ILOTES

Page 1. — Jacquot, the diminutive and pet form of Jacques^ James ; so Charles, Chariot; Guillaume, Guillot ; Pierre, Pierrot — Charles, William, Peter. — 1. promenade. This word is yariously rendered walk, drive, ride, sail, according to the term associated with it specifying its meaning; here "ride," because associated with à cheval. — 2. le long* de, along, a preposition, with the article : le long du, de la, de l\ des, according to the noun it governs. — 4. gentilhomme (pron. genti-yomme), pi. gentilshommes (pron. genti-z-omnie), rather quaint now-a-days for monsieur (pron. mo-sieu), pi. messieurs (pron. mé-sieû). — 6. mettre pied à terre, to alight (from a horse), to get out or get down (from a carriage, height, etc.). — 9. de toutes parts, on all sides, in all directions, everywhere. — 13. d'un air d'amitié, in a friendly way, kindly.

— 20. se porter, to carry one's self, to be, speaking of health when one is well or able to be about ; of a person that is ill in bed, être, aller or se trouver must be used ; thus, the physician inquires : comment va le or la malade? Comment etes-vous, allez-vous or trouvez-vous, monsieur, madame ?

Page 2.-2. ne veulent plus de moi, won't have anything more [to do] with me. — 6. Je n'en sais rien, familiar and conversational for je ne sais i^as, I do not know. — 9. C'est ce qui, etc., that is what, or, it is that that grieves me most ; faire de la peine a, to give pain to, to grieve. — 11. roulaient dans, came to. — 15. II vint un monsieur, lit., there came a gentleman, impersonal use of venir ; render : " a gentleman came." — 16. l'emmena, took him away ; observe : emmena (pron. âm^nâ), he took away, and amena (pron. àm'nâ), he brought to, as in p. 6, 1. 4. — 19. revienne, comes back, subj. after the conjunction jusqu'à ce que, until, which always requires that mode. — me l'a promis, (she) promised me (to) ; this le (l') replaces the idea "to return," which may or may not be rendered in English by "to," "to do." — Je l'aime bien, etc., I love my other mother S. very dearly ; the pronoun la (V) here anticipates the proper object mon autre mere, a characteristic of familiar language, lit., "I love her, my other mother, very dearly." — 24. tu as beau, it is vain for you (to), there is no use of your (calling her). This is a peculiar phrase

— avoir beau — followed by an infinitive, which should be fixed in mind : vous avez beau le dire, it is idle for you to say so ; ils ont beau le dire, it is idle for them to say so.

430 Modem French Readings.

Page 3. — 1. embrasser, to embrace, also, to kiss (the cheek and the forehead), while baiser is to kiss (the lips, the hand or anything, as a letter) ; hence embrasser is the common term in jDolite society. — 2. avec tendresse, tenderly, affectionately ; so constantly render a preposition with a noun in French by an adverb in -hj. — 3. Comment t'appelles-tu ? what is your name? But in the next line render literally: "They call me" or " I am called." — 4. sag-e, here means well-behaved, "good," and méchant, naughty. — 7. conduire is the proper term for "to take," in the sense of to conduct, to guide, di person to a place ; mener, "to take" any one along with you ; also, to take an animal to a place, not conduire. — 9. se mettre à, to begin to, followed by an infinitive. — devant, before, of place or presence ; avant, of time. — 10. le lui permettre, (could) allow him to ; the le represents the verb courir, see p. 2, 1. 19. — 12. n'eut pas, etc., was not a little surprised; we do not say "to have surprise," . but "to be surprised," so the French adjective would require to be turned into an adverb in English. — 14. du doig-t, with his finger ; the adjunct serves to add intensity to the meaning of montrer here; the English is sufficiently definite without it: *' pointing at her and." — 15. entre ses g-enoux, in her lap. — La voilà; c'est, there she is; that is, etc. The ce before est is a demonstrative particle, generally having the force of *'that," sometimes of "it," or again of "he," but with the radical signification of "that." — 19. qu'il lui avait inspirée, that he had excited in him ; the verb inspirer takes the dative of the person and the accusative of the emotion excited : inspirer de la pitié a quelqu'un, to inspire any one with pity, but better "to excite pity in any one." — 20. de vouloir bien, to ]3lease, to have the goodness to, followed by an infinitive. — 26. bien bâti, well built, here refers to his physical constitution in contrast with the wife's frail health; render: "strong and hardy." — 28. Ils étaient mariés, etc., they had been married seven years; literally, *' they were m. since seven years " ; so, often, depuis, with exjpressions of time, requires the verb in the present or imperfect, when in English the perfect or pluperfect must be used. — 30. s'ils avaient été, etc.; être bien dans ses affaires, to get on well in one's business or work ; the comparative is : être mieux dans ses affaires, to get on better in one's business ; here : " if they had got on a little better in their work."

Page 4. — 1. ne — que, only, nothing but. — 4. à trois 1., three leagues from here ; a often indicates a point at a distance, and is omitted in English or rendered by "off" : a vingt lieues, or a v. I. de distance, twenty leagues off. — 9. Mais il était venu, etc., but children came. See p. 2, 1. 15. — c'est là ce qui, tliat is what ; better : " it was that that." — 10. Encore, as well as aussi, so, peut-être, etc., when they begin a phrase, throw tlie verb into the interrogative form : ' ' Still they might liave been able to get over their difficulties." — 11. en redoublant, etc., by a fresh outlay of courage; render en with a près. part. *'in," "by," "on." — il était arrivé, impersonal verb. — 12. La pauvre M., poor M.; so above: le petit «7.,

Notes. 431

little J., and below : la voisine S., neighbor S.; the article is thus used in French with Christian names when an adjective precedes them. — 13, le soir, at night, in the evening ; Lat. vesperi^ iiocte. — 24. que == parce que above ; compound conjunctions are repeated only in their last component que. — 31. se mit à, see p. 3, 1. 9.

Page 5. — 5, 6. ils pourraient, etc., they would be able to earn wages by working, etc. — 8. bien de, unlike beaucoup, admits the article — bien du, de la, de V , des, much, a good deal, many. — 11. On ne vit, etc., from that time you could see in the home of these poor people nothing but sadness and suffering sufficient to melt a [heart of] stone. — 18. s'il le fallait, if absolutely necessary. See pp. 2, 1. 19; 3, 1. 10. — 20. voilà ce que c'est que, etc., that is what one gets by taking in such worthless i)eople as you.

— 21. vous autres, the like of you, you people — depreciative. — 25. Combien, etc., how much good the wealthy might do, if; combien is separated from its government de bien. — 28. d'aller se jeter, to go and cast herself ; so the verbs aller and venir with an infinitive, when not used as auxiliaries, must be in English separated by the conjunction and.

Page 6.— 1. avoir bien de la peine à, to be very reluctant to. — 4. II y a, etc., three days ago she; lit., "there are three days that she." — 5. avoir coutume de, to be wont to. — 9. prendre sur elle-même, to undertake (de, to). — 10. ancien, not ''ancient," but "former," "old" in that sense. — devait, was to. — 11. s'était mis en route, had started. — 15. Je crois la voir encore, I seem to see her now. — Elle avait les yeux, etc., her eyes were full of tears — an idiom to be employed when any part of the body is referred to. — 17. être de retour, to be back.

— je viendrai, etc., I shall come and get you. See p. 5, 1. 28. — 19. les embrassa encore, kissed them again ; encore is here an ellipse for encore une fois; Germ, noch einmal. See p. 3,1. 1. — 25. Je voulus, I determined, I resolved. — 29. roide morte, stiff dead; we say: *' stone dead." Roi de is pronounced, and now generally written, raide.

Page 7. — 1. chercher à, to try to. —2. lui tâta le pouls, felt her pulse; so dat. pron. with def. art. often replace the possess, adj. in speaking of the parts of the body or dress. — 3. en hochant la t., at the same time shaking his head ; hocher les épaules, means to shrug the shoulders. — envoyer chercher, to send for; aller chercher, to go for. — G. sur le coup, instantly. — 8. aura pu a., could have happened. — 11. elle avait, etc., her eyes were still dimmed by her tears. See p. 6, 1. 15. — 19. ce que J. était d., what had become of Julian. — 20. bien que, although. — 21. Le bon Dieu, the good Lord ; Germ, der liebe Gott; we say : God, Providence, a kind Providence, heaven ; the first is better here. — 23. il saura bien. He will surely provide a way. — 29. d'à côté, adjoining. — 30. se donner la peine de, to take the trouble to.

Page 8. — bien des choses, p. 5, 1. 8. — 2. tenez, represents a gesture, "see." — 4. avoir recours à, to apply to. — 8. qui dormait, etc., who

432 Modem French Readings.

had been sleeping so long. Seep. 3, 1. 28. — 11. j'enverrai chercher,

see p. 7, 1. 3. — 13. que, here avoids the repetition of si, but takes in that case the subjunctive. — 15. lit, gave. — 16. il m'en aurait c, it would have cost me something, that is, some pain. — 18. je ne saurais, I cannot.

— 20. il faut que vous, you must. — 26. de bon cœur, willingly. — 29. j'aime mieux, I prefer, I had rather.

Page 9. — 11. qu'il n'y a pas, etc., that there is no one even to the children who does not have them on his tongue. — 24. nous is here reciprocal, " each other." — 26. biens, blessings.

Page 10. — 1. depuis huit ans, etc., (during) the eight years that I have been a widow; see p. 3, 1. 28.-7. Je ferai en sorte qu'il, etc., I shall see to it that there is always enough for him. — 10. " And where will you get the means necessary to provide him with clothing? " lit., to provide c. for him." —27. je ne souffrirai, etc., I shall not allow you to have alone, etc. — 29. quand Dieu, etc., when God has provided me with more means to that end than He has you ; en represents a genitive construction — here, de faire du bien.

