” exclaimed an old women ; ‘I wish you had killed the b..... , for she has “stolen my knife, which I had for three winters ; it was a good « knife, only the handle was broken”. “Yes,” said a young girl from the opposite corner of the tent, “the bad slave has “stolen my knife also ; I wish she was dead ! ”
These wishes were not lost! A short time after, while the village was still in an uproar, rejoicing for their late success in war, four young men who had been employed in the pursuit of the flying beauty, appeared with her head at the end of a pole, which they planted in the door of the tent whence she had made her escape, and the horse she had stolen was delivered to the owner. They then retired in silence to their respective tents ; nor did the men of the village heed their arrival, for they considered the head or scalp of a women beneath their notice.
Not so the women; overjoyed at the spectacle, they collected around in great numbers dancing and turning it into ridicule. They pulled it by the hair from the pole, tossed it with their feet from tent to tent throughout the village, exclaiming. “There is the enemy : take care! be kind to her!” At length the head was consigned to the boys as a mark for their arrows
The men who went to look out for this unfortunate woman bllowed her track by means of marks she left where she digged up roots for her sustenance. When she reached the mountain, thinking herself beyond research and safe, she took her time, killed a buffaloe with her bow and arrows, built a cabin of green branches and began to dry and prepare a stock of provi. sions for her journey across the mountains to her own country The young men having lost her track, they wandered several days in the mountains, and it was on their return home that
A hey accidentally fell in with her hut and despatched her by
plunging lances into her bosom.
The winter being far advanced and considerable drifts of snow on the ground, thousands of buffaloes resorted 10 the vici. nity of the villages. We had great pleasure in seeing the Indians go into the fields, surround and kill whole droves of them; the best parts only of the meat were taken home, the rest remaining to rot in the field. At times the Indians would congregate in great numbers and continue ‘o drive large herds to the banks of the Mississouri and, by gradual approaches, confine theminto a narrow space where the ice was weakest, until, by their weight and pressure, l‘1rge square of ice, some of fifly yards, would give away and vast numbers of animals were plunged into the river and carried by the current under the solid ice to a “ mare” a little below, where they again emerged, floated and were re. ceived by crowds of women and children, provided with proper hooks and instruments to haul them on the ice, which. ina short time, becaine strewed with dead carcasses. Here they were left for some time to take flavor, then carried home and considered a great delicacy.
All the traders who were in opposition to me having despaired of any success, returned to the Red River and left me in the sole possession of che Mississourie trade. I now divided my assortment into small parcels, and made several outfits, which placed unaer the charge of my men for the purpose of carrying on the business with the Natives to the best advantage ; my succcess, generally, did not fall short of my expectations.
On the eve of my departure for home, the Black Cat, a Chief with whom some of my men had lodged in the Maudan village, sent me word by an Indian to call at his tent as soon as possible. This [ did immediately and asked him the cause of so pressing an invitation, € Your white men ”’, said he, ‘ da not mean to “return with you ; they have disposed of their own private “ property in favor of tl'e Indians and would have done the “ same with yours, but [ knew that they were bad white men;
erable drifts of >rted to the vicieing the Indians es of them; the Le rest remaining d congregate in rds to the banks confine theminto 1, by their weight y yards, would plunged into the ice to a mare” uted and were revided with proper ice, which. in a sses. Here they carried home and
| having despaired hd left me in the now divided my al outfits, which I rpose of carrying st advantage ; MY xpectations.
Black Cat, a Chief he Maudan village, às soon as possible.
buse of so pressing & do not mean 0 their own private 1d have done the e bad white men;
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 867
“they were dealing with bad women and I have secured your “ property ”. [ thanked the Chief and then expressed a wish to cross in order to adopt steps for the punishment of these bad white men. ‘ No” said the Chief, ‘that will canse diffi- “ culties, for the Indians are bound to protect all strangers.” Seeing I could not do justice to my feelings without creating a disturbance, I had, with the assistance of the Indians, all my property transported to the upper village.
Two days after, I went down with Morrison to my deserted residence, saw my men, tried to persuade them to return to their duty, but they would not yield, I was therefore obliged to leave them and hire a free-man in their place. This was in the month of February and, the first fine weather, we took our leave of the Missurie. We had ten horses loaded with returns, including provisions.
The first day we travelled until dark in hopes of falling in with a good spot of grass for our horses, but the plains having been burnt in the fall and covered with buffaloes all winter, the whole country was as bare as the palm of the hand; scarcely a snrig of grass was to be seen in any direction, We encamped in a swamp of dry rushes, cleared à small space from snow, kindled a fire with small bits of dry wood provided for the purpose and, after eating corn cakes and drinking snow water, we laid down to rest. It snowed in the night and the air was raw, still we had a comfortable rest under the new fallen snow, which completely covered our beds.
In the morning, we discovered that seven of our horses were missing and could not be found in the vicinity of the camp. We, therefore, secured our baggage under the snow, mounted the three remaining horses and returned to the village. Here we learned that the missing horses were in the possession of an Indian who, on application, readily surrendered them. He gave us lodging for the night and treated us with great kindness.
Next morning, we set out early, found our baggage safe, loaded and continued our course until night came on, without seeing any appearance of wood for fire, nor grass for our horses. We found it, therefore, necessary to continue, T desired Morrison, who led the way, 10 guide his course by the North Star; the other man did not seem easy, he, however, did not complain, but soon after began to lag behind.
As we advanced in our journey, the snow became deeper and deeper ; to pass over some heaps, we were at times obliged to unload, this made travelling, particularly at night, very unpleasant, About midnight, the sky darkened, the stars disappeared and a dreadful storm arose from the North. Having no stars to guide us, I desired Morrison to continue keeping the wind directly in his face and that I would endeavour to drive the horse after him. We had not advanced farin this manner when we heard the other man, Roy’s voice from a distance in the rear, We, of course, waited his arrival ; he complained of fatigue and indisposition, then threw himself down upon the
snow à corps perdu exClaiming : ‘ Je ne partirai jamais d'ici, ni mort ni en vie”. We represented to him the critical situation we were in, and the very great danger we should run by stopping in the open plain, exposed without any shelter to the violence of the storm.
