de Hollande : after passing from the Duke of Burgundy to

the house of Hapsburg on the marriage of the daughter of Charles the Bold to the son of the Emperor Frederick III., Holland, on the abdication of Charles V. in 1556, came under the rule of his son Philip II. of Spain ; but it ^oon rebelled owing to religions persécution, and, after a long and glorious war, secured its independence, which was fully recognised by the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

11. de Venise : Venice elected its first doge at the end of the

seventh century, and preserved its independence till the beginning of the nineteenth, when it became part of Napoleon's kingdom of Italy, and subsequently of the Lombardo - Venetian kingdom under .^ustria. It was

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finally united by a plébiscite to the kingdom of Italy, thanks to the intervention of Napoléon III.