Page 11. — 1, 2. l'un à l'autre, to each other. — 2. et que, see p. 4, 1. 24. — 3. a su, etc., has succeeded in exciting in me on his behalf. — 4. tous les deux, both of you. —5. j'aurai soin, I shall takecare. — 9. fâché contre, angry with ; fâché de, sorry for. — Que Dieu, may God. — 10. je ne puis : the complement of the negative pas, point, may be omitted with the verbs pouvoir, savoir, cesser and oser. — 12. c'est que, because. — 14, se faire à, to accustom one's self to. — 19, 20. II ne lui en coûtera pas, etc., it will not be a great sacrifice for hin>to lead a rather rough life. — 22. ses mois d'école, his schooling. — 25. l'en prierons, will implore Him to do so. — 28. A la bonne heure, as you choose. — Je ne voudrais pas, etc., I should not care to have my good intentions become a source of sorrow to you.

Page 12. —9. baiser, see p. 3, 1. 1. — 15. vous ne tarderez pas, etc., it will not be long before you see me again. — 21. ce qu'était devenu, what had become of. —23. il n'y a pas — que, it is not a quarter of an hour since.

Page 13.-3. conter, to tell, to relate, as a story ; dire, to tell, to say.

— 5. me vint dans la p., came into my thoughts. —6. faire le mendiant, to play the beggar, to act the part of a suppliant. — 9. Moi — aller d., I go and ask for ... ! infinitive used absolutely. — 11. a fait notre m., mairried us. — 13. qu'il fût, etc., if he were not in a situation to ; see p. 8, 1. 13. — quand, if. — 26. rang'é, steady. — 27. J'étais, etc., I had been thinking of this for half an hour, when. —28. je vis venir, etc., I saw two soldiers a great way off coming behind me.

Page 14. —1. Je fis, etc., I pretended at first to have had no relish for the business.— 5, Tope, done ! — Allons, so. — 6. bâclé, despatched.— 7. me fit toiser, had me measured. — 8. que oui, that I did.— il me

Notes. 433

fit, etc., lie caused my money to be handed over to me at once. — 10. me voilà, etc., I have become a soldier to get out of difficulties. — 13. tiens, etc., maintain yourself as well as you can. — 18. sur chaque j., out of each day's wages. — 25. droit de communauté, borough privilege.

Page 15. — 10. faire le bonheur de, to contribute to the happiness of. — 11. cong-é, discharge. — 12. de quoi reprendre, the means to resume. —15. s'établir, to settle in life. — 18. entrer pour, etc., to have some share in this sacred deposit. — 20. oppressé, overcome. — 25. sans, were it not for. — 26. s'entretenir de, to converse about*

Page 16. —G. rendu; rendre is almost exclusively employed before adjectives, instead of faire.

Page 17. — domestique étranger, strange servant, not of the house, another person's servant. — fauteuil, easy chair. — 2. voilà, etc., it is now a full hour that you have been rinsing and wiping the dishes. — 6. vouloir dire, to mean. — voyons, come. — 8. avoir peur de, to be afraid to, with inf. — 9. Encore peur, afraid again ! — Quoi que, whatever.

Page 18. — 10. En voilà une bonne, that's a good joke ! — 12. tu viens de dire, you have just uttered. — 16. seulement, even, so much as. — toucher takes a dative object, toucher a une chose; hence "to touch it " would give y toucher. — 17. Alors, etc., provocative language playing on that of Hilaire. — 18. II fallait faire, you ought to have done. — 29. bonne pour, kind to.

Page 19. — 1. leurs quatre v., their blessed will. — 3. ils vous font un train, they lead you a pretty life ! — Je suis revenue, etc., I have gotten over that long ago. — 4. j'en prends, etc., I take things easy. — 5. je l'entends qui vient, I hear her coming. — 12. Je croyais trouver, I thought I should find ; an infinitive follows croire when both verbs have the same subject. — 13. Vous êtes deux, there are two of you. — 17. son possible, his best. — 26. avoir l'air étonné, to appear astonished.— veut parler, is about to speak. — 27. lui coupe la parole, interrupts him.

Page 20. —2. 11 se formera, he will learn. — 13. Observe throughout that servants employ the third person with monsieur, madame, mademoiselle, to their superiors. This style must be Englished by using *'you" with sir, madam, miss ; thus, madame sait bien que, you are well aware, madam, that. — 14. sous clef, under lock and key ; clef is pronounced, and frequently written, clé. — 16. a demandé à manger, asked for something to eat. — 17. servir, to serve, to offer. — chercher des yeux, to look about for. — 20. il faut que je, I must.

Page 21. — 1. Non, du tout, no, by no means. —5. avec humeur, pnsrry or angrily.

434 Modem French Readings,

Page 22. — 2. pain sec, plain bread, bread without butter or fruit. — 6. raisiné, preserves.

Page 23. — 17. L'auront-ils mangé? Can they have eaten it? — 23. C'est que, the fact is. — 26. sans que, etc., without my knowing how. — 27. Est-ce que, can it be that. — Mais non. Oh! no.

Page 24. — 2. sans le sou, without a penny, or farthing, as we say. — 5. Tout de même, however. — 9. tous, pronounced tousse^ when a substantive, as here. — 10. Mon Dieu is generally to be rendered ' ' dear me ! " in exclamations, the English being the corruption of the Norman French form, just as " damn " is the French dame (Notre Dame, Our Lady), the spelling being changed by an error of popular etymology. — 19. qu' avez- vous, what ails you? what is the matter with you? — 27. Personne, no one — an ellipse îov il n'y a personne pour.

Page. 25.-22. Qu'est-ce que ça fait, what matters it (that).

Page 26. — 5. Est-il nig'aud, etc., we insert a negative in such phrases : *' Isn't this fellow a blockhead ?" or we may put it in the form of an exclamation: "what a blockhead this fellow is!'*— 6. ne fais pas la bête, don't be silly now. — 12. See note 1. 5. ^^Tu en a, etc., it will take a good quarter of an hour to arrange all that. — 14. Cela ne fait rien, that makes no difference.

Page 27. — 3. C'est personne, etc., nobody, as usual, nobody; a common evasion. — 15. '*As you please. After all, if," etc. — 20. que nous a fait la cuisinière, which the cook has made for us. Que is object.

Page 28.-8. n'est pas à moi, is not mine, it belongs to the mistress. — 21. ça, they. —24. cachet, bouquet, flavor. —27. par quel bout, what way, how.

Page 32. — 21. chasser à coups de pied, to kick (a person) out of the house.

Page 33. — 15. Ils ont des airs, etc., they act so they frightened me. — 16. buvait à même la b., was drinking out of the bottle. — 18. l'ouvrière, the assistant. — 21. je le leur ferai payer, I'll make them pay for it, or *' I'll pay them oif."- 23. mes doubles clefs, my duplicate keys. —24. un supplément de, additional, or " some more."

Page 34.-7. attrape, *' take in." — 11. Est-ce qu'il se moque, etc., does the new-comer who has taken my place think he is going to fool people ? — 16. comment, etc., how does he suppose that people are going to find things? — 19. M'a-t-il, etc., see p. 26, 1. 5. *'How often he has put me out with his sanctimonious pretentions." — 25. lui fera son affaire, will show him up.

Notes. 435

Page 35. — elle va mettre, etc., she'll give her whole mind to getting 113 rid of this blackguard. — 5. qui va lui faire, etc., that will start him off at a round trot. — 19. je viens de faire, I've just made.

Page 3G. — 3. par-dessus le marché, to hoot, into the bargain. — 7. aller de travers, to go wrong. — 23. fera l'étonné, will iDretend to be amazed.

Page 37. — 4. ce que vous venez de me dire, what you have just told me. — 7. qu'il ferait croire à madame, that he would make you believe, madam. —17. Je ne reviens pas de ce que, I cannot get over what (S. tells me). — 20. il a l'air si doux, he has such a meek, honest way with him, z.e., he seems so meek and honest. — 27. je le jure à madame, I assure you, madam.

Page 38. — 2. j'aime mieux, etc., I prefer to confess it at once.

Page 40. — 4. sans que, etc., without any one's having seen him come in.

Page 41. — 6. Plus souvent que j'irai, I think I see myself going, i.e., indeed I'll not go.

Page 43. — 13. qu'on mangeait, etc., that eating and drinking was going on in Sidonie's room. — 25. veuillez, please, be good enough (to). — 26. gens, servants, domestics.

Page 45.-23. mettre le couvert, to set the table. — 25. ranger, to put to rights, and, to prepare. — 26. soirée, (evening) party.

Page 46. — 1. Je crois bien, I am quite sure, certainly. — 4, 5. faire faire le lit, etc., to have H. make the bed and put the room in order. — 11. relancer, to hint a thing to. — 24. gâcher, to make a mess of. — 26 styler, to train.

Page 47. — 10. de temps à autre, from time to time, occasionally. — 29. Le grand mal, etc., what's the harm if a few of them should turn up missing !

Page 48.-9. C'est tout de même, etc., children are handy, after all. — 15. avoir le dessous, to come off worsted. — 20. Ah çà, come, come. — 22. gourmand, glutton, ''pig"; gourmet, epicure. — 23. faire à manger, to prepare a meal, to *'getup" a dinner. — 25, 28. A French menu is not always translatable ; un potage, etc., soup with poached eggs ; un gigot de ch., leg of venison ; un homard en s., lobster salad ; des cardons à la moelle, cardons with marrow, i.e., stalks of a kind of French artichoke cut in pieces like celery and prepared with marrow ; une croûte aux ch., a kind of pastry with mushrooms ; un gâteau n., a Neapolitan cake ; une bavaroise, etc., a kind of light cream with wine sauce. — 29. " Hurrah for J. and her dinner ! Egad, that's not a bad bill of fare " ; sac à papier seems here to be a euphemism for sapristi or something similar, and a f/argote is a low eating-house for the laboring classes.