The poor man would not or could not hearken to reason. Seeing him in danger of loosing his life if abandoned, I ordered the horses to be unloaded, and with the baggage we formed à rampart or screen as shelter against the storm. We then made a bed of buffalo robes upon which we placed the sick man who was motionless, and we feared he was gone or next thing toit. We rubbed his face, hands and feet, wrapped him in plenty of blankets, and in a short time we could perceive some symptoms of life. He was restored, but we suffered severely from the cold while attending him.
e safe, loaded ithout seeing -horses. We ired Morrison, orth Star; the not complain,
me deeper and nes obliged to ight, very unhe stars disapth. Having no seping the wind ur to drive the js manner when distance in the , complained of down upon the ji jamais d'ici, ni critical situation run by stopping to the violence
arken to reason.
doned, I orderel age We formed à We then made e sick man who next thing toit.
him in plenty of L some symptoms ely from the cold
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 369
To secure the horses, we tied them to the baggage, then covered ourselves with the buffaloe robes. Had it not been for that hardy and excellent man, Morrison, neither 1 nor Roy would have passed the night... ,...….
CEREELEEEEEEREEEEEREEE EE NEEEEENEEEEEEREEEEEEEREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEENTEE CORRRERTENENEX)
In the morning, the snow was on a level with the top of our rampart, and s0 heavy above our buffaloe robes that we had some difficulty to move under the load. Two of the horses broke their halters in the course of the night, but did not go far out of the way and Morrison soon got them back; the others were standing with the snow up to their Lellies, their four feet close to one another, trembling with cold and their bridles frozen in their mouths. We however Loaded them, and, having wrapped ourselves up in robes, we set out, but the drift and snow were so heavy that we could not see the distance of fifty yards.
With no marks to guide our steps, we kept on all day at random, but, by observing the direction of the wind, we endeavoured to keep the same direction. Towards the evening, the drift passing in separate columns, as it were, before the wind, gave us an opportunity of descrying at à listance the appearance of trees, to which we immediatel: divod, und we came to a small creek with plenty of wouil valor, cribe my feelings on this occasion : 11 rt lea with joy, nothing on earth could have given me mue plea. » We were provided to our satisfaction, but our horses, poor animals! were almost dead with cold, fatigue, and hunger. Having been four days without eating, they could scarcely muster strength to stand upon their legs We procured for them the lops of trees of which they seemed to partake with good appetite.
The following day, we still had bad weather, but we remained in our camp urtill the afternoon, when the sky cleared and we discovered that we had considerably gone out of our course.
F cannot des-
We now went on straight and got to Rivière La Souris, where the bad weather again detained us. The snow was very deep and fatiguing for the horses. Morrison made traines which did not avail us much. I despached him a head to the Fort for assistance. Having come to a lake, we pierced the ice for water but, being shallow, we found it frozen to the bottom : we therefcre collected ice into heaps and, wood being near, we lighted fire on the top of the heaps which, as they melted, made water for the horses who licked them for drink.
Atlength Morrison returned with men and dogs who took our baggage, I and one of the men took the horses in charge, but the horses unfortuuately gave up and I was under the necessity of abandoning them. Next day, we got to the Fort, which was the twenty third from the Missurie. The desertion of my men at the Mandans, and the failure of the horses on the way home cast a cold on my reception. However, when my reiurns were examined and the horses were recovered, my expedition was thought more of and, in the end, 1 had no reason to complain.
Ind ban
bea that of t absa reve
T the your
Souris, where as very deep es which did e Fort for asice for water m : we therear, we lighted d, made water
; who took our in charge, but r the necessity 'ort, which was tion of my men , the way home ny reiurns Were expedition Was bn to complain.
THE MISSISEOURI INDIANS 871
FOURTH EX PEDITION
The hooping cough among the [ndians.—The Cheyennes’ peace expedition.—The Indian in his home ; his domineering pride.— What a White Chief is supposed to be.—Mr. Mackenzie accompanies ‘ Rattle-snake ” and leaves with the Cheyennes ; grand reception.—Mode of trading en pipe ””. — Unexpected arrival of Messrs. Chaboillez, Henry and Macdonel.—Great men should be seen from a distance.-—Grand visit of the Missouri Indians to the (‘1eyennes.— Will it be peace or war ?—The return.
Previous to the departure of Mr, de Rocheblave for the Head- Quarters of the North West Company on Lake Superior, Mr. Caldweil and I had orders to visit the Missurie, as usual, for the purposes of trade. We accordingly set out on the 4th of June, accompanied by a freeman, with six horses belonging to the Company.
To avoid the danger of falling in with war parties and strange Indians, we went by a round about way and arrived on the banks of the Missurie without any accident. The country looked beautiful at this season, but the Natives looked more gloomy that usual, owing, we soon learned, to the recent loss of some of their young men, killed in a war expedition, and to the absence of a party of about 600 warriors, who had gone to revenge that loss.
The hooping cough, moreover, was then raging throughout the country and had already carried away 130 persons, old and young, in less than a month. The aged who were attacked by
this disorder met with little attention and were soon carried away. The attention paid to children was, however, very great, It was not a strange thing to see two or three dead in one lodge, the bodies remaining there unburied until the stench became s0 great that the survivors were compelled to remove them.
The disease began to slaken soon after our arrival and, the warriors having returned successful, the lamentations ceased, The war party, who were absent two months, returned in triumph with türee scalps! War parties generally content themselves with attacking the first enemy they meet, and return as soon as they have killed and drawn blood, thinking themselves entitled to equal laurels and equal honors whether the contest was severe or easy. This war party paraded the villages for several days, singing and dancing, with the scalps at the end of long poles. Many of the sick joined in the rejoicings and we had to do the same, car avec les loups à faut hurler !”
I believe that whoever has studied the Indians and the nature of their passions must have been struck with their versatility. Their whole life is a life of extremes. No being can bear with more fottitude a wound inflicted at war, but should they cut their feet accidentally with an axe, should they fall sick, they are quite the reverse. They are indolent, capricious, con-
temptuous, revengeful and dominer to the extreme, and yet their passions do not seem !: 6 1: the quiet of their mind, which almost always appear jui ind calm.
It is when they return from the 6h ice that their predominant
passion, domineering pride, has its complete sway. Ît is then a stranger can see how an Indian is respected in his own hut. He no sooner appears but every one hurries to clear his way less his feet should be entangled on his entering ; every work is abandonned, every appearance of mirth disappears, no one dares salute him or even look at him in the face.
quan
were
$00n with
natio!
Ab offer |
were
enter(i
dssul'e
e soon carried er, Tery great.
