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Page 4, line 30.--et fraiches et embaumées. Æt....4....- ‘both....and.....”
Page 4, line 30. —embaumé et qui. Note the difference between French syntax and English in the use of ct, and. In French, as here, et may cohnect a simple adjective and a relative clause, but in English it properly connects only like constructions, —two adjectives, or two clauses, etc. Hence in rendering this passage it is better to translate ‘which will be both....and cost....”; or, omitting 64, *oth fresh and fragrant, that will cost....?
Page 4, line 30.—ils en auraient ...quand ils seraient. In English ‘‘ when they were,” but note the logical accuracy of the French tense, when they should be ; for the time is not past, but the future viewed from the past (imperfect future, couditional). See 7, 5, note. Cf, IT. 222.
Page 4, line 33. —que veux-tu. The phrases que veux-tu ? and que voulez-vous ? depend for much ef their meaning on the tone in which they are used. Sometimes they are equivalent to the English, ‘ What would you (have one do! ?” ‘ Who could help it ??
Note that the members of a family use {x in addressing one another.
Page 4, line 33. répondait Scipion. The subject follows the verb in parenthehial clauses such as this, especially when the verb is 3rd pers. Cf. ‘“ murmurait Scipion,” 5, 6 ; ‘‘avait déclaré Annibal,” 7, 4; ‘‘semblait-il,” 23, 22.
Page 4, line 34.—çc'a été. ç’=ça=cela. Note the use of the cedilla before a, which is not required before e, as c is naturally soft before e, i.
Page 5, line 4—il faut que jeunesse se passe. ‘Youth must have its day.’ Note the omissiou of the article (of la jeunesse)
in the proverb. IL., 48.
Page 5, line S8.—syrop de tolu. Tolu or balm of Tolu, also called
farthaginiau, American or Peruvian balm, is in use as a drug. It exudes
from a tree, the »ryrospermum toluiferum, and gets its name from the little town of Tolu, in Columbia.
Page 5, line 9. —deux cuillerées. The derivative forms in -ée are worthy of notice. Compare poing, fist, poignée, handful ; bouche, mouth, bouchée, mouthful ; brus, arm, brasée, armful, etc.
Page 5, line 12. —]la belle affaire! This phrase is used ironically, and often corresponds to the English, ‘ a pretty mess !? Here Scipion wishes to make light of his coughing and says, ‘‘ La belle affaire ! ” ‘ What does that amount to ?”
Page 5, line 12.--pour ?3 coup. In this adverbial phrase coup = fois, time, and the expression generally means ‘This time.” But here the whole phrase, as is often the case, is an expression of impatience or ill-humour, and may be rendered by ‘why !” ‘tut ! tut !” ‘nonsense ? !
Page 5, line 15.—si ce n'était. Pas is omitted after si ce n’est ; si ce n’était =except. IL., 264, 1, «,
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Page 5, line 22.—une part d'héritage. ‘Her share of the inheritance.” The distinctions of part, parti, partie, re as follows :—
Part=—(1) share : Voilà ma part et la vôtre, There are my share and yours. (2) place, side, direction : je wais quelque part (somewbhere), autre part (elsewhere), de toutes parts, on all sides. (3) person from whom anything comes—see note to 95, 5—Dites-lui de ma part... Tell him for me....
Parti=(1) choiee, resolution : 77 a pris le parti de se taire. He has resolved to be silent. (2) political parties : le parti rouge et Le parti bleu (au Canada), the liberal party and the conservative party (in Canada). (3) side: 1 a pris parti contre nous, He has taken sides against us. (4) match (in marriage) : C’est un parti avantageux, He is a good match.
Partie. (1) portion of a whole : /a première partie de ce livre, the first part of this book: {es parties d’oraison, the parts of speech; ‘‘en partie,” 5, 31, partly. (2) game : jouer une partie d'échecs ou de dames, to play a game of chess or checkers. (3) pleasure party : une portie de pêche, a fishing excursion ; une partie carrée, a pleasure party of two men and two women. (4) contracting party : Les parties intéressées sont d'accord, The parties interested are agreed.