Page 49. — 1. payer takes the ace. of the thing: " to pay for all that " ; sans qu'il y p., without the dinner appearing in the accounts. — 6. on ne marchande pas, we do not haggle about prices. — 10. s'échiner à, to tire o. s. out, to wear o. s. out in. — 15. J'en ai l'eau à la bouche, they make my mouth water. —22. ''What J. is doing is rather rash. She'll get caught one of these days."

Page 50. — 1. chef, the common name for a male cook. — 4. une pièce de cent sous, familiar for a five-franc piece, a dollar; chaussure, general term for boots and shoes, here '' to pay for her shoes." — 21. je la laisse faire, I let her go on. — 26. ne lésine pas pour, etc., don't mind giving me a dollar now and then.

Page 51. — 20. corsé, means *' bodied" of cloth, wine, etc.; here *' thick," "coarse." — 24. Bordeaux, properly vin de B., called in America " claret." Sauterne is a fine white wine ; Volnay a fine wine of the Côte d'Or (Dijon).

Page 52. — 10. se douter de, to suspect. — 13. quand je lui débitais, etc., when I made such a parade of personal attachment, devotion to her interest and of conscientious scruples, all along of that rascally Hilaire ; lit., "when I tipped her a dose of," etc. — 18. de se reconnaître, to come to herself. —20. bonnasse, credulous.

Page 54. — 17. passer en cour d'assises, to go before the criminal court; en correctionelle, police court. French policeman is called un serr/ent de ville, familiarly U7i agent (de la police). — 20. couteau-poignard (pron. pognar), clasp-knife. — 21. g-arrotter, to tie one's hands, to pinion. — 22. donner des coups d'ongles, to scratch ; donner des coups de pied, to kick.

Page 56. — 1. se trouver, means "to be" incidentally, temporarily.

Page57. — 2. appel nominal, roll-call. —4. du fond, from the remotest i^art. — 11. la foule, etc., the crowd were overawed and silent. — 24. de revenir, etc., to reconsider a hasty sentence.

Page 58. — 4. reprendre la parole, to resume one's speech: prendre la parole, is "to take the floor," "to speak," in a deliberative assembly. — 13. faire feu sur, to fire on. — 14. on reconnut Lady F., Lady F. was recognized. — 17. qu'avait fait le roi, which the king had made ; we should say: "of the king to reply." — 20. d'accord sur, harmonious as to.

Page 59. — 3. quoi qu'il en fût, whatever it was. — 11. toujours plus vivement, with more and more vehemence. — 16. tout haut, quite audibly. — 29. dussé-je, etc., even should I die for it, I must do it.

Page 60. — 23. avoir affaire à, to have to do with.

Page 63.-3. je leur en sais gré, I thank them for it; savoir gré a quelqu^un de quelque chose, to thank any one for anything. — 5. se formaliser que, to be offended because.

Notes. 437

Page 73. — Lucien Bonaparte {h. 1775, d. 1840) was the next younger brother of Naj)oleon {h. 1769, d. 1821), and, though of too independent a character to accept dominion on the emperor's usual terms, had aided him on the ISth Brumaire (9-lOth Xovemher, 1799) to overthrow the Directory, and had served him as minister of the Interior and ambassador to S^Dain. But having married contrary to his imperial brother's family schemes, he became estranged from him, and finally withdrew to his principality of Canino, with which the Pope had invested him. The poem referred to in the following piece is the Charlemagne, written by Lucien in epic verse. — 3. Dôme, here means "Cathedral," from the Italian i);/o??io (Latin, domiis dominicalis). — 10. Andrea Appiani, a celebrated Milan painter of the present century. — 16. entre -bâiller, to o^dcu slightly, to leave ajar: "let us softly open the door of that chamber, leaving it only ajar, so as to see without being seen." — 18. n'est-ce pas, do you not? — reconnaître à, to recognize (any one) by.

Page 71. — 10. le Jupiter Tonnant, the Jupiter Tonans, i.e., "the thunderbolt." — 20. qui ne s'étaient pas revus, who had not seen each other, had not met, since A. The battle of Austerlitz was fought December 2d, 1805.

Page 75. — 2. Marshal Duroc, born in 1772, killed at Wurschen in 1813; Eug'ène de Beauharnais, born 1781, created Prince by Xapoleon in 1804, and died at Munich in 1821; Joachim Murat, king of Naples, was born in 1771, and was shot in 1815. — Mes projets, à moi, my plans ; a moi simiîly emphasizes mes projets.

Page 76. — 4. Observe here and elsewhere the change from vous to tu, the common pronoun of address for members of a family. Xapoleon here uses it for effect to soften his brother's feelings, and returns to the vous when speaking formally, authoritatively, or in anger. Lucien uses tu only when, rejecting the imperialism of his brother, he talks to him plainly as his aîné (ante natus). See p. 78, 11. 28-30; p. 79, 11. 1-19.

Page 77. — 2. cela se peut-il, can that be; se pouvoir = pouvoir être, — 4. depuis, etc., lit., "since four years that I have not seen you"; render: "during the four years that have elapsed since we met." — 8. troquer, or changer une chose contre une autre, to barter or exchange one thing /or another. — 10. qui ne voit pas, third person, because Xapoleon is speaking to himself of his brother, not to him. — 11. enrayer, to put the breaks on the wheels of a vehicle, as in rapid descents; render: "to check." — tombereau, tumbril, dirt-cart, cart in which the victims of the French revolution were borne to the guillotine. — 16. le corps germanique, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed of the smaller states of Germany, under the protection of Napoleon, after the dissolution of the German empire in 1806. From 1815 it assumed the name of Germanic Confederation, and in 1871 it was merged with Prussia into the new German empire. — 19. le treizième siècle; reference is here probably made to

488 Modem French Readings.

the definite union of Leon and Castile in a.d. 1230, under Ferdinand III, called the Saint, the true father of the modern Spanish nation. — 24. utopies, schemes, visions. — 26. je te fais, present for the future.

Page 78. — 2. je ne vous en veux pas de, etc., I do not blame you for having judged me ill; eii vouloir a, to blame, to censure, to have a grudge against. — 7. une préfecture, the ofûce of a chief of police, or, the office of a provincial governor. — 18. debout, on my feet.

Page 79. —4. tu as mal tué la r., you have assassinated the republic. — 21. les yeux fixes, with a stare — the remains of a Latin ablative absolute construction.

Page80. — 6. Madame -mère, the title officially given by Napoleon to his mother on his accession to the empire. Letizia Ramolino was born at Ajaccio (iDron. aïdtchio) in 1750, married Charles Bonaparte in 1767, and died at Rome in 1836. Her children were : Joseph (1768-1844), king of Naples, then of Spain till 1813; Napoleon (1769-1821), emperor; Elisa (1773- 1820), princess of Lucca and Piombino, then grand duchess of Tuscany; Lucien (1775-1840), prince of Canino from 1804; Louis (1778-1846), king of Holland; Pauline (1780-1825), duchess of Guastalla. then princess Borghese; Caroline (1782-1839), queen of Naples, wife of Murat; Jerome (1784-1860), king of Westi3halia. — 6, 7. donner le jour à, to give birth to, to be the mother of . — 11. la reine de Hollande, Hortense de Beauharnais, wife of Louis, and daughter of Josephine by her first marriage. — le château d'Arenemberg", near Constance, where Hortense lived as the duchess de St. Leu, and brought up her son Napoleon III.

Page 81. — 1. hôtel de la poste, *' Post-Inn," place where the diligence (or stage-coach) stops. — 4. bâton ferré, "alpen-stock," staff used for climbing mountains in Switzerland. — 11. Notice the address here and in lines 17, 19, etc. : Do you travel on foot, sir ? You are an artist, sir ? Do you dine, sir ?

Page 82. — 6. quarante sous, two francs, a franc being twenty sous, or cents f nearly. — 12. physiognomonique, character-reading. — 17. ours, pronounce ourse or ource. — 23, 24. table d'hôte, public dinner in the dining-room of a hotel, opposed to dinner served in private ; generally transferred, table cVhote, or ''ordinary." — 27. à part moi, aside, half to myself. — 31. à parte, Italian, "side remark."

Page 83. — 12. le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, the Gentleman Commoner, the title of a comedy by Molière (1670). —15. Tite-Live ; so the French always cite the name of Livy, the Latin historian. Observe also 1. 18, Jésus-Christ (pron.j ézu-kri), where we say Christ only. — 18. Sedunois, the people of Sion, near Martigny, in Switzerland. — 29. faux, out of tune; aitssi f. que possible , as badly as possible.

Page 84. — 2. crier à tue-tête, to shout at the top of one's voice. — 12. drap, for drap de lit, sheet. — 20. brosse à tête, hair-brush; h, a

Notes, 439

cheveux is the common term. — 31. méphistophélique, Satanic, malicious, an expression taken from Mephistopheles, in the Faust legend.

Page 86. — 29. un coup de dent, a bite; so, un coup de pied, a kick; un c. de griffe, a blow, cuff, scr?.tch (from a cat, a bear, etc.); un c. de poing, a blow (with the fist); un c. de fusil, shot.

Page 87. — 18. crassane, a bergamot pear. — 25. Observe that there is no liaison with onze or onzième : les onze = lé on-ze. — 30. se jeter à plat ventre contre terre, to throw one's self flat (on one's face) on the ground.

Page 89. — 15. fusil de munition, regulation-gun. — 17. Un peu means here, I think I shall, " I shouldn't wonder." — 26. Bien du plaisir, joy go with you. — 27. À nous deux, shall we divide ? shall we go halves ?

Page 90. —2. Bonne chance, good luck. — 9. je n'ai pas de r., I harbor no grudge. — 11, 12. de faire à nous deux, to go halves.

Page 91. — 2. à mi-côte de, half way up. — 5. porte de derrière, back door. — 28, 29. pattes de derrière — de devant, hind feet, fore feet.

Page 95. — Une course de taureaux, a buU-fight. This piece was first published in the Figaro, a Paris newspaper, in October, 1846, and is given here as the best description extant of the Spanish national diversion.