» dead in one
ntil the stench led to remove
rrival and, the atations ceased, as, returned in y content themand return as thinking themrs whether the ded the villages e scalps at the n the rejoicings faut hurler !” s and the nature their versatility:
g can bear with should they cut y fall sick, they capricious, COne extreme, and he quiet of their id calm.
eir predominant way. [t is then in his own hut.
o clear his way ng ; every work sappears, no one
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 873
After having put bye his weapons, he will seat himself on his hams before a blazing fire with a great composure and air of dignity. The most slavish of his women (they have in general more than one) will approach him and take off his shoes and leggins, while another brings him water to drink and a third prepares his meal, which he devours without saying a word. All wish to know of his good or bad luck, but no one dare make an enquiry.
My Lord beinc nearly to the botto . i K
ated and his first pipe smoked , in a solemn and low tone, begin he day. If successful, he will tell the women where they :nay find the animals, with every detail relating to the chace. If not successful, he will blame the women for not having paid sufficient attention to his commands;
to relate the adver à
he is sure that they have given certain bones to the dogs, &c., he has had bad dreams the night before ; he has, in the morning, met with certain birds and insects ; he could not expect success after such negligence, so many bad omens. He never thinks of blaming himself for his bad success.
Bu, to return to business ; on any arrival, [ found that some of the freemen to whom I hal given goods on credit the preceding winter had made a good huut towards the upper part of the Missurie. These men paid what they owed, and traded a quantily of furs which they had over and above. The Indians were equally successful, so that my stock of merchandis: was soon disposed of to advantage, but an appointment [ had made with à Canadian sent from the fort to deal with the Pawnie nation detained me for a longer period than 1 expected.
About this time, a band c° Shawyens or Chawyens came to offer terms of peace to the Gros Ventres and Mandans. They were received with great seeming friendship and handsomely entertained for several days. At their departure, they were wsured of the peaceful dispositions of the villages aud, as a
token of friendship, they promised that a young man taken in war some years before and then a prisoner, would be given up to his father whenever he should come for him.
Soon after, the father appeared accompanied by a number of young men. They brought a message from their Great Chief inviting in the warmest terms a young Chief he had noticed in battle, to pay him a visit. The young man who was also a great Chief among the Gros Ventres and renowned for his exploits at war, was willing to accept the invitations, but the majority of his people, fearing treachery, opposed his departure. Many, councils were held on this occasion but all to no avail. ‘Rattle Snake ”, fearing that his character would be attacked by those who envied him, and that his courage would be doubted by his enemies, resolved to conquer all opposition and finally carried his point.
I resided in the Borgne’s tent ; it was there that all strangers paid their first visit, and that all the wise men assembled on great occasions. I consequently had a good opportunity of learn. ing what was going on.
All strangers treated me with the greatest kindness ; those who never had seen a white man looked upon me with great admiration and curiosity ; many were afraid to approach me, but most of them were, by far, too inquisitive and wished ta as.
ertain if [ was in every respect the same as Indians. The Shawyens had seen and traded with several white people, though they had no traders on their lands ; they were very friendly to me as I could understand them and be understood
by the common signs of the Plain [ndians.
They strongly pressed me to go with them, saying that they would load two horses for me with beaver. The remaiuder of my goods was not worth £5—and that of very inferior quality, and I knew that they would bring a far better price at the Shawyens than they would at the Missurie, [ therefore resolved
to ë Ven con safe hav Calc (22 no ‘ kil “ he neve came Th asket that ] could beave « we his sn White yens beaver and th the Bo
slem, V smoke,
guing t
him ho done, h
n taken in be given up
number of 3reat Chief 1 noticed in ; also a great s exploits at majority of ture. Many, vail. ‘‘Ratile ked by those * doubted by and finally
, all strangers assembled on nity of learn:
dness ; those e with great approach me, wished ta as- Indians. The white people, y were very be understood
ing that they | remaiuder of rior quality, r price al the
efore resolved
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 875
to accompany Rattle Snake, to the great annoyance of the Gros
Ventres, who would not hear of my going there with goods, but concealed their real motives under pretense of my personal safety.
I showed them the goods I intended to take with me, after having divided them in two, and told them I would leave Mr. Caldwell one half to trade with them in my absence. ‘“Itis “ not the goods we want ”, said they, “ but if you should be “ killed, the Chief of the White people will never send another “ here ”. I told them that if they did not let me go I would never come to them again. The council broke up and several came back with buffaloe robes which 1 would not trade.
The Borgne, who was my landlord, with the greatest chiefs asked me what we did with beaver, and was much surprised that people who possessed every good thing which the miud could imagine, would come so far from their native land for beaver “It is true,” said I, ‘we have many good things, but “we have no beaver.” After a hearty laugh from the Borgne and his smokers, I told them with what contempt the Chief of the White people would look upon me if I did not go to the Shawyens Who will .ell him, ” said they, ‘ that the Shawyens have beaver ? I replied that he was a man who knew every thing, and that he would be very angry with my father-—for so I called the Borgne—if he prevented me from going. ‘ [f that be the case, “ my son, you shall have full liberty to go to-morrow morning ; “ but should you be killed, tell your Chief before you go not “ to blame me. ”
F': then gotup with great composure, took his sacred pipe and sem, which he lighted and, after making the four elements smoke, he pointed the stem towards the fort and began haranguing the chief of the white people not to be irritated, telling him how often he had served him and his white people. When done, he said, ‘Since you say that my comrade, my equal”—
for s0 he called Mr. Chaboillez—tt knows every thing, he must ‘have heard me and must know that my heart is good”. Then they began to make conjectures concerning the Chief üf the Whites. of his manly strength, of his might and power, of his stature and bulk and, above all, of his dress and weapons. A man whG has so much scarlet cloth to give for beaver cannot fail being dressed in scarlet himself. In short, they formed a high idea of his outward appearance which I soon had every reason to regret,
The Berg ‘roeuredl me a voung man to assist me on the way and Llefttt illa iwn to join Rattle Snake and his party. Ltook three th pany's horses, one for myself, on: to
carry the 20ood< an üird for my young man. Going througn the villages, L hear erybody calling me a fool ; the women were afraid I should never come back. At last, Rattle Snake and twelve young scamps like himself came out of the village and, after having joined ten Shawyens, we started. A party of
Mandans having overtaken us, we were now a party of about forty.
