LETTER XIV

P. 163, 1. 1. trois impostures, viz. XF ("Imposture des duels"); XIII'' (" Imp. du droit de tuer en défendant son bien ") ; XIV^ (" Imp. du droit de tuer un voleur pour un escu ").

P. 163, 1. 17. dit S. Chrysostome, Cf. Hom. xii. ad populum Antiochorum (MPO, xlix., col. 131).

P. 163, 1. 22. l'Evangile. Cf. Matt. xxvi. 52 ; 1. 23, le decalogue. Cf. Exod. XX. 13.

P. 164, 1. 2. Je demanderay compte, etc. Cf. Gen. ix. 6, 6.

P. 164, 1. 7. Dieu se l'est tellement réservé à luy seul. The le refers rather loosely to tout pouvoir. For the suprême ownership of Almighty God over ail His créatures, cf. St. Thomas, II»II'", q. 64, art. 6.

P. 164, 1. 8. fausses maximes du paganisme. The Stoics advocated suicide when life became intolérable, but Aristotle regarded it as cowardice (cf. Nie. Eth., iii., 7). He would, however, certainly hâve granted man power over his own life ; so Pascal's assertion is roughly true.

P. 164, 1. 17. au 1 l. de la cité de Dieu, ch. 21. Pascal runs together the opening and ending of the chapter in which Molinier finds the germ of Mariana's whole theory of tyrannicide. But it must be noted that St. Augustine gives as instances of killing ordered by God, Abraham, Jephthah (with a query), and Samson, for whom as Bible personages ho clalms the admonition of the Spirit of God ; that he does not raise the question of deliverance from tyranny ; and that his whole argument is directed against suicide.

P. 164, 1. 32. ce n^est pas en vain, etc. Rom. xiii. 4.

P. 164, 1. 38. Les Princes, etc., ib. 3. For the Right of the Sword, 866 Letter XII. oA. fin.

P. 165, 1. 2. impuisBant potir faire. Cf. HaAse, § 134, B.

P. 1G5, 1. 4. impvÀssans pour le bien. Ci. Ilaase, § 134, B.

P. 165, 1. 12. ils sont tellement ministres . . . que. "For though they are ministers . . . y et they are no goda." "Tellement . . . que" is an écho of the Latin "ita . . . ut ".

P. 165, 1. 26. S. Augustin. Cf. Ep. 204 (MPL, xxiii., col. 940).

P. 165, 1. 38. Ciceron. Cf. Pro Milone, iii., 9.

P. 166, 1. 8. la loy des 12 Tables. The earliest codifioations of Roman Law were engraved or written on ten tabulœ (two more were added lator). They formed the basis of ail writings on the jus civile. Fragments of them are preserved in Cicero, Aulus Gellius, etc.

P. 166, 1. 11. la loy Furent ad legem Goriieliavi. A quotation from the Digest, xlviii., 8, 9: " Ulpianus ad Edictum Furem nocturnum si quis occident, ita demum impune ferot, si parcere ei sine periculo suo non potuit ".

P. 166, 1. 14. Cujas, i.e. Comment, in tit. Digesti de Justitia et Jure ad legem iii.

P. 166, 1. 17. Lessius. See above, note on p. 71, 1. 3. Leys's authorities for this opinion are St. Antonio of Florence, Cajetanus and the Roman Penitentiary as contained in the Décrétais (v., t. xii., c. ii.). But Molinier points eut that in the foUowing chapter of the Décrétais the opinion of a higher authority than the Roman Penitentiary, viz. of St. Augustine, is quoted to the effect that anyone who kills a thief by day deserves death according to the civil law as well as Moses. It is significant that of the two authorities available the Gasuist should hâve recourse to the laxer.

P. 166, 1. 29. pour détruire la loy, etc. Cf. Matt. v. 17.

P. 166, I. 89. Les loix, dites-vou^, etc. Pascal summarizes the argument of Imposture XIV. but does not quote litteratim.