Page 96. — 7. toril, bull-pen, from which the brute is let into the arena. — Le garçon du cirque, the attendant. — 8. alg'uazil, constable (from the Arabic al-wezîr, the vizier). — 12. quadrille, guild, company. — 13. chulos, "boys" (Latin pweros), the general name for the subordinate characters in the bull-ring. — banderillero {han-dé-ri-Vyé"-ro), "littleflag-dart-man," the one who in the second act of the fight tortures the bull by fixing into his shoulders barbed darts, to which little pajper ornaments are attached.

Page 97. — 1. jambiers de fer, iron greaves. — 2. jusqu'à micuisses, half way up the legs, to the thighs. — 15. torero, means "bullfighter ' ' ; the technical names of the " slayer " are el espada, the " sword,' ' el diestro, the "expert," or el lidiador, the "wrestler." — 23. spada, Italian form of the Spanish espada, sword (Latin spatha, fr. Greek o-irdQri).

Page 99. — 8. picadors de rechange, relieving or supporting picadors.—10. cachetero, despatcher. — 20. comme foudroyé, as if struck by a bolt.

Page 100. — 12. À la place Mayor, in the Grand Square, a square in the centre of Madrid, surrounded by houses with arcades, formerly much used for public diversions.

440 Modem French Readings.

PageIOI. — 21. Roca de Togores, now known as the Marqais de Molins, till lately the Spanish ambassador to Paris, a poet, and writer of distinction. — 22. Alexandre, known as Dumas, fils, born 1824. — Ma- Quet, Auguste, a French writer, born 1813. — Boulanger, Louis, a French painter of distinction, born 1806. — 23. Giraud, Pierre, a French painter, born 1805. — 24. se tenir debout, to stand.

Page 104. — 7. II dérog-eait, etc., it was beneath his dignity to mix with the "boys" of the ring; lit., ''he lost caste in," etc.

Page 106. — 27. Biblis, or Byblis, the nyinph Byblis, daughter of Miletus and Idothea, was represented in ancient mythology as being in love with her brother Caunus, and, hopelessly thwarted in her pursuit of him, was transformed into a fountain.

Page 108. — 9. pétaca, Span, petctcctf segar-case or tobacco-pouch.

Page 110. — 8. le Mançanarès, the -river Manzanâres, which skirts the western and southern limits of Madrid, nearly dry in summer, hence the witticism of the younger Dumas. — 13. la reine -mère, the queenmother, Maria Christina, who had been the regent for her child Isabella, from 1833 to 1840, was then forced to flee by the revolution of Espartero, and returned to Spain in 1844, just after the defeat of Espartero by the coalition of conservatives and radicals. — 17, 18. les fêtes du jour, on the occasion of the marriage of queen Isabella to François de Assis, and of her sister Marie Louise to the duke de Montpensier — the celebrated Spanish marriages brought about by Guizot. — 21. la pénombre, etc., the back-ground of her box. — 23. se tirer d'affaire, to get out of a difficulty, here, "to get along as they could."

Page 111. — 9. acculé à, having backed up against (the box occupied by the authorities) .— 22. banderilles, darts.

Page 112. — 9. tué raide, killed outright. This peculiarity of a taureau collant, "cling-buU," {toro (^epe(/a),is called his querencia or " notion," among the Spanish taurophiles.

Page 113. — 15. coup de boutoir, thrust (with the tusks). See p. 86, 1. 29.

Page 114. — 11. Montes, Francisco, one of the most celebrated Hdiadores of the present century, worthy successor of '* Pepe Illo " (José Delgado). Both wrote famous books on Tauromachy ; the former's was printed at Madrid in 1836, and the latter' s in 1804 and 1827. Montes came from Chiclana, a village near Cadiz, and hence was a " Chiclanero," but another bore i)re-eminently that name — " the boy of Chiclana."

Page 115. — 13. mettre de la coquetterie à, to indulge in a little teasing while (getting him to that point). — 14. Ils firent faire, etc., they made the bull take a long circuit. — 30. jarret, gait, pace, properly '* joints," used collectively.

Notes. 441

Page 116. — 9. fit flotter, flared. —27. Montes, in his Tauromâqina Compléta, or xVrt of Handling Bulls, lays down this law : "The indispensable conditions of a torero are : bravery, lightness, and a perfect knowledge of his profession ; the first two are born in the individual, the last is acquired," p. 78.

Page 117. — 22. le train de derrière, the hind quarters; le t. de devant, the fore quarters. — 27. La foudre, a thunder-bolt.

Page 118. — 3. aparejos {a-pa-ré"-hdce), Span, word, "trappings."

Page 119. —Le Guet-Apens. We have no good equivalent for this term, which involves the drawing a person into a trap for the purpose of robbing, murdering, or kidnapping. Use ambuscade. The present piece is an episode taken from the Misérables of Victor Hugo, the story of which up to our extract is as follows : —

A young man of twenty-five named Jean Valjean, tempted by want, breaks into a bake-shop and purloins a loaf of bread. He is detected and sent to the gallies at Toulon, where he remains for nineteen years. Released at last by the expiration of his term, but branded as a convict by his yellow passport, he commits a series of petty larcenies which, however, class him in the category of incorrigibles, and he is hunted down by the police. Escaping, however, he reforms and becomes, under the assumed name of Père Madeleine, a manufacturer of imitation jet ornaments and beads, at a town on the English Channel. He grows rapidly rich and is elected mayor of the place. AYhile thus employed, he befriends an unfortunate young woman named Fantine, whose babe Cosette or Alouette is put out for a stii)end to the wife of Thénardier, an inn-keeper at Montfermeil near Paris. Thénardier had been a spoiler of dead and wounded soldiers on the field of Waterloo in 1815. To rob more effectually one Pontmercy, an officer, he had sav^ed his life unwittingly by extricating him from under a heap of the slain. Fantine dies, committing her child Cosette to Père Madeleine. But at this crisis, an inoffensive man is apprehended as the incorrigible Jean Yaljean, and to save him M. Madeleine discovers his true character at the trial. He is taken into custody, but evades the officers until he has drawn his large fortune from a Paris bank and buried it in a forest. He is then captured by the mouchard Javert, while on his way to Montfermeil to see Cosette. Watching his opi^ortunity at Toulon, he escapes from the bagne by falling into the water and is supposed to have been drowned. He returns to Northern France, visits his treasure, and rescues Cosette from the Thenardiers who had reduced her to the most menial services. He exhibits a written order from her dying mother, and pays back dues with a large sum in addition. Taking the child along with him to Paris, he shuts himself up in an obscure quarter of the town in an old house known as the Gorbeau tenement. Javert, his former enemy when mayor, having known him at the gallies during his first long term, has in the meantime been transferred to the Paris police. He discovers Jean Valjean or Père

442 Modem French Readings,

Madeleine, and watches him. Val jean perceiving the surveillance of Javert makes good his retreat and succeeds in taking refuge within the walls of a convent where he performs service as a gardener for several years while Cosette is being educated. Emerging from the convent he assumes the incognito of a plain old gentleman with his " daughter,'' under the name of Urbain Fabre, and lives modestly in a secluded part of Paris. In his walks with Cosette or Alouette, Marins, a poor young lawyer, son of the Pontmercy who was robbed and saved at Waterloo by Thénardier, observes and becomes enamored of Cosette whom he calls Ursula not knowing her correct name. He designates her supposed father as M. Leblanc, with reference to his hair, blanched at the time he discovered himself when Mayor. Thénardier and his family having failed in business at Montfermeil, have now removed to Paris and sunk in the lowest degradation, keeping company with a gang of thieves known as " Patron Minette" or Boss Moon, because their deeds were carried on under cover of the night. They (the Thenardiers) occupied a room in the same Corbeau tenement from which Val jean had escaped some years before to elude Javert. Under the assumed name of Fabantou, a broken-down artist, Thénardier (known also as Jondrette) writes a letter to Fabre {alias Valjean, and Leblanc), imploring succor. M. Leblanc visits him with Cosette and promises to return that evening with substantial relief. At the interview Thénardier recognizes Leblanc as Valjean, the relapsed convict, but saying nothing, forms a plan to extract money from him that evening by kidnapping Cosette with his pals. Marius, who inhabits an adjoining room in the same building, and discovers at the morning interview the ' ' Ursula ' ' of his walks in the Luxemburg gardens, overhears the scheme and notifies the police. He is instructed to take his position at a chink in the wall of his room and to give the alarm at the opportune moment by firing a pistol.

Page 119. — 2. au premier, to the first floor, étage being understood. Floors or flats are designated as follows : le rez-de-chaussée, ground-floor (first floor with us) ; le prernier, au premier, first floor, on the first floor, (second floor with us) ; le second or deuxihuCj, au second, second floor {third) ; le troisième, a^i troisième, third floor (fourth), etc. In this case there was probably a shop on the rez-de-chaussée, so the police-office was up stairs {au premier) as is frequently seen. — demanda. Observe that demander rarely means '* to demand," it is our to inquire for, to ask for, to inquire, ask. — 10. carrick à trois collets, great-coat with three capes.

Page 120. — 11. dit with proper names is our alias. — 26. Patron- Minette. The chief individuals composing this gang were called Babet, Gueulemer, Claquesous, and Montparnasse.

Page 121. — 4, 5. These names are nick-names of course. Brujon, the ** wizard " (Spanish hrujo) ; Demi-Liard, half a farthing, or "Ha'penny,'* alias *'Two Billions.'' — 7. Chose, thing, is added to words when we do

Notes. 443

not remember the name: Monsieur CJiosCy Mr. What's-his-name. — 9. Ancienne, former; " old Gorbeau place" or ''tenement." — 20. queue roug-e, red tail, *' fox," slang for convict, alluding to their red dress while at the gallies. Ancienne means ''former," as usual.