Among the Mandansthere was a person named Gissom, freeman (l) whom I have had occasion to mention before and who had received credits from the North-West Company. He informed me that he was going to th: Shawyans, en pipe and he was sure of being better received and get more than by trading the few articles he had, and that, moreover, it was the custom of those Lidians who knew nothing abouttrade. “ I suppose ”, said he, “that you intend to push them a pipe?” [told him I knew nothing about pipes, and if really they knew nothing about trade I would get a better bargain. ‘They will laugh
(1) Mr. René Jussomme or Jussiaume had resided in the Missouri country as an independent trader for over fifteen years. He served as guide and interpreter to Mr. David Thompsom in his voyage of exploration of 1797.—Lindsey, ‘* A Report on the Boundaries of Ontario. ??
beh con witt few siro1 Rivie clus rive TH buff:
thes here
ing, he must rood ”, Then Chief of the power, of his weapons. À eaver cannot hey formed à n had every
eonthe way and his party.
nyself, on: to xoing througn l ; the women Rattle Snake t of the village 1. À party of party of about
d Gissom, freeefore and who pauy. He inen pipe and he han by trading vas the custom “I suppose ”, 2” [told him
knew nothing hey will laugh
ssouri country as an and interpreter to dsey, ‘* A Report on
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 877
‘at you ” was his answer. He told me he intended putting his horse, his gun, à fathom of clath, 100 balls and powder and a large axe upon his pipe.
At night Rattle Snake and his young men became rather anxious and questioned me about what I would do if we were to meet with enemies, or be attacked by the Shawyens ; I told them that if we met enemies, I would follow their example, as to the Shawyens there was no danger. ‘But we have no ‘ammunition, said'the chief, will you give us some in case we “ shou'd see enemies”” ‘By all means,” said I, ‘ when I see “danger.” ‘ You will better give each of us some now” said the chieï; I refused. “ Well,” said he, “ you shall turn back ‘“ to-morrow with some of the others who are going back.” I told them that T would not, even were the whole of them to turn back ; that [ would follow the Shawyens.
They all said the white man was a fool, and became very troublesome, asking for vermillon and tobacco. I, at last, told the chief that he had promised my father, the Borgne, to take care of me and that I did not expect such treatment. This had the desired effect, for they never troubled me again.
On the second day, several of the Gros Ventres began to drop behind so that at night only six, with the Chief, remained. We continued our route for four days through extensive plains without meeting with any obstacles and subjected only to a few false alarms. We cross2d three large rivers with very strong currents, viz: The Cltar Water River, Heart River, La Rivière aux Boulets. No wood was to be seen, except a few clusters of poplar here and there along the banks of these rivers.
The country is most plentifully stocked ; immense herds of buffaloes could be seen at midday quenching their thirst at these rivers and reposing on their banks. Beavers—which are here in great plenty—reigned undisturbed, for nothing seemed
to make war upon them, Nor were the banks of the rivers con. fined to the buffaloe alone ; there were numerous flocks of red and fallow eer, the most of which, in the height of the day, were lying on the sides of the hilis, while others were on the watch snifing he fresh breeze while their companions indulged in à water! :!l slimber. There were also several muddy creeks, witi ‘nr water here and there, which the beavers had con: served ‘: sujping the course of the outlets.
The fifth nigh:, seing within twelve miles of the Shawyens’ camp, there were many preparations to make, more indeed than I think worth while to explain. The Rattle Snake and Mr. Gissom each took their pipe and filled it with all the ceremonies which superstition could invent, then cutting a green branch of choke cherry and passing it through a piece of fat dried meat, they planted it in the ground close to each pipe. This being done, there was a deep silence for some minutes, when Rattle Snake burst out in à kind of lamentation which lasted for a quarter of an hour, and was chorussed at the end by the others in a heavy murmur, as thanksgiving. The Ratile Snake gave his pipe to a lad who sat alongside of him, who, after simulating to make the four elements smoke. without even lighting the pipe, made a very hearty harangue in which he mentioned all the feats the Rattle Snake had accomplished, and implored the pity and assistance of all the living animals, fowls and insects.
All these ceremonies being over and the pipe and green branch carefully put by, Mr. Gissom was desired to go through the same ceremony, but he declined making the lamentation saying that he would act like Father of all the white people, —meaning the King—when he made peace with his children. After makinga grim face, he hung down his head in deep meditation ; at this TI was obliged to leave the fireside for laughter and did not come back till ? heard the hoarse murmur of all the listeners.
the rivers con.
flocks of red zht of the day, , were on the nions indulged muddy creeks, avers had con-
the Shawyens’ re indeed than Snake aud Mr. the ceremonies rreen branch of fat dried meat, ve, This beins 5, when Rattle ich lasted for à 14 by the others ile Snake gave after simulating en lighting the e mentioned all hd implored the ls and insects.
hd green branch rough the same tion saying that — meaning the After making itation ; at this ter and did not
the listeners.
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 879
When I came back the pipe was in the hand of a Mandan who was questioning Mr. Gissom about his belief, Gissom told him to make the Rising Sun smoke and to implore the pity of a certain Being who can dispose of life according to his will and pleasure, and who was wont to assist every white man in distress ; that he never killed a man ; that his main aim was to do good ; that he lived in fraternal love with every being, whether white people or Indians.
The Mandan, having, as it were, collected the different ! “ads of his belief and actions, commenced à very long harang: almost in the following words :
‘ Hoo-ho-hou ! Sinoke thou bright son of the East. :'d ‘ou “ Great Being who disposeth of the white peoples ‘ile ‘à thy “ pleasure. Do thou not despise me, though I know ee mot. I implore not thy assistance for myself but for the aïa of une of “thy own p’ople whom thou didst assist on former occasions. “ But should this Being’s power be deficient, I implore all the “animals of the Mandans to assist,
“Jtis not to aid the warriors I call ve; no, it is to pity and “ do charity to a good sort of man who lives like a Mandan, to “whom he brings iobacco to smoke, powder, balls, guns, kettles. axes, blankets, cloth and knives to cut our vitals, awls to “ make our shoes, with every thing else that is good. Hooée! “ great bull of the meadow, be thou there with thy white cow ;— “ sagacious wolf, be thou there ;---ye bears and cats, be ye there, — “ ve eagles and ravens be ye there—ye monsters of the hill, be “ve there with your claps of thunder and fire, Thou, great “ serpent of the bitter sting, be thou there and do not come “alone,—but bring all thy slaves to thy aid ?” PTE
Thus he continued for a long time, greeting everything that his wild imagination made more frightful than they really were to aid Mr. Gissom in pushing the pipe to the Shawyens, and if [have erred in this harangue from the beginning of these cere-
monies, it is by omitting a thousand absurdities which they committed in words and deeds, nor would I have mentioned any of these absurdities which I was so accustomed to hear every day, even by children, were it not to show how soon a civilized being reconciles himself to savage life... sé iesot
The next morning, the sixth of our march, two young Shawyens started very early to inform the camp of our approach and we began our slow pace with Rattle Snake and Mr. Gissom, each with his pipe in one hand and the branch of choke cherry, with the fat meat on, in the other, walking before us and singing a lamentable song. The branch and meat were an emblem of peace and plenty, and the pipe, of social union.
