perce un lac. The Rhone passes through Lake Geneva

72. — 27. Etablissements de France et d'Orléans; — Coutumes de France et de Vermandois. Two collections of ordonnances and regulations of the thirteenth century. The first is the more important; it dates from 1272, but its laws were never enforced; however, it exerted considerable influence on the later legists.

73. — 3. chefs-lieux. When a compound substantive consists of two substantives or of a substantive and an adjective, the rule is that both parts are inflected in the plural; there are, however, exceptions, for example: mille-pieds ('millepeds'), grand' mères (but grands- per es), terre-neuve ('Newfoundland dogs'), hôtels-Dieu ('hospitals,' Dieu is really a genitive), etc. In other words, both parts are not inflected when the adjective is a numeral, grand' , or when one of the two parts depends on the other (compare Ayer, Grammaire comparée de la langue française, 4th edition, pp. 363-364).

7. roi de Saint-Denys. The importance of the town of Saint-Denis dates from the foundation there of a Benedictine abbey by Dagobert I (died in 638). Under the Carlovingians and Capetians the monks were influential and at times advisers of the king. Louis VI adopted the Oriflamme (so called from its red and gold colors) or standard of Saint- Denis as the banner of the kings of France. Its last appearance was at the battle of Agincourt (1415).

14. des Guises. Michelet is not consistent in his use of the plural sign with proper names (see note to p. 24, 1. 13).

21. elle se réfugia sur la montagne de Laon. The royal residence was at Laon under the later Carlovingians.

22. Laon, Pêronne, Saint-Médard de Soissons. The order does not correspond to that of the kings in line 24; Laon was the birthplace of Louis d'Outremer (921), at Péronne Louis XI was forced by Charles le Téméraire to sign an humiliating treaty in 1468, and Soissons was the scene of the deposition of Louis le Débonnaire by his son in 833.

28. Je ne suis roi. This phrase of the motto is usually written Roi ne suis.

74. — II. Un ermite d'Amiens. Peter the Hermit, born at Amiens; he preached the first crusade, that of 1096-1099 (died about 11 15).