rabbins des écoles juives de Narbonne. The

Jews had been established by Charlemagne in a separate quarter of Narbonne; they were expelled in the fourteenth century and the decay of the town dates from this period. Under the Romans Narbonne w^as the rival of Massilia (Marseilles) and gave its name to Gallia Narbonends which was the first Roman colony in Gaul (about 125 b.c.).

II. Agde la noire. The town is built of dark lava from the extinct volcano near by.

17. vert-de-gris. In this combination gris is a corruption of Grèce; in the fourteenth century the writing was vert de Grice. The origin may be viride œris, 'green of brass.'

19. C'est une bien vieille terre que ce Languedoc. Phrases containing this appositional que, occurring so fre-

quently in French, may best be translated by making the last substantive the subject of the phrase.

23. L'amphithéâtre de Nîmes. This is the best preserved of the Roman amphitheaters; it dates from the first and second centuries of the present era.

37. — 5. la croisade. The Albigensian crusade (1209-1229). 20. De Limoux, les Chénier, les frères rivaux. The

brothers were born in Constantinople, where their father was consul-general, but the family came from Limoux. Their quarrel was caused by Marie-Joseph's membership in the Jacobin club, which was attacked by Marie-André. The latter did not favor the strong republican views of his brother and was finally beheaded, although his brother had tried to save him.

38. — 14. Fénelon ... est presque un hérétique. Fénelon approved of the doctrine of the Quietists, a sect of mystics under the leadership of Madame Guyon. Bossuet, the great preacher of the seventeenth century, attacked him because of his belief, and Fénelon eventually retracted. Note also in the phrase given above that there is no elision when presque is followed by a vowel; the only exception is presqu'île.

19. Henri IV. He abjured Protestantism when he became king of France.

22. les Armagnacs s'allièrent aux Valois. This occurred in 1410, when a number of the nobles allied themselves with the Count of Armagnac to avenge the murder of the Duke of Orleans, which had been ordered by the Duke of Burgundy in 1407. This is the beginning of the civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians. These parties were respectively on the French and English sides in the Hundred Years' War.

41. — 21. ce renégat. Perhaps Michelet refers to the notorious pirate Mezzo-Morto, who was born about 1648, probably in Africa, He was of great ability and energy, bul

without principle and a renegade. He became dey of Algiers, and is especially remembered for having tied his Christian prisoners over the mouths of his cannon; he was captured by the Spaniards, after he had been severely wounded (hence his name), and kept by them for some time in captivity. He was made capitan-pacha in 1696.

42. — 15. chez Frederic. Frederick the Great invited many well-known literary men to his castle of Sans Souci near Berlin. The most famous of his guests was Voltaire.

17. la littérature du Midi. Especially the poems of the Provençal troubadours (see note to p. 19, 1. 20).

30. U a bien vaincu l'Italie au XIIP siècle. Charles d'Anjou, Count of Provence and brother of Saint Louis, conquered Naples in 1266.

43. — 2. Fréjus. This town was formerly of considerable importance. It was founded by Caesar and enlarged by Augustus, who sent here the galleys taken from Antony at Actium.

44. — 7. les comtes de Toulouse. Especially Guillaume de Toulouse (see note to p. 20, 1. 29).

12. jusqu'à ce que vinrent les Français. See note to p. 42, 1. 30.

20. la présence des papes. The popes resided in Avignon from 1309 to 1377. In 1378 the French set up a French entipope at Avignon (the papacy having been transferred to Rome); this period, which ended in 141 7, is known as the Great Schism.

45. — 3. le vent glacial des Alpes. The cold and almost constant north wind, known as the mistral.

46. — 29. la Lorraine qui sauva la France. An allusion to Jeanne Dare.