Page 6, line 5. —le sourcil froncé. Adverbial phrases such as this have usually the absolute construction (without preposition). Render, ‘* With the frown. Cf. “l'air terrible,” 6, 6; ‘‘le cœur silencieusement navré,” 7, 18; ‘‘ les yeux pleins de larmes,” 8, 8 ; ‘le cœur noyé,” 9, 4, etc.
Page 77, line l.—vivaient....de cette vie. Vivre in Fr. does not take a factitive object as in English. Cf. // se mit à vivre d’une vie nouvelle, He began to live a new life.
Page 7, line 6.—quand nous serons....tu chercheras. Note the logical sequence in French as compared with the English. ‘“ When we are....you shall seek.” Cf. 4, 30 note. II., 222,
Page 7, line 7.—d'ici là. ‘From now till then.” The locative adverbs in French are frequently used as temporal. Cf. le moment où, the moment that (when), etc.
Page 7, line 8.—motus. Pronounce métüs, a colloquial expression =chut, ‘silence !” ‘not a word !? Cf. ‘ Motus, il ne faut pas dire que vous m'avez vu sortir de là.” —Molière, Georges Dandin 1., 2.
The etymology is either mot with a Latin termination added in jest (=not a word), or a corrupticn of the Latin mutus, mute.
Page 7, line 13.—i] lui prenait des velléités. /! prenait (cf. IT., 192) is impersonal and intransitive= Des velléités lui prenaient, ‘whims would take hold of him
Page 7, line 14. —-au renouveau. An archaic word (=4{e printemps) used now only in light poetry or in familiar style. The force of the
term as applied to spring is manifest. Cf. the well-known sixteenth century lyric, —
*“ C’est à ce joli mois de may Que toute chose renouvelle,” etc.
EE ed nt pe er nd an ep me mr mggneende re gr
| Page 7, line 20.- l’une de. When un is used pronominally, the article usually accompanies it as here, Cf. ‘l’un d'eux,” 7, 27.
| Page 7, line 21.—lequel devait. The relative lequel is preferred to qui when it renders the sense clearer, Qui here might refer to une de ces heures or to bonheur, but lequel, by its masculine form, renders the reference to bonheur (m.) unmistakable.
Page 7, line 25.—à coups de pierres. For the use of à (=with) in introducing adverbial phrases involving a means or instrument, cf. Il écrit au crayon, He writes in pencil ; ZE péche à la ligne, He is fishing with a line.
Page 7, line 28.—en plein flanc. ‘Right in the side.’ | |
Page 8, line 3.—tout d’une course. ‘At one run,’ ‘without once stopping.”
Page 8, line 109.—-voyous. Pronounce vo-iou. A colloquial word in Paris for ragged and dirty street-boy,—‘street Arab.” The etymology is uncertain, perhans voie, à way.
Page 8, lin::6 'est heureux....que tu ne te sois pas. Subjunctive after the expression of emotion, 11, 233.
IH | 1! Page 8, line 19 mc’, ;'y ai bien pensé. Note the means in f
Fr. of rendering the prononn emphatic, —by repetition. Cf. ‘‘parle-lui toi,” 17, 32. YŸ=à celu. Penser à=to think of.
| 1 | Page 8, line 21.—du moins =au moins, ‘at least.”
| ‘1 Page 8, line 24. —celui-là serait-il. It must be remembered that the Imperfesct with si does duty for an Imperfect Future (Conditional).. Hence celui-là serait-il — (même) si celui-là était (un chien).
Page 8, line 28.—du bon samaritain. See Luke, x. 33 ff.