Page 122. — 2. ils en seraient quittes, etc., they'd get off by countermanding the show. — 15. homme brave, brave man ; hrave homme f good fellow, fine fellow, good man. — 24. sur vous, by you, with you. — 27. prendre dans, to take from, to take — out of.

Page 123. — 5. coups-de-poing", blows with the fist, fist-cuffs, ''pepper-boxes" ; the Spaniards call them "kids" from their harmless office, by a sort of humorous antiphrasis. See above "Ha'penny, alias Two Billions." — 27. Pan, imitative of a shot, *'bang."

Page 124. —10. Pourvu qu'il vienne, if he shouldn't come after all ! — 15. lanterne sourde, dark lantern. — 22. louis, twenty franc goldpiece, called "Napoleon" under the reigns of Napoleon I and III. Four louis, 80 francs, $16.

Page 125. — 12.1a Salpêtrière, immense grounds occupied by a Hospital and Ketreat for indigent old women, near the Jardin des Plantes and the present Orleans R. R. Station. Formerly a desolate part of Paris, but now laid out and built up under the direction of baron Haussmann.

Page126. — 8. la pauvre petite blessée. At the morning visit M. Leblanc had found one of the daughters with a slight wound in her hand, caused purposely by Thénardier to excite pity, and the woman Thénardier ill on the bed. — 11. la Bourbe, a dispensary. — 15. la Jondrette, the woman J.

Page 127. — 1. faire bon ménage, to live happily together. — 8. bousingot, turbulent fellow, roisterer. — 16. auquel je tiens, to which I am attached, which I think a good deal of. — 17. item, etc., yes, one must live. — 25. faisant des bouches ouvertes, gaping. — 26. des chaussons à sabots, wooden sandals, "clogs " will do.

Page 128. —6. votre redingote (Eng. riding-coat), surtout; given to him by M. Leblanc at the morning visit. — 7. elle me va, etc., it fits me! oh, yes, indeed, it's a fit!

Page 129. — 1. le panneau ; it was the old sign at the inn kept by Thénardier at Montfermeil. — 12. tenir à, to be attached to. — 29. C'est des amis, popular for ce sont des amis. — Ça voisine, they've just happened in.

Page 130. —23. se jeter h même, to jump right into. — 23. le cartonnage demi-ian, second quality paper-boxes. — 29. tranchet, shoemaker's knife, a "cutter."

Page 131. — 19. II ne s'agit pas, etc., that's not the question at all.

444 Modem French Readings.

Page 132. — 11. maring-otte, slang for carriage, in which Cosette was to be kidnapped. — 25. bon homme means not good man, in the ordinarysense, but good, easy-going, simple-minded man.

Page 133. — 6. une pince à faire des pesées, a crow-bar.

Page 135. — 18. exécuté place Saint- Jacques, executed at St. James Square, the Tyburn of Paris up to 1852, when the guillotine was removed to the Place de la Roquette, near the cemetery of Père La Chaise.

Page 136. — 10. fou never means foolish, but mad, beside one's self. II se sentait fou, he felt himself going mad.

PAGE137. — 8. funambule, humbug, "fraud." — 16. et qu'on n'en est pas quitte pour, and that you won't get off with.

Page 138. — 3. faire des sabbats sterling's, to hold high carnival, to run riot. — 4. manger tout son saint frusquin, to squander one's last copper. — 7. vous vous êtes en allé, popular for vous vous en êtes allé, — 11. panneau, trap. Render the verb as if negative: Hasn't he got trapped, though ? — 17. philippes, same as louis or napoleons — twenty franc pieces. Louis Philippe began his reign in 1830, and the period in the text is 1831.

Page 139. — 5. la bonne balançoire, a pretty pretext. — 24. maisons à portier, that is, in fine houses. — 28. Chevalier ; the opticians Chevalier have been celebrated since the close of the last century. Their establishment is Place du Pont Neuf, in front of the statue of Henri lY. The one referred to here is Charles-Louis, born 1804, died 1859.

Page 140. — 6,7. un homme établi, a man settled in business. — 7. bourgeois, citizen. He suggests that his victim is a convict, who lose their citizenship. — 25. Bruqueselles, iov Bruxelles^ a popular pronunciation one often hears among the ignorant.

Page 142. — 16. brindesingues, handcuffs.

Page 144. — 14, 15. D'un coup de poing en plein torse, with one powerful blow.

Page 145. — 29. vouloir en être, to take part in it, to have a hand in it.

Page 147. — 5. crier au voleur, to shout "I'm being robbed." So crier a Vassassin, au secours, etc., to shout "murder," *'help."

Page 149. — 12. happe-chair, lit., "grab-flesh," an exacting landlord. — 15. Tenez, etc., here, I'll make a concession. — 18. je ne mets pas mal, etc., I've watered my wine plentifully, i.e., I have not demanded all you possess. — 27. du rouge à quinze, that is, du vin rouge « quinze sous. — 28. ça vaut ça, that's worth the trouble. — 30. une pichenette, a snap of the middle finger and thumb, " you have nothing more to fear."

Notes. 445

Page 153. — 10. cache-nez, the silk ''handkerchief" worn about the neck and chin in cold weather, here means "mask." — 21. estomac, low, "bosom" here.

Page154. — 6. besogrie, job. — 13. champignon, "thief," "letter."

Page 156. —3, 4. donner le coup de pouce à, to "settle" {i.e., to kill) by strangulation. Probably from the thumb-screw connected with the gibbet and guillotine.

Page 157. — 24. te vous, double expletive arising from the speaker's fury. — margoulette, throat. — 28. magot, treasure (hidden).

' Page 158. — 1. porte cochère, entrance (where there are stables in the court). — 2. ventre à terre, at full speed, on the run. — 27. gros sou, ten centime piece, English penny.

Page159. — 5. Benvenuto Cellini, a celebrated Florentine jeweller and artist, born 1500, died 1570. — 6. Villon (Francois), French poet, born 1431, died 1482. — 10. pas de vis {visse), thread of a screw.

Page 161. — 15. L'escarper, to cut his throat. — 20. tourmentait, etc., grasped tighter the handle of his pistol.

Page 162. — 6. Les cognes sont là, the police are here; something like the Eng. Gypsy: "T/^e gorjos are ivelling.^'

Page 163. — 2. fichons le camp, "be off." — 11. branle-bas, clearing for action. — 25. les railles, the police.

Page 165. — 9. comme des Auvergnats, like dolts. The province of Auvergne has the reputation of being the Bœotia of France. — 30. être au secret, to be in close confinement (of prisoners).

Page 169. — 2, fonda del Comercio, hôtel du Commerce. — 9. casa de j)i^p?7os or 7i?/e.<?29ecZes, boarding-house. — 14. en Brie, that is, in the district of France called La Brie. —21. briard, of La Brie. —22. Jeannot, buffoon. — 23. M. Etienne, a comic poet and writer, born 1778, died 1845.

Page 170. — 2, 3. alpargatas, sandals made out of Spanish hemp, and worn by the peasants of that country. — chapeau andalou. This Andalusian hat is called the calahês {cah-lan-yace'). — 6. en briard, etc., in the dialect of La Brie, you understand. — 10. plazuela {plath-way'-lah), small square. — 11. Carrera del Darro, Course of the (river) Darro. — 15. au rez-de-chaussée, see p. 119, 1. 2.-16. blanchie à la chaux, whitewashed.— 18. patio, inner court of a Southern house — Latin spatium, replacing the classic cavaediinn. — 23. tendido {ten-de'-tho), awning. — 25. en cailloutis à compartiments, a kind of coarse mosaic work made of pebbles, forming squares or diamonds.

Page 171. — vestibule, this iDorch is called by its Arabic name Zaguan {thali-giuân'). —1. mirador {me-rah-thore'), belvidere. — 8. bouquets,

446 Modem French Readings.

groups. — 15. Mulhacen, (should be Mulahacen) name of one of the mountain peaks of the Alpuj arras, from the Moorish king Muley Hassan. — 16. Vega, the broad plain below Granada; Arab. bega\ — Sierra de Elvira^ name of a range of mountains ; sierra means " saw," and so, serrated chain of mountains. Elvira is the modern corruption of the ancient name of the city, Iliheria, from the Iberian Iri, city, and berri-a, the new, hence ville-neuve. — 21. Irving calls the Torres Bermejas, Vermillion Towers. — 24. Alhambra, properly Alhamra, signifies " the red " (fortress). — 29. Albaicin, {al-hai-theen'), is the Arabic plural of 5a i2;i, an inhabitant of Baëza (bah-ay'-tha), and means the people of Baeza, who migrated to Granada in 1227 when their town was taken by the Christians.

Page 172. — 11. tourmente, wears away, washes away. — 19. Because in the union of the two rivers, the best part of Granada, the public squares called the Plaza Nueva and the Zacatin', would be carried away. — 20. Cdrmenes del Darro, the Gardens of the Darro ; carmen is Arabic for vineyard. — 23. los Avellanos, the filberts. — 25. Antequeruela, dimin. of Antequera (Lat. Antiquaina), a town on the outskirts of the Moorish possessions, whose inhabitants fled to Granada in 1410 when their city was taken by the Christian Spaniards.

Page 173. — 1. Vivarrambla (it should be), from the Arab. Bib, gate, and Ar-raml, the sand, the Gate of the Strand. The bâb of classic Arabic regularly became bib in Spain ; thus Visagra, a gate in Toledo, is Bib Sahra, " gate of the plain," still called the " Sagra" (Sahara) of Toledo. — 16. clochers à jours, open towers of the churches. — 26. à la propriétaire, like gentlemen, i.e., like men who live on their income. — 30. albornoz, burnouse, Arabic cloak with cape.

Page 174. — 6. à sous-pieds, with straps.— 23. calle, etc., street of the Omars. —29. Alger (al-c/é), Algiers.

Page 175. — 1. fron-fron, strumming. — 9. Decamps (Alexandre- Gabriel), a French painter, born 1803, died 1860.