P. 167, 1. 5. la censure. For this censure (6 Sept, and 8 Oct., 1649), see above, p. 156, 1. 37.

P. 167, 1. 28. que la valeur, etc. This ought not to hâve been marked as a quotation. It is Pascal's summary of Nouot's translation of Molina, with the stress shifted from the value for which you raay not kill to the price at which (Pascal infers) you may. See above, note on p. 78, 1. 13.

P. 161, \. 38. contfne je l'ay rapporté. InLetterVII. See above, p. 78.

P. 167, 1. 42. /. 21, n. 68. See above, p. 77, 1. 41.

P. 168, 1. 18. en gardant son «scu = en sauvant son esco. See below, note on 1. 23.

P. 168, 1. 21. à Carrtrus et Bald. Cf. Haase, § 145.

P. 168, 1. 28, 24, 27. garder. See critical note. The editor is now awake to the possible ambiguity of " garder," which he missed on its first occurrence, 1. 11.

P. 168, 1. 26. qu'il ett permis. Note the répétition of qus which is not logically necessary but helps the reader through the long period.

P. 168, 1. 39. comme je Vay fait voir. Pascal ia now replying to the XI' Imposture ("que les Jésuites favorisent les duels").

P. 169, 1. 11. vostre bon ami Diana . . . See above, p. 71, 1. 41. Diana's words are " Doctus Hurtadus casum excogitat qui facile potest evenire in practicum ".

P. 169, 1. 13. vous le faites tant valoir, i.e. in the XIV' Imposture.

P. 169, 1. 40. Il n'est pas permis, etc., L.'s words are, " Dixi ... si res illae sint magni momenti, quia pro re minima non videtur concessum jus defensionis cum tanto alterius malo. Est enim valde iniquum, ut pro porno val etiam uno aureo servando alicui vita auferatur. Si tamen tibi verteretur probro, nisi rem furi extorqueas, posses conari, et si opus est occidere, juxta Sotum : tune enim non tam rei quam honoris esset defensio."

P. 170, ]. 10. les per senties publiques, i.e. persons in a public position, e.g. judges.

P. 170, 1. 23. des meurtres, etc. The référence is to supposed Jesuit théories of régicide and abortion which the University of Paris had condemned in 1643 and 1640.

P. 170, 1. 25. dans les doutes 4 et 10. The titles of the Dubitationes are Dub. 4: " Utrum homino privato liceat interficere tyrannum". Dub. 10 : " Utrum ad conservationem vitae matris liceat praebere pharmacum quo proies putetur moritura".

P. 171, 1. 4. les Temples de Dieu vivant. Cf. 2 Cor. vi. 16.

P. 171, 1. 6. son Dieu. Son refers to Eglise.

P. 171, 1. 13. leur condition, " the existence of men ".

P. 171, 1. 24. reconcilier, " readmit to communion ".

P. 171, 1. 26. le célèbre concile d'Ancyre. Thèse quotations from Oouncils and the Fathers were apparently supplied by Godefroy Hermant (see above, note on p. 2, 1. 5). At any rate the editors of Œuvres de Pascal print from a manuscript collection of Hermant's, références to the Council of Ancyra, St. Basil, St. Gregory of Nyssa, Pope Zachary, and Isaac of Langres ; and they draw the justifiable conclusion that the canon of Beauvais had his share in ammunitioning Pascal.

Ancyra. Council of Ancyra, a.d.- 314, canon xxii. irfpï inovcrltcv <p6va>v. In the matter of wilful murder, the perpetrators must be substrati (the third order of pénitents), and not deemed worthy of perfection (admitted to Communion) until the end of their life.

P. 171, 1. 32 ff. S. Basile. Cf. Epist. 217 {MPO, xxxii. col. 795 seqq.).

S. Grégoire de Nijsse. Cf. Epist. canon. {MPO, xlv., col. 230 seqq.).

Pape Zacharie . . . Alexandre II. Cf. Zach. Epist. VIII. ad Pippium {MPL, Ixxxix., col. 987 seqq.); Alexandre II., Epist. CXVII. (MPL, cxlvi., col. 1405).