Many were the ceremonies which we were obliged to observe ; at length, we saw several horsemen coming full speed before us and who, on coming to the pipe bearers, stopped short. Rattle Snake, followed by Mr. Gissom, v'ith «4n humble step and dowu cast eyes went up to them and held them the pipe from which each Shawyen seemed to draw three whiffs, and then claped
their hands on their breasts as if saying “it did my heart good”.
In this manner they served every one we met with till the Chief arrived with about two hundred horsemen in his suite. The chief was mounted on à milk-white horse and dressed in his war dress and haranguing the Shawyens as he was coming along.
His followers passed on our right hand and came up behind us, when the chief called out to us to make a general halt, He came down from his horse and embraced Rattle Snake, then, striping himself as naked as he was the day he came to the world, he clothed Rattle Snake with his flashy war dress and, with the assistance of others, mounted him on his white horse. This done, the chief, quite naked, led the horse by the thether to the camp, six miles off, carrying the pipe in his right hand
Gro suns thin they hav bear M him enqi had ‘th
s which they ve mentioned med to hear how soon a
young Shawapproach and , Gissom, each e cherry, with nd singing à n emblem of
red to observe ; speed before us short. Rattle step and dowu e from which d then claped 1y heart good”.
st with till the n in his suite.
and dressed in he was coming
me up behind eral halt. He e Snake, then, e came to the ar dress and, is white horse.
by the thether is right hand
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 881
and the stem pointed towards the camp, singing or lamenting all the way in a language none of us could understaud, if there were any thing in it to be understood.
N. B.—Some nation have the custom of carrying the ambassador of a neighouring nation into their camp on their shoulders, but more frequently on a blanket or a fathom of clath, and, if they have none, on a buffalo robe between four men,
Mr, Gissom followed them without the least notice being taken of him ; all the others, as well as myself followed behind. [drew the attention of the curious and was surrounded by many old and young who treated me with apparent kindness.
At last we got sight of the camp pitched on au elevated spot on the north bank of a beautiful river, The leather tents, to the number of 220, were pitched in a circle covering a space of six acres. On entering the camp, 1 was conducted by one of their chiefs to his tent, having been recommended to him by ihe Borgne, through the medium of the other Shawyens, [I was actually looked upon as the Borgne’s son, though they knew I was a white man.
My host, after giving me to eat of the best which his Jlodge and the camp could afford, made a long harangue commanding those who had furs to come and trade them with the son of the Gros Ventres chief, which they readily obe’ed, so that before sunset I had not a single article remaining, nor had they any thing to trade except buffaloe skins which, being well garnished, they kept. However, I sold the few articles [ had to advantage, having got about a hundred weight of beaver, four of the finest bear skins I ever had seen, with some fine buffaloe robes.
My furs being tied up, I went to see Mr. Gissom and found him very pensive sitting in a lodge and smoking his pipe. I enquired about his success and he told me it was less than he had a right to expect but that I was the cause of it, ‘“ for, said he, “they were briging me furs very fast when you sent a man
“through camp haranguing that you would pay high prices “ for their beaver, and those who had some in their hands to ‘“throw on my pipe turned on their heels and went to you ‘ with them and since that time I got only few robes. So,” con. tinued be, ‘ for my gun, cloth, ammunition and horse I got an ‘ inferior horse to the one I had given, three beaver skins and six ‘“ buffaloe robes.” Had I placed myself in their power as you ‘“ wished me to have done, I would not have a fourth of what I ‘have at present,” said I, “and I told you all along that you ‘“ would be the loser. ” But he said. ‘ Z! faut faire comme cela “ pour étre considéré par les Sauvages, ”
The Gros Ventres were much caressed by the Shawyens and we all agreed to remain six days with them on condition that they would come and camp half way to the Missurie, and that a free intercourse should be between them and the Missurie Indians for the remainder of the season. These six days I past with the greatest pleasure that Savage life could afford
At length we took our departure accompanied by some of the Shawyens, who were to invite the Gros Ventres and the Mandans and especially the Borgne, for whom they had the skin of a white buffaloe, which, to a Gros Ventre, is too tempting an article to refuse, for when a man has a white buffaloe robe, his fortune is made.
On the third day, we got to the village where I found Mr. Caldwell very anxious for my return. The time fixed for our return having expired, they thought we had been all destroyed. After many councils held, the Borgne consented to go to the Shawyens with some of his young men and, if he found that they were not fond of their horse:—to use his own expression— that he would send for the Gros Ventres to trade horses for Eurropean goods.
I gave a few articles to the Borgne to trade a horse for me, having already the load of the six horses I brought from the
ay high prices their hands to d went to you robes. So,” con- | horse I got an ver skins and six r power as you fourth of what I along that you aire comme cela
, Shawyens and on condition that issurie, and that and the Missurie se six days [ past ld afford...........
igth we took our bns, who were to id especially the buffaloe, which, efuse, for when à made. here I found Mr.
time fixed for our een all destroyed.
nted to go to the ,if he found that own expression— de horses for Eu-
a horse for me, brought from the
THE MISSISSOURI INDIAN 883
l'ort, besides my expectation that the free-man who was trading at the Pawnees would come and pay his debts, having left, [ prepared for my voyage to the Fort,
Mr, Caldwell and myself were thus occupied on a fine day when, of a sudden, I heard my name called at the door of the lodge by a voice which was familiar, and enquiring if [was within. I hastened to the door, dressed as I was in the Indian costume, and was much surprised at seeing Mr. Charles Chaboillez (1), Mr. Alexander Henry and Mr. Allen Macdonel, accompanied by three men.