Page 176. —23. cuir de Cordoue, Cordova leather, cordoban. — 28. majo {mah'-ho), a Spanish character of the people, not easily described; one of the "fancy," a '*bhoy." — 30. navaja, clasp-knife (Lat. navacula).

Page 177. — 14, 15. toreadores, bull-fighters. The author should have said toreros, since the former is an old word, and means a mounted bullfighter. — 16. piécette, is the Gallicizing of the Span, loeseta, a franc twenty cents.

Page178. — 8. duros, dollars. — 25. ville des califes. Granada was never the city of the Caliphs, but Cordova only. The western caliphat began in 756 and ended in 1031, located officially at Cordova. Then followed division and independent kingdoms from 1031 to 1086; the invasion of the Moorish Almoravides (1086-1157), of the Almohades and Benimarines

Notes. 447

(1157-1232), till all was reduced to the IMoorisli kingdom of Granada from 1252 to its conquest in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. — 27. Modista Francesa, French "Modes."

Page 179. — 27. Maïquez, an actor of Granada. — 28. Romea and Matilde Diez were popular actors of Madrid. Doîia Matilde died last year (1882). — 30. rococo means in the Louis XV style, also *'in bad taste," as here.

Page 182. — 6. agraz {ah-grath'), a cooling drink made out of the juice of green grapes. — 8. tertulia, the "conversazione" of Italy, a kind of afternoon or evening informal reception. Friends "drop in," and stay or go when they like. — 11. aguadores, water-carriers, or water-venders.

Page 183. — 17. tresillo, a game of cards played usually by three {très, three), formerly known as ombre in English. — 30. novio, novia, affianced, lover, sweetheart (Lat. nubius, from nuberé).

Page 184. — 12. l'heure du berger, his last hour (of single blessedness).

Page 185. — 21. cachucha, national dance. -- manolas, women of the people, corresponding to the majo.

Page 186. —4. '^At your feet.' ^ — 5. '^ I kiss your hand.'' —5, 6. "Good night," "I kiss yours." — 2S. sombrero, hat.

Page 187. — 5. ronde, the police, who formerly made their *' rounds " at night in groups. — 9. gratter le jambon, strum his guitar. — 12. hidalgo, gentleman or nobleman. — 20. coriacité, leather-like toughness, fr. Latin corium, leather.

Page 188. — 17. alcarrazas, earthernware vessels, explained by pots de terre.

Page 189. — 14. des Grenades, of the pomegranates.

Page 192. — 1. suspiro del Moro, sigh of the Moor. — 18. de los Algives, of the Cisterns. — 21. cuarto, half a cent. — 23. Les tours, etc., the towers called "Ruined," of the "Homage," of the "Armory," of the "Look-Out." The torre de kt Vela, formerly a watch-tower, and commanding the entire Vega, is now used, by its bell, to direct the irrigation in the i)lain below.

Page 193. — 2. Alcdzar (al-cah'-thar), fortified palace.

Page 194. — 21. 5a?*ca, barque, boat.

Page 200. — 2. The author here attributes to Charles V the motto ne plus ultra^ of which we never heard; the originals we have seen in Spain always give Plvs Vltra in Latin, or Plvs Ovltre in French; the words refer to the discovery of America : *'More Beyond."

Page 203. — 16. Abencerrages and Zegris, two competing clans of (Canada, the former (5e?i-5errq/, "son of the saddle") great warriors on

448 Modem French Readings,

horseback, the latter {Tarjari, "of the border," a name applied to the Aragonese Moors), strangers from Aragon v/ho had retired to Granada as the Moslem domination receded. The story here and in Irving is taken from an ancient Spanish fiction entitled Ilistoria de los Vandos de los Zegris y Abencerrages, Caualleros Moros de Granada, de las Ciuiles Guerras que huuo en ella, y hatallas particulares que huuo en la Vega entre Moros y Christianos, hasta que el Rey Don Fernando Quinto la ganb. Çaragoça, impresso en casa de Miguel Ximeno Sanchez, a costa de Angelo Tahano, 1595, small 8°, leaves 8 and folios 307. The account of the executions is on pp. 169 and following.

Page 204. — 4. Jérès, the same as Xérès or Sherry. The old form of the word in Span, was Xerez (pron. anciently shere-aits'), now written and pronounced Jerez Çhère-aiW). The wine-growing Jerez is called Jerez de la Frontera (of the border), to distinguish it from another Jerez called de los Cahalleros (of the knights). See p. 378, 1. 34. ~ 15. Eclieverria. The title of his now rare book is : Paseos por Granada y sus contornos, 6 descripcion de sus antigiiedades. For Juan de Echeverria. Granada, Valenzuela, 1814, 2 vols. 4°. These Paseos or Promenades first appeared in weekly numbers in 1764.

Page 205. — 15. Fray Gerundio. This satirical Review of passing political events was issued by Lafuente, the historian, from about 1833 to 1848, at different periods interrupted by the government.

Page 203. — 4. Le Généralife, a corruption of the Arabic Jm al ^arif, garden of the architect ; the Span, pronunciation is 'hen-a-ral-e'-fey. — 29. la casa de campo, country house, villa.

Page 209. — 30. la Silla del Moro, the Moor's seat.

Page215. — 3. Guide Joanne, the native guide-books for France. — 17. Té! vé ! etc., French tenez, voyez, "our Numa bent the balustrade." — 21. bonne enfant, good-humored, simple.

Page 216. — 20. Henri V, the Count of Chambord, the last of the legitimate or elder Bourbon line, who died at Frohsdorf in Austria, 1883.

Page 217. — 8. ** a le verbe haut," has got her dander up.

Page 219. — 6. passag-e du ** Somon," i.e.. Saumon, a part of Paris where the people from Provence '' put up " when they go to town. It commences at the Rue Montmartre and runs across to the Rue Poissonnière, on the river side of the Boulevard, — 16. la lang'ue du cru, that is, the IModern Provençal. — 20. "Péchère," instead of good French pécheur, which is the translation of the Provençal x)écairé. — 21. Ménicle (fr. Lat. Dominiculus), just as the Spanish used to say Mingo and Mengo for Domingo as a proper name. —22. Voù, etc., I am going to give some barley to the horse.

Notes. 449

Page 220. — 7. enlovrdie, fleshy (lit., heavy). — 19. mas, peasant's hut.

Page 221. — Sainte Perpétue, at the Church of St. Perpétua. It should be understood that Hortense is the sister of Rosalie, the wife of Numa.

Page 222. — 6. Comme ça tombe ! how unlucky ! — 7. J'ai une faim de grande route, I am as hungry as a roadster.

Page 224. — 14. le cours, the avenue. It is the corso of Italy and the coso and carrera of Spain, the principal street of a southern town.

Page 230. — 12. camarg-uais, horses of Camargue.

Page 231. — 8. couffin, bale. —14. la Saint-Baume, etc., (coming back from) the festival of St. Baume, etc. — 17, 18. "dia! hue!" cries of the carters to their horses.

Page 233. — 29. hennin, a kind of head-dress of the olden time.

Page 234. — 29. panière, cupboard or case for the bread.

Page 235. — 2. la Tarasque, a grotesque image, common in the South, probably representing the Devil. It is the Tarasca of Spain (Gr. Tapdaaw). — 21. la coque, a basket with compartments.

Page 237. — 10. 7iani, same as nenni, no. — 20. biniou, sort of bagpipe.

Page 238. — 12. le trahît. So the Paris text. Should be ne la t.

Page 239. — 22. s'endimanchait, was made spruce, was dressed out. S^ endimancher , to put on one's Sunday attire, to dress up.

Page 241. — 10. la rentrée, the opening or resumi)tion of Congress after a vacation or adjournment. — 13. les droites, the "opposition," in politics. In the French Chambers the politics of the members is shown by the seat they occupy with reference to the speaker {président). Thus, in general, the centre is equivalent to the government members ; the droits, to the conservatives; the gauche, to the liberals ; centre gauche, moderate liberals ; centre droite, moderate conservatives ; extrême gauche, radical republicans; extrême droite, radical monarchists, partisans of Henry V (Count of Chambord) ; Bonapartists and Orleanists graded down to centre droite. — 22. Palais here means Palais de Justice, hence "the bar." — 28. Cévenol, the adjective of Cevennes, a chain of mountains in the southeast of France.

Page 242. — 7. stagiaires, licentiates. — 12. le Bordelais, city and district of Bordeaux. — 14. "roustis," lost in play (at the club). —19. ayant fait son droit, etc., having studied law in the country under the eye of, etc.

Page 244. — 5. le maréchal, i.e., marshal MacMahon. — 6. vos asphaltes, referring to a project for street-paving previously related. — 19. ejjole for épaide, because Bompard as a southerner, who says certainemain for certainement, pronounces also Somon, épôle, ior Saumon, épaule ;

chase for cJiose, and assent for accent. — 29. serviette, portfolio (of a lawyer).

Page 245. — 13. A-t-il bien mené, etc. See p. 26, 1. 5.

Page246. — 2. portefeuille, appointment (as a minister). — 17. ban et l'arrière-ban, main body and reserve; render loosely: "rank and file."— 23. réfréjon, ^'chilly."

Page 248. — 6. chiffons, nonsense ; parler chiffons, to talk nonsense, also to discuss dresses (among ladies). — 11. Cour des Comptes, accountant General's oflSce. — 28. samovar, tea-urn (Russian).

Page 249. — 3. g-ommeux, rake.

Page 252. — 13. s'estaller, s'installer, to get settled.

Page 259. — 15. Long-champs, races, the French "Derby."

Page 266. — 18. chevalier, etc., knight of saints Maurice and Lazare, a decoration of Italy, as Isabelle la Catholique is that of Spain.

Page 270. — 8. Charenton, a place near Paris, where the National Asylum for the deranged is located.