Isaac Evesque de Langres. Cf. Canones, tit. II. de honiicidiis, cap. xiii. {MPL, cxxiv., col. 1087).

S. Hildebert. Hildebert, bishop of Mantes and afterwards arch-

bishop of Tours (1055-1133), was never canonized, and the passage in question is in his letter to Emery, bishop of Clermont {MPL, clxxi., col. 267). A thief had attacked a priest who had defended himself. It was not certain that he killed the thief ; but Hildebert does net advise the remission of his punishment.

P. 172, 1. 2. se suaque liberando. The référence is to a quotation made by Molina from the Corpus juris canon. (Décret. Greg. tit. xii., cap. 2), and used by Nouet in the XlVth Imposture, " Si sine odii meditatione te tuaque liborando ejusmodi diaboli membra interfecisti," etc. Of. Molina, De Justitia et jure, t. 4, tr. 3, disp. 16, n. 4.

P. 172, 1. 4. Père VAmy. See above, note on p. 79, 1. 1. In the passage referred to (Cursus Oieologicus, t. v., p. 414) Amico goes on to give his reasons. It is not that the laws do not allow you to défend your property from a day-thief even at the cost of his life, but because they suppose that he may easily be taken alive and the goods saved without bloodshed. Even a night-thief is to be taken without injury to him, if it be possible.

P. 172, 1. 18. obéir aux magistrats. Cf. Rom. xii. 17-19 ; xiii. 7 ; 1 Peter ii. 13-18.

P. 172, 1. 23. crimes de . . . lese-Majesté au premier chef, " attempts against the person of the Prince," " high treason ". léze is an adjective = " wounded," " violated".

P. 172, 1. 34. nous aurait ruin)>s, etc. Cf. Haase, § 148, A.

P. 172, 1. 36. perdre d'honneur, "dishonour". Cf. "Je suis perdue d'honneur " (Mme de Sévigné) ; " Voulez-vous que pour luy je me perde d'honneur?" (Corneille, Pulchérie, Act I., se. 5).

P. 172, 1. 39. ou plûtost de la part de Dieu. Cf. " Sciendum tamen quod quamvis apud Deum remaneat primaeva auctoritas judicandi, hominibus tamen committitur a Deo judiciaria potestas respectu eorum qui eorum jurisdictioni subjiciuntur " (St. Thomas, Summa, iii., q. lix., art. 2 (see below, 1. 32)).

P. 173, 1. 3. ce commencement des voyes de la justice, " thèse beginnings of légal justice".

P. 173, 1. 13. Il en faut sept. Havet refers, for confirmation of Pascal's statement, to B. de la Laroche-Flavin, Treize livres des Parlemens de France (1621), ix., ch. 27 : " Bien que le nombre de six opinions suffise au Parlement de Paris, et de sept autres Parlemens pour faire un arrost : toutefois le jugement des grands procez et affaires a accoustumé et se doit faire la Chambre pleine," etc.

P. 173, 1. 18. les heures du matin. Cf. " La délibération et jugement dans plus grandes affaires se doivent faire le matin ... les jugemens des criminels aussi, où il eschoit peine capital se faire le matin et non l'apresdinée. Car on ne doit pas tenir pour advis bien digéré ce qui se fait l'apresdiner, comme le dit Philippe de Commines, et mesmement au pays ou les hommes sont sujets au vin" (Laroche-Flavin, op. cit., ix., ch. 8).

p. 173, 1. 19. une action si grande. Cf. Haase, § 155, A,

P. 173, 1. 31. prendre soin de leurs âmes criminelles. Cf. " A ce moyen, incontinent après le sentence prononcée, l'on baille un confesseur au condamné, et le sacrement de confession luy est administré, et la question à luy baillée " (Jean Imbert, Pratiqtie civile et criminelle (1611), iv., ch. 6).