Their first salutation was a reproach at my dress, which 1 found at alltime most convenient in an Indian lodge, very light and cool in the warm season. Let any man living with the Indians take the idea of ‘ Savage ”’ from his mind and he will find their dress much more convenient.
The Borgne
He can pass through the crowd, day and night, without exciting curiosity or draw a throng of children and barking dogs. It was for this reason that I wore the Indian dress while in their village and with no intent of adopting their manners.
Having announced the eminence of these strangers, the news ran through the village like shot Many, incited by Indian hospitality, came with the best their humble huts could afford, such as fresh and dried fruit, sweet corn prepared in different manners, green pumpkins and beans, meats green and dried, while others thronged in by mere curiosity to see the North Chiefs of whom they had heard so much, and had formed such romantic ideas, while at a distance. For the sake of Mr. Chaboillez and Mr. Henry’s characters I gave a bit of tobacco to those who brought them to eat ; though it was less than they expected on that occasion, they said nothing.
The chiefs, who were bolder, began to question me concerning the dignity and influence of these strangers and their motives
(1) The son of Mr. Charles J. Bte Chaboillez. See : ‘ Esquisse historique.’
884 CHARLES MACKENZIF
for coming to the Missurie. I told them they came to buy horses and were curious to know the country. I endeavoured to force upon them that respect due to such personages by launching out in their praise and eminence, but in vain; the Indians saw nothing in their mien or dress that would command their respect, much less in their liserality.
They were accustomed to see white people who brought them their necessaries, but they were accustomed io look upon every white man as an inferior being, therefore, those traders whom they had seen formerly, mysel' included, used to extort respect from them by threats to wbich they submitted for fear of offending the Chief of the Whites.
The Gros Ventres had hear! from tradition of some Indians who had been at the Spanish settlemeuts in former times and who had been admitted in the presence of the Governor, Being in a shining dress, surrour.ded by attendanis and guards, he had made such an impression on their minds, that those who heard the tradition, formed the same idea of our chiefs or Pro: prietors in the North. They, indeed, could scarcely believe Messrs. Chaboillez and Henry to be those whom we called our Chiefs, for, had they been Chiefs, they would at least have brought a pipe of tobacco to give to an Indian.
They asked me who made them chiefs ? were they warriors? what made them superior to other white men ? I told them that they were chiefs by the multiplicity of their riches, and superior to others by the many charities they made to Indians of the North; but the more I said in their praise, the more contempt I brought upon myself, and if ever L regretted any thing in my life it was for having said too much. Ou the other hand Messrs. Chaboiilez and Henry were much
disappointed ; they had pror:'* \themselves a pleasant voyage,
they had a long and disagreaple one. They were accustomed with Indians who paid them due respect : the name of a Pro-
came to buy __endeavoured personages by in vain; the at would com-
brought them )0k upon every traders whom » extort respeci ted for fear ol
f some Indians mer times and sovernor. Being and guards, he that those who ir chiefs or Proscarcely believe m we called our d at least have
e they warriors ?
n? I told them their riches, and ade to Indians praise, the more 1 regretted any
nry were much pleasant voyage, ere accustomel name of a Pro-
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 389
prietor went a great way among the northern tribes, but that name was not known at the Missurie.
Men of dignity must deck themselves better than the common voyageur if they wish to be considered as they should be. As the Indians have no idea of mental abilities, there must be some thing in the outward appearance to attract notice and command respect. M. Chaboillez had on à capot which had been once white, a good leather Brix (?) and a weather beaten hat, with a stout black beard of nine days’ growth. Mr Henry only differed in the capot, as he had a corderoy jacket!............... To say the least, their apprarance was not to their credit, nor to the interest of the Company. It was most galling to me, who understood some of the Indianglanguage, to hear them despised and the American captains, whom they hated till then, praised
They had come to purchase horses, but found none to their taste... Mr. Henry avowed his disappointment and did not disguise his detestation of the Indians; he was displeased with himself, dissatisfied with his “equal” and disgusted with his inferiors ....…... ss Mr, Chaboillez, on the contrary, was as much at his ease as if he were in his own house ; every thing pleased him; he sat in the throng, smoked the pipe when it came to his turn with as much ease as if he were bred a Gros Ventre, but Mr. Henry kept at a distance from the crowd and smoked his pipe alone... ie
sers. About midday.the Borgne’s brother and some more of the Gros Ventres came back from the Shawyens to tell the Missurie Indians that the Borgne was wanting them all to go to the Shawyens. This news soon got known through the different villages and all the men and women began to make preparation to repair thither next morning... avoue v.
ons ne nes sense nee rene secs
So many Indians could not be expected to be ready all at the same time; we were obliged to wait for them ou the hills. At length, being all collected on the same hill; we were about 900 persons including men, women and children and as many horses, some loaded with corn and other produce of the Missurie, and also with European articles of traffic.
The Indians were dressed in their best, and marche oùt with flying colours and singing Indian songs. There was much in
this procession that would give to a traveller à higher idea of
Indian taste than is generally imparted by those who travel among them. Notwithstanding his prejudice against the Missurie Iudians, Mr. Henry could not but say that there was nothing grander to be seen in this country, and, had he not seen it himself, he would not have believed that Indians had any notion of such regular marching and forming files and figures.
The men were seperated from the women and children and formed in squares of sixty four ; there were eleven of these squares, making the number of warriors about seven hundred, s0 that aboutthree hundred were missing, the Americans having found their total number to be a little over one thousand men able to carry arms—(Gros Ventres and Mandans included
We continued our march all day in the above manner, the men at the head, at a slow trot, while the women, children and baggage joged on behind. Their order of march, their weapons which consisted'of bow and arrows, lances, battle axes, shields, would have reminded one of old times, when our forefathers made war. At night, we all encamped on a level plain, where there was hardiy a drop of water to be found.