Page 271. — The Soliloquy of the emperor Charles the Fifth, over the tomb of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle, is from Victor Hugo's drama entitled Hernani, the scene of which is laid in 1519, on the eve of the imperial election. This piece and the following are in hexameter verse, called in French vers alexandrins or grands vers, consisting of lines of twelve feet or syllables, with the caesura at the sixth foot. In reading, then, a few practical observations are indispensable. 1. E final becomes slightly vocal, forming a separate syllable, when it is followed by a consonant or an h aspirate, except at the end of a strophe : — Char-llë-|ma-|gnë | par-] don || ces | voû-ltës| so-|li-|taires Ne I dë-|vraient | ré-|pé-| ter || que | pa-|ro-]les | au-] stères, Maint | roi | la | foule | aux | pieds || ou | lui | met | un | ba-|illon. Et I se I haus-|sant | pour | voir || sur | la | poin-jte | des | pieds.

2. Certain words, like encore, Jacques, Charles, may lose their final letter when the measure requires the suppression of a syllable. jThis law is very rarely extended to the plural sign : —

Qu'il I fut I grand! | De | son i temps || c'e-jtait | en-\cor \ plus | beau. Vont I cour-|ti-lser | saint | Jacque\\ et ( le | met-|trë | des | leurs. À I ce I roi I Char.\lës | deux! || El-|lë! | Quel-|lë | mi-Isère! Leur I rai-|son | en | eux-| même, || et | sont | par-|cé | qu'ils | sont.

3. Certain forms, as paîrez for payerez, containing a vocal e, may omit it, indicating the suppression by a circumflex accent. 4. To make endrhymes uniform to the eye, some words, like encore, Charles, and verbs, as sais, vois, crois, tiens, may lose their final : —

C'est I très-|bcau, | com-] te | d'Albe! ||

Ah! I j'en | a-|vais j en-\cor Un I plus I beau. | Sa-jtin | rose||a-lvec | des | ru-]bans | d'or.

Notes. 451

Vous I en | e-jtiez! |

Hé I bien! || oui | s'il | faut | que | je | parle J'é-ltais j là. I Je | n'ai | pas || tou.|ché | vo-|trë | don | Charle. Trou-lve-|t-el-|le | mes | fleurs? || ma | let-|tre? | je | ne | sai Frè-|re, | tu | le | vois | bien, || je | suis | un | in-|sen-lsé. Par I ra-|mour | par | le | cœur || duc | je | vous | ap-|par-|fiew J'ai I foi I dans | votre | hon-|neur || pour | re8-|pec-|ter | le | mien.

5. Diphthongs, which ought to constitute a single syllable, occasionallybecome dissyllabic. 6. Words like tous, phéhusy which vocalize the final s in prose, may suppress it at the end of a line of poetry : —

Par-|cë I que | je | sens | bien || moi | qu'ils | ha-|ïs-|sënt | tous Que I ce ( qu'ils | font | crou-jler j| s'é-lcrou-|lë-|ra | sur | vouSy lis I vi-|vënt I lar-|g8-,ment. || Je | par-| le | sans | pM-\hus Le I bel | air | que | ce-| lui || d'un | re-|*dres-| seur | cVa-\bus.

In the Ruy Bias, Spanish words generally have their native, and not the French, accent, unless altered to suit their accidental position, as Onate = Ognâtè; Campor eal = Campioi^éâl ; Uhilla. = Oubïl-y a; Oropesa = Oropéça, in rhyme, Oropéza; but Tormez for Termes; Olivarez for Olivàrès.

Page 271. — 9, 10. c'est un beau, etc., by rendering que '^namely," the transposition of the two clauses will be clear. So in emphatic and exclamatory constructions the subordinate clause comes first with c'es^, and the principal one follows with que. Here exclamatory ; ce may be rendered '' how," and the est be allowed to replace que: "How fair a spectacle, and rapturous to the thought. Is," etc. — 12. Deux chefs élus, i.e., the pope and the emperor, while mere kings come to their estate by inheritance. — 15. césar, here used for emperor, as commonly in the sixteenth century. Hence German Kaiser and Russian Tsar (Czar), from Latin Caesar. — 18. Electors in their cloth of gold robes, and cardinals in their scarlet mantles, the twofold sacred senate (Diet and College of Cardinals), are after all but a pageant there, and God wills what he will. — 21. Que, let; éclose from e'dorCf like clore.

Page 277. — Ruy Bias. This play, by Victor Hugo, published first in 1838, depicts the state of Spain under Carlos II, the last of the house of Austria in that country. Charles, or Carlos, was born in 1661. In 1665 his royal father Philip TV died, and the kingdom suffered a regency of the queen-mother, Mariana de Austria, disturbed by the popular outbreaks against the favorites Nithard and Valenzuela, until the young king's majority was declared in 1675. Five years later he married Marie Louise d'Orle'ans, which was made the occasion of the famous Auto defé described by Olmo and Madame D'Aunoy. At the death of his first wife, Charles II married in 1690 Mariana of ISTeubourg in Bavaria. Then followed from 1696 the scandalous exorcisms of the Escorial, represented in Zorrilla's play of Carlos el Ilechizado, or Charles the Bedevilled, fitly closed by the king's death in 1700, an old man thirty-uine years of age ! The war of the

452 Modem Spanish Readings,

Spanish succession which followed, issued in the triumph of Philip Y, grandson of Louis XIV, and thus the house of Bourbon was inaugurated in Spain.

Pronounce the Spanish proper names, etc., as follows: Boo-ee Blass ; Salluste, Salustio {sah-loos'-te-o); Bah-than'; Goo-re-tan'; Cam'-po-ra-aV; San-tah-crooth' ; Albe, Alha; Pre-a'-go; Ah'-re-as; Mon-tath'-go; Ooheel'-yah; Goo-de-ail'; Al-gwah-theeV ; don' -y ah 3Iah-re' -ah; AlbuQuevciue (Span, spelling Alburquerque), al-hoor-kair-key {arhor-quercus) ; duèg"ne = duena (divain-ya), Eng. "duenna"; alcade, Span, alcalde {al-cal'dey)^ mayor, magistrate (Arab, al-kadi). An alguazil is a constable, descended from the Arab, al-wezîr, vizier.

Page 277. — 3. palais, called also the alcazar ^ from the Arabic designation of a fortified palace, but originally an Arabization of the Lat. castra^ camp, the al being the Arab, article ''the." This palace was completely destroyed by fire in 1734, and the present one begun two years later under Philip y.

Page278. — 6. La toison d'or, order of the golden fleece, instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and introduced into Spain in 1519 by Charles V. — 8. coquille, guard. — 10. Haut -de -chausses, knee-breeches. — justaucorps, vest, jacket. — 11. sans épée, because a servant; only gentlemen wore the sword. — 25. suivante, attendant. — fille de rien, ignoble girl, opposite of hidalgo (hija de algo), in the popular etymology of ''son or daughter of somebody," though hidalg*o is from ,^[lius] ItaliciiSffidalgo, one having the jus Italicum or Roman citizenship. — 26. donzelle, maid (L. dominicella).

Page 279. — 2. alcades de cour, palace authorities or police. — 4. The chef ol the house of Bazan was the marquis of Santa Cruz. See Nunez de Castro : Solo Madrid es Corte, p. 212, ed. Madrid, 1675 : *' Marques de Santa Cruz. Su Apellido Baçan. Sus Estados en Castilla" (Marquis of Santa Cruz. His family name Bazan. His estates in Castile). — 15. pourpoint, doublet.

Page 282. — 21. buffle = justaucorps de b., fur-jacket or doublet worn by military men. — 22. The order of St. James was founded in 1158 by Ferdinand 11, king of Leon from 1157 to 1188, to protect pilgrims on their way to St. James (Santiago de Compostela in Gallicia) from the forays of the Moors. In the Middle Age Rome and Santiago were the two great resorts of pilgrims from every part of Europe. — 25. Doux Jésus! this and all similar exclamations so irreverent to us, is the natural translation of a still common Spanish ejaculation, the abbreviation of du Ice Jesus de mi vida, doux Jésus de ma vie. Better omit it entirely in English. — 28. l'ordre, ** tlie order," consisting of a cross, was beautifully wrought on the breast of the mantle worn loosely over the doublet or buffle. — 29. algarade, from the Arabic al-ara, the incursion, the foray.

Notes. 453

Page 283. — 2. Ah ! diable ! omit ail such expressions, as offensive to our language, or at least in bad taste. — 5. le mettre des leurs, to make him theirs, to win him to their side or practices. — 15. semelle, sole of a shoe, or of a sandal, so bare-footed, shoeless. — 20. argousin, a warder of convicts, considered as a contemptible office. — 22. les arcades, the Plaza Mayor or ** Grand Square" of Madrid is quadrilateral, entirely surrounded by uniform houses with arcades reaching to the second story, along which are shops and side- walks.

Page 284. — 25. nez au vent, with a defiant air. — 27. Brag-ance, (prouder) than a Braganza, the name of the tlien reigning family of Portugal, of whom the first king, Joao (John) IV, had in 1640 shaken off the yoke of Spain.

Page 285. — 4. Sa cape, etc., his tattered cloak and slattern hose. —

18. des Jeannetons, wanton companions. — 21. en entendre de belles, to hear pretty talk, to listen to slanderous statements.

Page 286. — 25. n'avoir rien sous la dent, to have nothing to eat. — 26. soupirail, vent, window, opening in the basement of a house on the street.

Page 287.-9. des Célimènes, lovers, mistresses. — 13. hurler après ses chausses, to howl at one's heels. — 19. Tevé, pronounce Tévé.

Page 289. — 13. don Spavento, Italian word for terror, " Sir Dreadful." — 26. mente, a pack of hounds, here a '' gang."

Page290. — 3. D'honneur, 'pon honor. — 6. le charivari, a Paris comic sheet like "Punch" in England ; here "fun," "frolic." — 12. dans l'ombre, a favorite exi)ression of Hugo's : "in secret," "in the dark." —

19. qui brille, brilliant, shining ; so often render a relative and a verb when they assume the functions of an adjective or participle.