D: Page 8, line 30.—même il l’apaisait. ‘He even.. ” Note ii d how carefully the French avoid placing the adverb (other than the nega- ET tive) between the subject and the verb. Cf. ‘ Même on s’habitua, ” 9, 17.
| VE Page 8, line 32.—ma mie. ‘My darling;” The modern Fr. form is | ES a survival of the Old French m’amie (=mon amie), elision of a in ma, |. PES ta, sa occurring in O.F. (instead of the masculine mon, ton, son) before (
| : h feminines beginning with a vowel.
ji | l Page 9, line 6.—gil n'avait redouté. Æedouter—craindre fort. A | Aîter si— à moins que, the negative pas is omitted. Render, ‘but for the fear of.” | RE Page 9, line 8. —une griffonne blonde. The grifon (fem. grif- 1 LA onne) is an English dog with hair long about the head and neck, and short about the body, a poodle, Page 9, line 23. —-En va-t-elle faire des cris! Æn:=over it
ie, her deliverance. Won't she bark ! Note the exclamatory force of,
the interrogation. Cf. Est-elle folle ! How foolish she is !
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Page 9, line 24-—toute seule. Note the feminine form of the adverb fout before a feminine adjective beginning with a consonant or / aspirate. Cf. ‘‘toute petite,” 22, 8; ‘‘toute rougissante,” 26, 12; ‘comme si leurs jambes étaient toutes fraiches,” 55, 9. In other cases tout is invariable : ‘‘ tout seuls,” 107, 7 ; ‘‘qu’elle tienne tout entière,” 109, 7, etc.
Page 9, line 34.—allons! Allons! allez! used as interjections, as here, = English ‘‘ come !”” Cf. ‘‘allons, n’y pense plus,” 22, 10.
Page 10, lire 4 —Mamette non plus .. ‘For neither ha Mamette....” Cf. n2 moi non plus, nor Î either.
Page 10, line 9.—le dos tourné. Note the use of the article Ze instead of the possessive adjective son, etc., with parts of the body, whenever clearness permit it. Uf. ‘tendant le cou,” 16, 13; ‘les mains levées.” 16, 6; ‘le dos au mur,” 16, 27. With these cf. “refourré ses mains dans ses manches,” 16, 12. Moreover, when a characteristic quality is expressed the possessive should be expressed : — ‘“l’écartant de ses petites mains,” 17, 24; ‘ses deux mains pleines,”
Page 10, line 10.—-ya donc! The use of donc with commands — “pray ” :—Æntrez donc ! Pray come in! or the emphatic verb, as Do come in! When donc introduces the sentence it often—* therefore,” ‘80.’ Cf. ‘Donc, ce soir, ils descendaient,” 15, 20.
Page 10, line 11. —pour lui faire comprendre. The rules of construction with faire followed by an infinitive must be carefully noted. (1) When the infinitive with faire is INTRANSITIVE the object of faire is direct:—Cf. ‘‘il le fit boire,” 9, 2; ‘‘il aurait dansé de joie d’avoir fait rire Manon,” 30, 30, (2) When the infinitive with faire is TRANSITIVE, the object of faire is made indirect :—So ‘‘ lui faire comprendre que....,”? 10, 11; ‘‘on lui fit enseigner la musique,” 41, 34; ‘‘ j'ai fait promettre au comte,” 94, 6. We except here however, the infinitive with the reflective object :—‘* pour le faire se noyer,” 7, 25. (3) When fuire is in à perfect tense followed by an infinitive, the past participle fait is invariable :—‘‘qu’ (f.) on avait fait faire,” 65, 5 ; ‘‘se sont fait tuer,” 77, 1. (4) The infinitive follows the verb immediately, as in above examples, The verbs voir, entendre, ete., are subject to the same rules as faire, (1,2, 4) Cf. ‘‘on le vit se rouler,” 10, 28; ‘‘je ne l’ai pas entendu dire à Maman,” 20, 17.
Page 10, lines 24 ff.—This paragraph shows the expressiveness of the French tenses Study the significance of the preterite in vécut, mourut, vit (IL., 219) ; of the imperfect in épanchait, appelait (IL., 218) ; of the pluperfect in était entrée (II., 221).
Page 10, line 31.—les genoux berceurs. Laking an English adjective=berceur, we must turn this ‘ cradled on the knees.?
Page 10, line 34. —elle agonisa. The force of agoniser, agonie is almost always that of the agony of death.