Next morning, we continued our march in the same regular order, but more gaudy with paint and fathers, as we approached our destination. The Shawyens came to meet us in separate parties till the whole of the nation had joined our procession now composed of over two thousand horsemen....................….
peo ly t Wh he | Cha bun à
kne
wit
yen by t Rive £o0
all at the e hills. At e about 900 d as many he Missurie,
ei oùt with as much in her idea of » who travel the Missurie was nothing 1e not seen it ans had any and figures.
children and leven of these ven hundred, ricans having housand men luded manner, the | children and their weapons axes, shields, ur forefathers plain, where
same regular we approached s in separale bur procession
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 387
LNTITELETETEEEEEETE sense We arrived at the Shawyen camp a little before sunset and were all received with cordial amity. We accompanied the Borgne’s brother to the Borgne's tent ; the latter, being informed of the dignity of the strangers, received them with tokens of greater respect than the rest of the Gros Ventres had done, then asi.ed leave to go and recommend güod amity toward the nations; that they should not steal, nor quarrel with one another, but be as firm in their friendship as one nation.
Having mounted ñis famous horse, he passed like lightening through the middle of the camp, which was as thronged with people and horses as a market place, haranguing them in friendly terms, to have a good understanding among themselves. When he came down from his horse at the door of the lodge, he put the bridle of his horse in Mr. Chaboillez’s hand. Mr. Chaboillez, sensible of the Borgne's generosity, gave him his bundle of goods urtied,
The Borgue appeared much satisfied with the goods though I knew that, at another time, he would not have been satisfied with double their value. To show his importance to the Shawyens, he launched on the many tokens of respect confered on him by the white people, and that these chiefs came from the Red River purposely to see him, and that he was sorry he had not a good horse 10 give to each.
Mr. Henry despairing to find to his taste, [I enquired of the Borgne if he could not possibly procure him orne. “ My son, ”? “ said he, to-morrow I am to adopt one of the Shawyens for my “ son, and am to offer them a ‘‘ pipe” on which the Gros Ventres # will put all their goods and the Shawyens their horses. Ac- “ cording to our manner of trade we aught to expect at least ‘two hundred horses as we have that number of guns, besides other articles, to put on the Pipe. Cut of that number you can
s ms
“ choose out a horse for yourself, you shall have the first
HE CROICRS snesisicsssesa act Diane tele Tiens ss 5e
A short while after sunset, a horrid uproar arose throughout the whole camp and we saw crowds running up à hill where more than half the two nations were already gathered, who by their cries and movements seemed in open quarrel. As every body went, we followed and found that it was occasioned by the three Assiniboines who, having arrived at the Missurie after our departure, had followed our track.
The Assiniboines and the Shawyens being on unfriendly terms, the latter wished to put them to death, but the Gros Ventres and Mandans, whose protection the Assiniboines relied upon and implored, would not allow the Shawyens to destroy them, unless they wished to violate the pledge of faith between the t,.0 nations. The many threats on both side nearly brought them to imimediate hostility, but the Gros Ventres and Mandans having surrounded the prisonners on all sides brought them safe to the center of the camp.
The Shawyens were enraged to see themselves deprived of their prey by those whom they considered in their heart as their bitter ennemies ; many were the attempts made to break through their ranks with naked arms in order to kill the Assiniboines, who walked in the middle, singing their death song and awaiting their fate. But the Borgne was there, walking around the prisoners, brandishing his battle axe in the air, and threatening immediate revenge on the first who would touch thein, but, at the same time, using all his eloquence to pacify both nations. The sound of the Borgne’s voice was law to his own nation aud struck terror with the Shawyens, and at last, put an end io the contest, Mr. Henry himself, who disliked these udians, admitted that he had an heroïical aspect.
nigl the
com
qua
see | the
long
danc
it wa
À sides Thos
fathe]
He w:;
e the first
throughout hill where red, who by ||. As every ioned by the ie after our
, unfriendly
but the Gros boines relied ns to destroy faith between early brought and Mandans ght them safe
s deprived of heir heart as aade to break kill the Assiir death song here, walking n the air, and ) would touch ence to pacify ras law to his ; and at last, disliked these
The Assiniboines being now in the middle of the camp, and it being a rule with some Indians not to shed an enemy’s blood within the limiis of their huts or camp, they were safe. A party of Scioux who happened to be with the Shawyens at the time, took them under their protection for the night, and every body returned home, but with a different countenance they had before. Confidence was gone on both sides and suspicion, anxiety and hatred had taken its place. Some of them, indeed, made many efforts to raise the cloud from off their countenance by various topics, but the bane of revenge once planted in the Savage’s heart was not to be removed by forced smiles. We went to rest, but could not sleep with the noise in the camp, the Gros Ventres, suspecting treachery, did nat go to rest, but kept à watch over the actions of the Shawyens, all night.
Mr. Henry and |! went in the morning to look for the owner of a beautiful speckled horse which we were bargaining the night before, but that noble animal attracted the notice, if not the envy, of all the Gros Ventres ; we, however. got the owner to come and see the goods. He was rather taken up with their quantity and quality, but gave us to understand that he would see the result of the day and the decision of the nations about the Pipe.
Harangue succeeded harangue to get the women to ke a long shade of leather lodges for the reception of the pipe «nd the dancers, but none seemed in a hurry to execute their 67 rs till it was late in the day.
À certain number of respectable men were selectes on both sides to execute the ceremonies of the Pipe and adop'ed son. Those on the intended son’s side sent him naked and crving to the Borgne, who received him with the tenderness of à real father and had him clothed in the finest and most gaudy dress,
He was led with great ceremonies to the shade which was
ND ob nn ussti ii tnE
strewed with flowers and weeds, bulls horns, human sculls, bone and scalps.
The young man began to dance Le Grand Calumet and some of the Gros Ventres came with small articles of trade and laid them down, the Shawyens brought a few lean and old horses, but the former misunderstanding between the nations caused every thing to come hut slowly.
The selected made themselves hoarse haranguing their respective nation, but in vain; nothing coming. The Gros Ventres represented to the Borgne that if they were to give their guns and ammunitions away to the Shawyens and render them defeuceless, that the Shawyens would immediately fall upon them with their arms and ammunition.
‘ Shall those horses, ” said they, ‘ that we are 10 get in ex.
‘ change defend us or carry us home in safety ? and if they
pa
did, must we abandon ou’ women and children who are here
Pa pa
exposed to the treachery of a perfidious nation ? Did not the Shawyens destroy Lwelve of the Rocky Mountaiu [ndians who
went to treat for peace with them no later than last spring
and do they not wish to do the same with us if we are foolish “enough Lo disasm ourselves and put ourselves in their power ? ‘ jiave we not horses as well as they and we have ammuni-
tion and guns more than they have ? then let us keep that su- ‘“ periority to ourselves, and if the Shawyens wish for our “ friendship let them keep their horses and be friends; but if on ‘ the contrary, let us show once more that we are men and that ‘ none but women can be terrified with threats”.