P. 173, 1. 35. l'Eglise abhorre tellement le sang, etc. On this principle clerics were by canon law forbidden to meddle with capital punishment, which was always the business of secular ofl&cers. Even in cases of heresy the function of ecclesiastics was always confined to ascertaining the fact of heresy. Its treatment was left to the civil arm. Cf. Lateran Counoil of 1215, canon xviii.

P. 174, ]. 6. celuy pour qui Jésus Christ est mort. Pascal vindicates en passant the Jansenists from the charge of holding the heretical Pourth Proposition, " that Christ did not die for ail men ". See Letter

P. 174, 1. 13. irrégularité. Technical term : " incapacity for holy orders ".

P. 174, 1. 18. mystères révélez par V Agneau. Quotation from the préface to Esobar's Theol. Moral. See note on p. 46, 1. 33.

P. 174, 1. 18. le Dragon. Cf. Rev. xii. and xiii.

P. 174, 1. 24. gui n'est point avec Jésus Christ. Cf. Matt. xii. 30.

P. 174, 1, 27. selon S. Atigustin. Cf. Enarr. in Ps. 141, No. 15.

P. 174, 1. 31. Jésus Christ . . . le Roy elle Dieu du moide, eic. Note that Pascal does not say that Jésus Christ is so called in Scripture. There the contrast is between the prince of the world (John xii. 31 xiv. 30) and the Prince or Author of Life (Acts iii. 15). In Rev, i. 5, He is the Ruler of the Kings of the earth.

P. 174, 1 34. supposts, "agents," "ministers". The modem familiar phrase " suppôt de Satan" = imp.

P. 174, 1. 38. a mis l'honneur à souffrir. Cf. Luke xxiv. 26.

P. 174, 1. 40. de tendre l'autre joue. Cf. Matt. v. 89.

P. 175, 1. 2. Malheur à vous, etc. Cf. Luke vi. 26.

P. 175, I. 7. la Riemsalem mystique — la spirituelle Sodovie. Kal r^v viXiv Ti]v àylav'lepova-aX'fjfji. . . . el9ov. Et civitatemsanctam Hierusalem vidi (Rev. xxi. 2). . . . ttJî TrJAecos rrjs fxeydKvs, ^ris Ku^ûrai irvevfiariKÛs 2({5ô/ia. Civitatis magnae quae vocatur spiritaliter Sodoma, ih., xi. 8.

P. 175, 1. 11. selon S. Paul. Cf. Rom. viii. 9.

P. 175, 1. 12. ex pâtre diabolo. Cf. John viii. 44.

P. 175, 1. 23. dit Escobar. See above, Letter VII., p. 75.

P. 175, 1. 34. par les Ca^iom Ecclésiastiques, e.g. '• si in ipso conflictu decesseruit perpetuo careant ecclesiastica sepultura " (Counoil of Trent, Sess. XXV., c. 19).

P. 175, 1. 37. Ses Edits, viz. in 1643 and 1651.

P. 176, 1. 11. en la personne du premier juste. Cf. àvh rov aXfiaros "AfifK Tov SiKalou, Matt. xxiii. 35 ; ^(povtiffare rhi> SlKaiov, James v. 6 ; and iKfîvos SiKaiés iariv, 1 John iii. 7, etc.

P. 176, 1. 16. la réponse de votre Apologiste, in which Nouet says :

" il est faux qu'un Jesuita ait blessé la charité en donnant un soufflet à Quille : mais il est vray qu'un Janséniste en l'écrivant a donné un soufflet à la vérité ".

P. 176, 1. 27. s'il a rcceu de l'avmit-nmm ou de V arriére-main, etc. The best (and only) counter which Nouet could make to this rapier thrust is, " Dites-nous enfin ce que vous trouvez d'horible dans la Doctrine des Casuistes: mais dites le nettement: car je me defîe toujours de cette arrière-main, qui d'un revers vous absout sans scrupule de vostre Imposture de Compiègno et voua met, comme vous croyez, en sacureté de conscience " (Response à la XIV* Lettre).