Page 291. — 6. ayant le droit, etc., that is, being a gentleman. — 11. d'ordres, etc., with decorations and gold: chamarres means all the rich trimmings of an old Castillan nobleman in full dress ; ordres refers to the crosses and insignia of royal decorations.

Page 293. — 14. A. la bonne heure, granted, but; the common sense is "as you like."

Page 298. — 10. Aranjuez (aJi-ran-hivaitli'), a royal seat, with palace and grounds, where the court retired in early spring, and the Escorial (ais-co-re-ar)t the summer residence, interchanged with San Ildefonso or La Granja. — 13. pour qui, to whom. — 15. se couvrir, to wear the hàt, to be covered, as only the grandes can be in the presence of the king.

Page 929. — 10. Famille qui s'en va ! a fading house. See p. 290, 1. 19.

Page 302. — 22. Dënia(Lat. Dianium), a sea-port on the Mediterranean, in the province of Valencia. — 27. piastres, used throughout this piece

equal the Spanish dollar ; écu^ Spanish crown, fifty cents ; ducat ^ ducat of about two dollars.

Page 303. — 18. l'observant toujours, continuing to scrutinize him.

Page 307. —30. Laissez -vous faire, go on, take it as a matter of course, accept the situation ; se laisser faire^ which has great latitude of expression, meaning radically *'to allow one's self to act," here I should render, "be natural, man !"

Page 308. — 14. Le voilà revenu! but he's back once more. — 16. les pistoles, two dollar i^ieces ; render "the dollars," "the guineas." — vous is indefinite : " How he scattered the funds heedless of consequences."

Page 309. — 29. Si fait, answers affirmatively a negative remark or question : "Yes, it is the same."

Page 310. — 12. se défend de l'être, refuses to be so, denies that he is. — 16. Touchez là, shake hands, give me your hand. — 22. On n'est pas mieux, splendid fellow (lit., one could not look finer).

Page 311. — 7. conseil de Castille ; for this council, see Nunez de Castro : Solo Madrid es Corte, pp. 64-74, ed. Madrid, 1675, 4°.

Page 312. — 24. les grands d'Espag-ne se couvrent : a prerogative possessed by the nobility technically called grandes ; besides this of being covered in the presence of royalty, they enjoyed the following distinctions: to be addressed as cousiii by the king ; to discharge certain offices in the palace ; to use a dais or canopy in their houses on great occasions; to di'ive four horses, and to be escorted at last to their tombs by the royal lancers.

Page 313. — 13. un portrait en pied, a full-length portrait. — 19. camarera mayor, lady chamberlain ; she attended the queen, accompanied her at palace, and saw to the due execution of court etiquette. — 20. dueg^nes ; .ladies in waiting or darnes d'honneur, from duena, mistress (Lat. domina) ; these were persons of age ; the young were called doncellas; now-a-days they are married ladies of the nobility, and are called damas.

Page 314. — 12. le baise-main (Span, hesa-mano), a royal reception, the official ceremony of kissing the hand of the sovereigns, i.e., of paying one's respect to them. Still in vogue. — 26. rendons-nous pas ; the negative ne is thus often omitted in hasty interrogations.

I Page 316. —29. bois de calambour, sweet--scented wood.

Page 318. — 11. lansquenet, a game of cards so called.

Page 320. — 5. I'archiduc, i.e., Charles of Austria, born in 1685, the contested heir to tlie crown of Spain, defeated in 1713 by Philip V, grandson of Louis XIY of France. Charles afterward became emperor of Germany under the title of Charles Yl.

Notes. 455

Page 325. — 27. Secourez-moi ; in addressing deity or an object of worship, the Latin peoples employ the second i^erson plural "vous." Protestants, howeyer, nse the second singular.

Page 326. — 10. qui m'attire, drawing me. See p. 290, 1. 19.

Page 322. — 15. See note to p. 3M, 1. 26.

Page 33G. — 16. seig-neur, etc., a gentleman, though illegitimate. — 24. Je fis tuer, I had (the slave) slain ; as a servant wore no sword, a gentleman could not strike him, which must be done by one of his category or by a hired assassin. See p. 278, 1. 11. —29. je crus être, I believed that I had been.

Page 337. — 11. This line means — a like provocation works like consequences.— 21. à pas de loup, noiselessly, stealthily.

Page 344. — 32. Calatrava, one of the four great military orders of Spain : Santiago (St. James), Calatrava, Alcantara, and Montesa. That of C. was instituted in 1158 by King Sancho III. The cross of St. James is the Latin, that of C. the Maltese cross.

Page 346. — 12. faire son honnête homme, to play the upright man; son here is idiomatic, like "your" in English, but oftener "the" renders it best. See p. 365, 1. 6. — 19. fonds pour revenu, capital for income ; fonds, WkQfils, sens, puits, mets, is singular, the old Latin ending {fundus, filius, sensus, puieus) being retained.

Page347. — 8. coûte, etc. In the notes to his drama, Victor Hugo says that these figures (664,066 ducats) are taken literally from Xunez de Castro : Solo Madrid es Cor te ; he must, however, have made some error in the transcription, since the numbers stand in the volume quoted, 574,866 ducats (p. 218, ed. Mad. 1675, 4°). —9. pactole; the Pactolus was a small river in Lydia which abounded in gold, hence source of wealth, mine, treasure.— 16. comte-duc, the count-duke of Olivares, prime minister and fav#rite of Philip IV. — 24. caisse, fund.

Page 348. — 18. Pimpôt des huit mille hommes. Los oclio mil soldados, the eight thousand soldiers, say Nunez de Castro and the modern historian Lafuente, without giving us any information ; probably Spanish mercenary troops. — 19. L'almojarifazg'O, import and export duties. — 24. la neig-e, " the snow " brought daily from the mountains for ices and refreshing drinks. — 25. les ports sees, export and import duty of ten per cent, on merchandise proceeding from or into the provinces of Valencia, Aragon, and Navarre, by land, for sale in the kingdom.

Page 350. — 10. le Portugal, etc., lost under Philip IV in 1640, and the rest between that date and 1659. — La Comté, means La Franche-Comté. — 23. l'infant bavarois, the Bavarian prince, Joseph Leopold of Bavaria, who died before the king in 1699, at the age of six years.

456 Modem French Readings.

Page 352. — 10. Referring to the crypt called the Pantheon, where the kings and queens of Spain are buried from Charles the Eifth.

Page 354. — 12. S'il n'est Olivarez, if he does not turn out an Olivâres. The count-duke, favorite of Philip IV, fell, after making gigantic efforts to save Spain from her decline.

Page 362. — 18. comment cela va-t-il ? how goes it ? how are you ?

Page 363. — 19. porte d'or à la bande de sable, "bears or with sable band, " the technical terms of heraldry. — 22. faire le bon apôtre or les bons apôtres, to assume a meek saintly air', to pretend to be a saint, saints.

Page 364.-2. L'hérétier bavarois. See p. 350, 1. 23.-5. I'archiduc, Charles of Austria, who opposed subsequently Philip of France. See note to p. 320, 1. 5.

Page 365. — 5, 6. ce n'est pas de bonne compag-nie, that is not good manners, betokens ill breeding. — 6. See note to p. 346, 1. 12. — 7. p. 271, 1. 10. — 9. Voilà-t-il pas, etc., is that worth making an outcry about ? The neg. pas here rather adds to the satire. — 10. ne sont pas de vos cuistres, are none of your prigs, are no prigs. — 11. Je parle sans phébus, I am not talking nonsense. — la gloire en g-ros sous, glory turned into coin ; gros sous, two sous pieces, here used for money in general. — 23. clinquant déteint, tinsel that has lost its lustre. — 30. billevesées, nonsense.

Page 366. — 14. relais, relays, fresh horses in travelling by posts. Page 367. — 3. Mais si, oh, yes. See p. 309, 1. 29. Page 368. — 30. un Crispin, a low actor in a farce, who assumes the costume and the part required in the play.

Page 369. — 31. Gag-eons =je gage, I'll wager. Page 378. — 25. choix, quality, speaking of wines. Page 379. — 18. un bon g-arçon, a jolly bachelor. Page 384.-1. quadruples, double pistoles. —13. je mords à même un g-alion, I have bitten into a treasure-ship.

Page 387. — 8. quelques à-comptes, a few instalments.

Page 388.-4. Maison borgne, a low house. Cesar plays on the attributes taken in the literal sense of one-eyed and squint-eyed. — Louche, squint-eyed; maison L, suspicious house. — 11. roide, here means "steep." See p. 6, 1. 29.

Page 389. — 26. des essayeurs de sauces, that is, des cuisiniers.

Page 390. — 28. Pour le coup ! upon my word ! an exclamation of impatience, referring to this second call for Don César de Bazan. It might ahso bo rendered "That's too much !"

Notes. 457

Page 391. —5. See p. 369, 1. 31. —19. Ainsi soit-il, Amen. The Spaniards usually thus reply to a pious formula uttered by another. —28. g'ardeinfante, farthingale.

Page 396. — 15. j'ai la tête, etc., I am a little cracked with respect to them.

Page 399. — 4. cocu, it will be sufficient to render here "wronged."

Page 401. — 4. Certe for certes, to rhyme with déserte :

Où ? — Derrière le mur. Cette rue est déserte. Pour César, je le tue ensuite ! — Vraiment ? — Certe !

Page 403. — 10. Dame ! egad ! See p. 24, 1. 10.

Page 406. — 6. patatras, an imitative word, representing the sound of one falling from a height or from a gibbet. — 25. Mets, a dish (that rogues prepare, etc.). See p. 346, 1. 19.

Page 407. — 14. procès-verbaux, minutes, police report.

Page 408. — 8. je crois qu'il raisonne, he is impertinent, to be sure. Raisonner is to answer back, to argue against one's su]3eriors.

Page 409. — 3. les deux châteaux d'or, the two castles or, denoting the Castiles in heraldry.