Thus and more than this said the representative of the Gros Ventres in the full hearing of the Shawyens, but while he was yet speaking the cry of war was heard in every quarter of the camp. The shade, in an insiant, was pulled down about the ears of those who were under it, and the adopted son ‘hrew his
fine clothing to the Borgne and ran to his lodge. Nothing was
‘* pre of pa press boille ifthe “ chil ‘ but.
Th who gued on th which womei
horses
all un then sj
nan sculls,
| and some le and laid olû horses, ions caused
g their res-
Gros Ventres re their guns ler them de- 11 upon them
to get in ex:
? and if they , who are here ? Did not the u Iudians who an last spring we are foolish 1their power?
aave ammunis keep that suwish for our nds; but if on
s men and that
ve of the Gros while he was quarter of the bwn about the
1 son ‘hrew his Nothing was
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 391
more horrid than the cries of those savages ready to destroy one another, AÏl were running to the field for their horses : Shawyens, Gros Ventres, Mandans and we, white men, among the rest,
We soon got on horseback and, passing through the camp, we met with the owner of the speckled horse and having asked if he would now sell his horse, he shook his head several times with rage in his countenance, and with the back of his hand he made signs to us to be off as it were to say : ‘ be off in time, ere worse may befal you ”.
The (ros Ventres and Mandans having collected on an eminence or rising ground above the camp, we all made à halt,and while we were preparing for the worse, the Rorgne, wh was on foot, came to Mr. Chaboillez saying : “ My equal, lend iüe your horse that [ may go and speak to those dogs and know whether they “ prefer peace to war ”. Mr. Chaboillez did not relish the idea of parting with a famous runner at this time, but the Borgne pressed him in a commanding voice to obey. While Mr. Chàboillez was taking the saddle off the horse, TI asked the Borgne if they were to fight. ‘“* My son ”, said he, ‘ we have too mauv “ children and women here to commence hostilities ourselves, “ but. if we are attacked, we must not flinch ”.
The Borgne soon passed through the crowd inviting all those who had breech clouts to follow him ; the other chiefs harangued with threatening voice the throng which was now gathered on the brow of the hill in front of the Shawyens’ camp, of which no vestiges were now seen, for, on the cry of war, the women pulled down the lodges and huddled their alls on the horses and dogs and went off with speed. The Shawyens were all under arms at the distance of a parley from us. The Borgur then spoke to them ;
PS er.
1 thought, Shawyens ”, said he, “that [ made myself ‘ known lo you several times before, and yet you treat me with ‘“contempt, You invited me to come to see you in peace, [I obeyed you with an open heart and brought peace along with “me ; but you allow me to go home on foot, with a heart full ‘of anger. But I speak to you now not to reproach you or to “ praise myself, but to get your answer whether you prefer war ‘ to peace : Speak ! ”
When the Borgne ceased to speak the Shawyens said ; ‘ We know vou very well, and we did not invite you to our land to make war upon you. The most of the present discord has ‘ begun among ourselves ; when that discord is adjusted you # will hear our decisive answer ; therefore, go home in peacr, “ take your time and fear not”. The two nations turned their back or wheeled about and thus ended the memorable fright we gained by following the Gros Ventres to the Shawyens, and thus ended a discord which at first seemed serious, but the nations being afraid of each other, the question was, which of the two would run off first and with honor.
Having advanced towards home about two leagues, we all
encamped on a small rivulet and the Borgne, not being pleased with the answer he received from the Shawyens, determined not to ge further until he got a more satisfactory one ; therefore he sent three young men to them in the night, who returned before, day with à promise that the Shawyens would come to trade to the Gros Ventres village when the corn would be ripe.
We started early from this campment as we intended to get to the Missurie that night. After a disagreable voyage of four days, we arrived at the villages, where [ found à freeman who came up from the Pawnees, and who informed me that che freeman who had taken debts from the North-West Company had been taken prisoner by the Scioux &e., &c.
THE MISSISSOURI INDIANS 393
made myself I did not wish to leave the Missurie s0 soon, but Messrs. Chareat me with boillez and Henry pressed me so that I left, after having disposed su in peace, [ of the rest of my goods for some beaver brought me by some *e along with À Rocky Mountain Indians during the night. Next morning, 1 h a heart full crossed the Missurie with six horses well loaded and two light ich you or to to carry myself and Mr. Caldwell. I was not a little proud when ou prefer war I considered that I was the first North trader who crossed the
Missurie with four packs of beaver...........,..,.,.,.,., tra s said ; We { nes Le hay s PP EL LT he ) toourlandto À .\R J t discord has | adjusted you | Lome in peatr, | s turned their DE | norable fright 11 |
sShawyens, and 4 us, but the na- | 1] | , which of the il
bagues, we all being pleased letermined not : therefore he eturned before, ne to trade to ripe.
utended to get royage of four \ freeman who
ne that che free- , Company had
LISTE (1) des ‘“ bourgeois, ‘’ commis, ‘ voyageurs ‘ de la Compagnie du après la fusion de 1804.
Sir A. Mackenzie Wm McGillivray Wm Hallowell Thomas Forsyth John Forsyth James Forsyth John Mure
P. de Rocheblave John Macdonald John Willis Angus Shaw Wm MacKay Donald MeTavish A. N. McLeod Charles Chaboillez John Sayers Aeneas Cameron Duncan Cameron
(1) Cotte liste est incomplète ; elle ne comprend pas les nums des commis, engagés et voyageurs ” des postes du Roi, du (trand Lac des Esolaves, de la Rivière MacKenzie et des Montagnes Rocheuses,
John Gregory
Duncan McGillivray
Roderic McKenzie John Richardson John Ogilvie John Inglis
Alex, Ellice
Alex. McKenzie James Leith John Haldane Daniel McKenzie John McDonald John MacDonnell Alex. MacDougal Peter Grant
Alex. Fraser John Finlay James Hughes
engagés, et Nord-Ouest,
LR O0?
= «= bus «u > O0 Lu ©Œ wu < a Si =
396 LISTE DES ‘“ BOURGEOIS,” ETC
Alex. McKay Hugh McGillis Alex. Henry, jnr, John McGillivray James McKenzie Simon Fraser
J. Duncan Campbell David Taompson John Thompson
