en Helvétie, in

1. 10. guerre pénible de Suisse. "Cette campagne, qu'il termina d'une manière si brillante, prouva que Masséna possédait tous les talents d'un général en chef." (Beau champ.)

1. 24. le personnel^ the body, the staff. "Masséna se plaignait de n'avoir ni les magasins, ni les moyens de transport indispensables pour faire vivre son armée dans des pays stériles et d'un accès extrêmement difficile."

P. 21, 1. 19. Rastadt. The three French plenipotentiaries, Jean Debry, Roberjot and Bonnier were murdered on the 28th of April, 1799, at Rastadt, a small town of western Germany, in Baden.

d indignation^ from a sensé of indignation; dehas here the force of the Latin préposition de.

1.20. Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764 — 181 1), brother of André; see above. Besides several tragédies, he composed a number of lyrics suggested by the events of the Révolution. The ode entitled Le Chant du Départ is the best known.

1. 22. Nicolas Louis François de Neuf château (1750 — 1828) was successively a member of the Législative assembly, minister of the Interior, and senator and count under the Empire.

1. 23. au Conservatoire. The Conservatoire de tmisique et de déclama-

NOTES

tion was established in November, 1793, under the title of Institut National de MîLsiqiie.

1. 25. co7?ibat de Saint-Gothard (August, 1798). Battle of Zurich (Aiig. 26, 1799), Zurich (L. Tîiricum^ Tiguriim^ Duregum), atown and canton in Switzeriand. Masséna's victory there gained over the Austro- Russian army prevented France from being invaded on that side.

P. 22, 1. 2. dît Vatican oic de Florence. The Apollo Belvédère, the work of the Ephesian sculptor Agasias, was purchased by Pope Julius II. and is now in the Belvédère of the Vatican, at Rome. The Venus de Medici, by Cleomenes of Athens, is now at Florence whither it was conveyed about the year 1680. The Diana mentioned a little further on forms likewise part of the Vatican treasures. Ail thèse works of art, sent over to France by virtue of the treaty of Tolentino (1797) were returned in 181 5 to the several muséums and collections of which they originally formed a part.

1. II. les évêneme7its du Brumaire ; see above, note to p. 20, 1. i. The coup d^éiat of Brumaire led to the establishment of the consulate.

1. 14. Auguste F^-ançois Cretizé de Lesser (l'jji — 1839), a writer of second-rate merit. Held several political situations under the Empire and the Restoration.

Pierre Yves Barré (1749 — 1832). Founded (1792) the théâtre of the Vaudeville and composed a great number of light plays.

Jean François Théodore Goulard, died about the year 1830, leaving some réputation as an author of Vaudevilles.

L 16. Anne, better known as Ninon de Lenclos (161 5 — 1705), a Parisian lady celebrated for her wit, her beauty and her conversational powers.

1. 17. avait pris les devants, which had had the start. 1. 18. Théâtre des Troubadours, a small théâtre in Paris. 1. 20. de front, simultaneously.

I. 22. le P7'eniier Consul; Napoléon was named first consul for ten years on the i8th of Brumaire (see above), and consul for life in

1. 30. la campagne de Marengo, The battle of Marengo was fought on the i4th of June, 1800, Bonaparte defeating the Austrian troops commanded by gênerai Mêlas.

1. 32. la Convention, It was signed at Alessandria (a city in Northern Italy built on the river Tanaro) the day after the battle of Marengo, between the Austrian and the French governments; its im-

médiate results were the retreat of the Austrian army behind the line of the Mincio, and the surrender of Upper Italy to the French.

P. 23, 1. I. Alexandre Berthier (1753 — ï^^S)» pnnce of Neuchâtel (1806) and of Wagram (1809), **plus propre a exécuter les ordres d'un autre qu'à commander en chef" (Bouillet), Minister of War in 1801.

1. 4. membre du Tribunat. The Tribunate, established by the constitution of the year VIII. (1799), was an assembly whose business consisted in discussing the bills presented by the government. Originally composed of 100 members, it was afterwards reduced to 50 (1802) and suppressed in 1807 on account of its libéral proclivities.

1. 6. à V époque du cmnp de Boulogne. In 1803. Boulogne (L. Bononia, Gesoriacum, Itius portus) chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Pas de Calais. The object which Bonaparte had in view when he formed the camp at Boulogne was the invasion of England.

1. 15. Michel de Montaigne (1533 — 1592)> one of the most original and accomplished of French writers. It has been remarked of his celebrated essays (ist édition, 1580) that it is the language of conversation transferred to a book." Montaigne's éloge has often been written, one of the best is that of M. Villemain (18 12).

1. 16. Marie- Anne- Henriette de B ourdie- Viot (1746 — 1802), also distinguished as a poetess.

1. 17. tout littéraires, altogether literary; tout, herc, is an adverb.

1. 20. Notre Lycée républicain, The Lycée was founded in Paris (1787) by Pilâtre de Rozier for the delivery of lectures on the varions branches of science and belles-lettres.

1. 22. George Cuvier (1769 — 1832); the great French naturalist; admirable as a writer ; still more so, perhaps, as a lecturer. His merit consists in the adopting of a clear, logical, accountable method, based upon the accurate observation of facts, and constructed with almost mathematical exactness.

1. 23. George Louis Leclerc, count de Buffon (1707 — 1788). In his work on natural history, he ennobles the smallest détails by the lofty views which he connects with them.

1. 25. son Cours de littérature, See above, note to p. 7, 1. 27.

1. 26. Louis y count Rœderer (1735 — 1833), occupied several important posts during the Révolution and the Empire. Lectured on political economy.

Joseph Garât (1749 — 1833), succeeded Danton as minister of justice (1792), and Roland as minister of the interior (1793), but showed in his

NOTES. 77

political duties a déplorable want of firmness. Is more favoiirably known as a lecturer on metaphysics.

1. 27. A7tge Fariau, commonly called Saint-Ange (1747 — 1810). His translation of Ovid was published in 1800.

1. 34. Giambatista Casti (1721 — 1804). His best work is a mock heroic poem in 26 cantos entitled^/^* animali parlanti,

P. 24, 1. 2. la faculté, the médical board.